EN BANC
[G.R. Nos. L-23638 and L-23662. October 12, 1967.]
DIONISIO FERNANDEZ, EUSEBIO REYES and LUISA REYES, Petitioners, v. ISMAELA DIMAGIBA, respondent; MARIANO REYES, CESAR REYES, LEONOR REYES and PACIENCIA REYES, Petitioners, v. ISMAELA DIMAGIBA, Respondent.
Jose D. Villena and Benjamin L. Bargas, for Petitioners.
Ezequiel M. Zaballero for petitioners
Antonio P. Barredo for Respondent.
SYLLABUS
1. WILLS; PROBATE DECREE, EFFECTS OF; FINALITY OF PROBATE ORDER, WHERE NO TIMELY APPEAL IS FILED. — A probate decree finally and definitively settles all questions concerning capacity of the testator and the proper execution and witnessing of his last will and testament irrespective of whether its provisions are valid and enforceable or otherwise. (Montañano v. Suesa, 14 Phil. 676; Mercado v. Santos, 66 Phil. 215; Trillana v. Crisostomo, 89 Phil, 710) As such, the probate order is final and appealable and is so recognized by Sec. 1, Rule 109 that prescribes that "any interested person may appeal in special proceedings from an order or judgment . . . where such order or judgment: (a) allows or disallows a will." Where no timely appeal is filed, the probate decree becomes final and conclusive and appellate courts may no longer revoke said decree nor review the evidence on which it is made to rest.
2. ID.; REVOCATION, TOTAL AND ABSOLUTE TO PRECLUDE PROBATE; IMPLIED REVOCATION WILL NOT AFFECT WILL ITSELF, BUT ONLY THE PARTICULAR DEVICE OR LEGACY. — Only the total and absolute revocation of the will can preclude probate of the revoked testament (Trillana v. Crisostomo, supra). If the revocation invoked is merely implied from later acts of the testatrix it will not affect the will itself but merely the particular devise or legacy.
3. ID.; ID.; SUBSEQUENT ALIENATIONS BY TESTRATRIX AFTER EXECUTION OF WILL, NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF CHANGE FROM ORIGINAL INTENT OF TESTATRIX. — The subsequent alienations made by the testatrix in 1943 and: 1944 after the execution of her will in 1930 do not necessarily mean a change or departure from her original intent as expressed in her will, when, as in this case, the alienations were made in favor of the legatee herself and the testatrix merely intended to comply in advance with what she had ordained in her testament.
4. ID.; ID.; ID.; ANNULMENT OF CONVEYANCES DOES NOT NECESSARILY RESULT IN REVOCATION OF LEGACIES; REVOCATION, AND EXCEPTION. — If the annulment of the subsequent conveyance was due to undue influence, then the transferor was not expressing her own will and intent in making such conveyances; hence, it cannot be concluded, either, that such conveyances established an intent to abandon the original legacy in the will or to revoke the same. An alienation made through undue influence in no way differs from one made through violence or intimidation. In either case, the transferor is not expressing his true intent; and it cannot be said that there is an alienation which could produce a revocation of the anterior bequest.
2. ID.; REVOCATION, TOTAL AND ABSOLUTE TO PRECLUDE PROBATE; IMPLIED REVOCATION WILL NOT AFFECT WILL ITSELF, BUT ONLY THE PARTICULAR DEVICE OR LEGACY. — Only the total and absolute revocation of the will can preclude probate of the revoked testament (Trillana v. Crisostomo, supra). If the revocation invoked is merely implied from later acts of the testatrix it will not affect the will itself but merely the particular devise or legacy.
3. ID.; ID.; SUBSEQUENT ALIENATIONS BY TESTRATRIX AFTER EXECUTION OF WILL, NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF CHANGE FROM ORIGINAL INTENT OF TESTATRIX. — The subsequent alienations made by the testatrix in 1943 and: 1944 after the execution of her will in 1930 do not necessarily mean a change or departure from her original intent as expressed in her will, when, as in this case, the alienations were made in favor of the legatee herself and the testatrix merely intended to comply in advance with what she had ordained in her testament.
4. ID.; ID.; ID.; ANNULMENT OF CONVEYANCES DOES NOT NECESSARILY RESULT IN REVOCATION OF LEGACIES; REVOCATION, AND EXCEPTION. — If the annulment of the subsequent conveyance was due to undue influence, then the transferor was not expressing her own will and intent in making such conveyances; hence, it cannot be concluded, either, that such conveyances established an intent to abandon the original legacy in the will or to revoke the same. An alienation made through undue influence in no way differs from one made through violence or intimidation. In either case, the transferor is not expressing his true intent; and it cannot be said that there is an alienation which could produce a revocation of the anterior bequest.
D E C I S I O N
REYES, J.B.L., J.:
The heirs intestate of the late Benedicta de los Reyes have petitioned for a review of the decision of the Court of Appeals (in CA-G.R. No. 31221-R) affirming that of the Court of First Instance of Bulacan, in Special Proceeding No. 831 of said Court, admitting to probate the alleged last will and testament of the deceased, and overruling the opposition to the probate.
It appears from the record that on January 19, 1955, Ismaela Dimagiba, now respondent, submitted to the Court of First Instance a petition for the probate of the purported will of the late Benedicta de los Reyes, executed on October 22, 1930, and annexed to the petition. The will instituted the petitioner as the sole heir of the estate of the deceased. The petition was set for hearing, and in due time, Dionisio Fernandez, Eusebio Reyes and Luisa Reyes, and one month later, Mariano, Cesar, Leonor and Paciencia, all surnamed Reyes, all claiming to be heirs intestate of the decedent, filed oppositions to the probate asked. Grounds advanced for the opposition were forgery, vices of consent of the testatrix, estoppel by laches of the proponent, and revocation of the will by two deeds of conveyance of the major portion of the estate made by the testatrix in favor of the proponent in 1943 and 1944, but which conveyances were finally set aside by this Supreme Court in a decision promulgated on August 3, 1954, in cases G.R. Nos. L-5618 and L-5620 (unpublished).
After trial on the formulated issues, the Court of First Instance, by decision of June 20, 1958, found that the will was genuine and properly executed; but deferred resolution on the questions of estoppel and revocation "until such time when we shall pass upon the intrinsic validity of the provisions of the will or when the question of adjudication of the properties is opportunely presented."cralaw virtua1aw library
Oppositors Fernandez and Reyes petitioned for reconsideration and/or new trial, insisting that the issues of estoppel and revocation be considered and resolved; whereupon, on July 27, 1959, the Court overruled the claim that proponent was in estoppel to ask for the probate of the will, but "reserving unto the parties the right to raise the issue of implied revocation at the opportune time."cralaw virtua1aw library
On January 11, 1960, the Court of First Instance appointed Ricardo Cruz as administrator for the sole purpose of submitting an Inventory of the estate and this was done on February 9, 1960.
On February 27, 1962, after receiving further evidence on the issue whether the execution by the testatrix of deeds of sale of the larger portion of her estate in favor of the testamentary heir, made in 1943 and 1944, subsequent to the execution of her 1930 testament, had revoked the latter under Article 957(2) of the 1950 Civil Code (Art. 869 of the Civil Code of 1889), the trial Court resolved against the oppositors and held the will of the late Benedicta de los Reyes "unaffected and unrevoked by the deeds of sale." Whereupon, the oppositors elevated the case to the Court of Appeals.
The appellate Court held that the decree of June 20, 1958, admitting the will to probate, had become final for lack of opportune appeal; that the same was appealable independently of the issue of implied revocation; that contrary to the claim of oppositors- appellants there had been no legal revocation by the execution of the 1943 and 1944 deeds of sale, because the latter had been made in favor of the legatee herself, and affirmed the decision of the Court of First Instance.
Oppositors then appealed to this Court.
In this instance, both sets of oppositors-appellants pose three main issues: (a) whether or not the decree of the Court of First Instance allowing the will to probate had become final for lack of appeal; (b) whether or not the order of the Court of origin dated July 27, 1959, overruling the estoppel invoked by oppositors-appellants had likewise become final; and (c) whether or not the 1930 will of Benedicta de los Reyes had been impliedly revoked by her execution of deeds of conveyance in favor of the proponent on March 26, 1943 and April 3, 1944.
As to the first point, oppositors-appellants contend that the order allowing the will to probate should be considered interlocutory, because it failed to resolve the issues of estoppel and revocation propounded in their opposition. We agree with the Court of Appeals that the appellant’s stand is untenable. It is elementary that a probate decree finally and definitely settles all questions concerning capacity of the testator and the proper execution and witnessing of his last will and testament, irrespective of whether its provisions are valid and enforceable or otherwise. (Montañano v. Suesa, 14 Phil. 676; Mercado v. Santos, 66 Phil. 215; Trillana v. Crisostomo, 89 Phil. 710). As such, the probate order is final and appealable; and it is so recognized by express provisions of Section 1 of Rule 109, that specifically prescribes that "any interested person may appeal in special proceedings from an order or judgment . . . where such order or judgment (a) allows or disallows a will."cralaw virtua1aw library
Appellants argue that they were entitled to await the trial Court’s resolution on the other grounds of their opposition before taking an appeal, as otherwise there would be a multiplicity of resources to the higher Courts. This contention is without weight, since Rule 109, section 1, expressly enumerates six different instances when appeal may be taken in special proceedings.
There being no controversy that the probate decree of the Court below was not appealed on time, the same had become final and conclusive. Hence, the appellate courts may no longer revoke said decree nor review the evidence upon which it is made to rest. Thus, the appeal belatedly lodged against the decree was correctly dismissed.
The alleged revocation implied from the execution of the deeds of conveyance in favor of the testamentary heir is plainly irrelevant to and separate from the question of whether the testament was duly executed. For one, if the will is not entitled to probate, or its probate is denied, all questions of revocation becomes superfluous: in law, there is no such will and hence there would be nothing to revoke. Then, again, the revocation invoked by the oppositors-appellants is not an express one, but merely implied from subsequent acts of the- testatrix allegedly evidencing an abandonment of the original intention to bequeath or devise the properties concerned. As such, the revocation would not affect the will itself, but merely the particular devise or legacy. Only the total and absolute revocation can preclude probate of the revoked testament (Trillana v. Crisostomo, supra).
As to the issue of estoppel, we have already ruled in Guevara v. Guevara, 98 Phil. 249, that the presentation and probate of a will are requirements of public policy, being primarily designed to protect the testator’s expressed wishes, which are entitled to respect as a consequence of the decedent’s ownership and right of disposition within legal limits. Evidence of it is the duty imposed on a custodian of a will to deliver the same to the Court, and the fine and imprisonment prescribed for its violation (Revised Rule 75) It would be non-sequitur to allow public policy to be evaded on the pretext of estoppel. Whether or not the order overruling the allegation of estoppel is still appealable or not, the defense is patently unmeritorious and the Court of Appeals correctly so ruled.
The last issue, that of revocation, is predicated on paragraph 2 of Article 957 of the Civil Code of 1950 (Art. 869 of the Code of 1889), which recites:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"ART. 957. The legacy or device shall be without effect:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
x x x"
(2) If the testator by any title or for any cause alienates the thing bequeathed or any part thereof, it being understood that in the latter case the legacy or device shall be without effect only with respect to the part thus alienated. If after the alienation the thing should again belong to the testator, even if it be by reason of nullity of the contract, the legacy or devise shall not thereafter be valid, unless the reacquisition shall have been effected by virtue of the exercise of the right or repurchase;
x x x"
It is well to note that, unlike the French and Italian Codes, the basis of the quoted provision is a presumed change of intention on the part of the testator. As pointed out by Manresa in his Commentaries on Article 869 of the Civil Code (Vol. 6, 7th Ed., p. 743) —
"Este caso se funda en la presunta voluntad del testador. Si éste, después de legar, se desprende de la cosa por titulo lucrativo u oneroso, hace desaparecer su derecho sobra ella, dando lugar a la presunción de que ha cambiado de voluntad, y no quiere que el legado se cumpla. Mas para que pueda presumirse esa voluntad, es necesario que medien actos del testador que la indiquen. Si la pérdida del derecho sobre la cosa ha sido independiente de la voluntad del testador, el legado podra quedar sin efecto, mas no en virtud del n
It appears from the record that on January 19, 1955, Ismaela Dimagiba, now respondent, submitted to the Court of First Instance a petition for the probate of the purported will of the late Benedicta de los Reyes, executed on October 22, 1930, and annexed to the petition. The will instituted the petitioner as the sole heir of the estate of the deceased. The petition was set for hearing, and in due time, Dionisio Fernandez, Eusebio Reyes and Luisa Reyes, and one month later, Mariano, Cesar, Leonor and Paciencia, all surnamed Reyes, all claiming to be heirs intestate of the decedent, filed oppositions to the probate asked. Grounds advanced for the opposition were forgery, vices of consent of the testatrix, estoppel by laches of the proponent, and revocation of the will by two deeds of conveyance of the major portion of the estate made by the testatrix in favor of the proponent in 1943 and 1944, but which conveyances were finally set aside by this Supreme Court in a decision promulgated on August 3, 1954, in cases G.R. Nos. L-5618 and L-5620 (unpublished).
After trial on the formulated issues, the Court of First Instance, by decision of June 20, 1958, found that the will was genuine and properly executed; but deferred resolution on the questions of estoppel and revocation "until such time when we shall pass upon the intrinsic validity of the provisions of the will or when the question of adjudication of the properties is opportunely presented."cralaw virtua1aw library
Oppositors Fernandez and Reyes petitioned for reconsideration and/or new trial, insisting that the issues of estoppel and revocation be considered and resolved; whereupon, on July 27, 1959, the Court overruled the claim that proponent was in estoppel to ask for the probate of the will, but "reserving unto the parties the right to raise the issue of implied revocation at the opportune time."cralaw virtua1aw library
On January 11, 1960, the Court of First Instance appointed Ricardo Cruz as administrator for the sole purpose of submitting an Inventory of the estate and this was done on February 9, 1960.
On February 27, 1962, after receiving further evidence on the issue whether the execution by the testatrix of deeds of sale of the larger portion of her estate in favor of the testamentary heir, made in 1943 and 1944, subsequent to the execution of her 1930 testament, had revoked the latter under Article 957(2) of the 1950 Civil Code (Art. 869 of the Civil Code of 1889), the trial Court resolved against the oppositors and held the will of the late Benedicta de los Reyes "unaffected and unrevoked by the deeds of sale." Whereupon, the oppositors elevated the case to the Court of Appeals.
The appellate Court held that the decree of June 20, 1958, admitting the will to probate, had become final for lack of opportune appeal; that the same was appealable independently of the issue of implied revocation; that contrary to the claim of oppositors- appellants there had been no legal revocation by the execution of the 1943 and 1944 deeds of sale, because the latter had been made in favor of the legatee herself, and affirmed the decision of the Court of First Instance.
Oppositors then appealed to this Court.
In this instance, both sets of oppositors-appellants pose three main issues: (a) whether or not the decree of the Court of First Instance allowing the will to probate had become final for lack of appeal; (b) whether or not the order of the Court of origin dated July 27, 1959, overruling the estoppel invoked by oppositors-appellants had likewise become final; and (c) whether or not the 1930 will of Benedicta de los Reyes had been impliedly revoked by her execution of deeds of conveyance in favor of the proponent on March 26, 1943 and April 3, 1944.
As to the first point, oppositors-appellants contend that the order allowing the will to probate should be considered interlocutory, because it failed to resolve the issues of estoppel and revocation propounded in their opposition. We agree with the Court of Appeals that the appellant’s stand is untenable. It is elementary that a probate decree finally and definitely settles all questions concerning capacity of the testator and the proper execution and witnessing of his last will and testament, irrespective of whether its provisions are valid and enforceable or otherwise. (Montañano v. Suesa, 14 Phil. 676; Mercado v. Santos, 66 Phil. 215; Trillana v. Crisostomo, 89 Phil. 710). As such, the probate order is final and appealable; and it is so recognized by express provisions of Section 1 of Rule 109, that specifically prescribes that "any interested person may appeal in special proceedings from an order or judgment . . . where such order or judgment (a) allows or disallows a will."cralaw virtua1aw library
Appellants argue that they were entitled to await the trial Court’s resolution on the other grounds of their opposition before taking an appeal, as otherwise there would be a multiplicity of resources to the higher Courts. This contention is without weight, since Rule 109, section 1, expressly enumerates six different instances when appeal may be taken in special proceedings.
There being no controversy that the probate decree of the Court below was not appealed on time, the same had become final and conclusive. Hence, the appellate courts may no longer revoke said decree nor review the evidence upon which it is made to rest. Thus, the appeal belatedly lodged against the decree was correctly dismissed.
The alleged revocation implied from the execution of the deeds of conveyance in favor of the testamentary heir is plainly irrelevant to and separate from the question of whether the testament was duly executed. For one, if the will is not entitled to probate, or its probate is denied, all questions of revocation becomes superfluous: in law, there is no such will and hence there would be nothing to revoke. Then, again, the revocation invoked by the oppositors-appellants is not an express one, but merely implied from subsequent acts of the- testatrix allegedly evidencing an abandonment of the original intention to bequeath or devise the properties concerned. As such, the revocation would not affect the will itself, but merely the particular devise or legacy. Only the total and absolute revocation can preclude probate of the revoked testament (Trillana v. Crisostomo, supra).
As to the issue of estoppel, we have already ruled in Guevara v. Guevara, 98 Phil. 249, that the presentation and probate of a will are requirements of public policy, being primarily designed to protect the testator’s expressed wishes, which are entitled to respect as a consequence of the decedent’s ownership and right of disposition within legal limits. Evidence of it is the duty imposed on a custodian of a will to deliver the same to the Court, and the fine and imprisonment prescribed for its violation (Revised Rule 75) It would be non-sequitur to allow public policy to be evaded on the pretext of estoppel. Whether or not the order overruling the allegation of estoppel is still appealable or not, the defense is patently unmeritorious and the Court of Appeals correctly so ruled.
The last issue, that of revocation, is predicated on paragraph 2 of Article 957 of the Civil Code of 1950 (Art. 869 of the Code of 1889), which recites:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"ART. 957. The legacy or device shall be without effect:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
x x x"
(2) If the testator by any title or for any cause alienates the thing bequeathed or any part thereof, it being understood that in the latter case the legacy or device shall be without effect only with respect to the part thus alienated. If after the alienation the thing should again belong to the testator, even if it be by reason of nullity of the contract, the legacy or devise shall not thereafter be valid, unless the reacquisition shall have been effected by virtue of the exercise of the right or repurchase;
x x x"
It is well to note that, unlike the French and Italian Codes, the basis of the quoted provision is a presumed change of intention on the part of the testator. As pointed out by Manresa in his Commentaries on Article 869 of the Civil Code (Vol. 6, 7th Ed., p. 743) —
"Este caso se funda en la presunta voluntad del testador. Si éste, después de legar, se desprende de la cosa por titulo lucrativo u oneroso, hace desaparecer su derecho sobra ella, dando lugar a la presunción de que ha cambiado de voluntad, y no quiere que el legado se cumpla. Mas para que pueda presumirse esa voluntad, es necesario que medien actos del testador que la indiquen. Si la pérdida del derecho sobre la cosa ha sido independiente de la voluntad del testador, el legado podra quedar sin efecto, mas no en virtud del n
