1. ALIENS; CHINESE EXCLUSION AND DEPORTATION; ABUSE OF DISCRETION BY CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES. — The customs authorities can be held to have abused their discretion or exceeded their authority in the resolution of applications for entry into the Philippine Islands under the Chinese Exclusion Acts only when they have refused the applicant a fair hearing or have applied wrong principles of law to conceded or undisputed facts, or where there is no evidence to sustain their findings.

2. ID.; EVIDENCE ADMISSIBLE BY CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES. — In the resolution of such applications the customs authorities have a right to take into consideration the fact that the applicant came to the Philippine Islands direct from China, that he has the appearance of being a Chinese person of the full blood, that he speaks the Chinese language only; and they may consider also his appearance, customs, dress and deportment to aid them to their final conclusion; and a decision based upon such evidence is not outside of their authority or without evidence to support it.

3. ID.; ID.; HABEAS CORPUS; POWER OF COURT TO CONSIDER CASE ON THE MERITS. — In proceedings on an application for a writ of habeas corpus instituted by a person who has been denied entrance to the Philippine Islands under the Chinese Exclusion Acts the court before which the proceedings are pending is not authorized to consider or decide the case on the merits until it has been satisfactorily established that the customs authorities, in denying the applicant admission, exceeded their authority or abused their discretion or acted under a wrong principle of law or that their decision was without evidence to support it.

This is an appeal by the petitioner from a judgment of the Court of First Instance of the city of Manila dismissing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus.

It appears on the record that on April 26, 1915, two Chinamen claiming themselves to be Co Puy and Co Pay, 25 and 20 years of age respectively, the illegitimate sons of a Filipino woman named Patricia and a Chinaman named Co Lian, arrived at the port of Manila from China and asked permission was denied by the immigration authorities upon the ground that it was believed that they were Chinese persons or persons of Chinese descent and were not provided with credentials showing a right to enter. On the 3d of July, 1915, a petition for a writ of habeas corpus was filed in the Court of First Instance on their behalf and an order to show cause why the writ should not be issued was granted. After due hearing the petition was denied, as aforesaid, and an appeal taken.

There were several hearings before the board of special inquiry with reference to the right of the two Chinamen referred to enter the Philippine Islands. At the first hearing entrance was denied to each of them. Later, on a rehearing, Co Pay was admitted but Co Puy was refused admission. Not less than six hearings were given by the board of special inquiry in this case. After the hearings were closed the board rendered a decision a part of which is as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"The record shows that he (referring to Co Puy) was born in China; that when he arrived in these Islands he was 25 years old; and he stated at the original hearing that at about the age of 20 he left the home of his parents and became employed in a drug store; and had continued in such employment for four or five years until he departed for the Philippine Islands. If the detained Co. Poe (Puy) is the son of this Filipina woman, as claimed, in the opinion of the board he has expatriated himself by his voluntary act of remaining in China since attaining his majority and has maintained himself separate and apart from his home and lived to all intents and purposes as a subject of the Republic of China."cralaw virtua1aw library

The board also said in its decision:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"In regard to Co Pay, the youngest of the detained, the Board is of the opinion that there is a reasonable doubt in his favor. The testimony given in all the hearings has been practically the same in regard to both boys, but has not been of a very convincing nature. But Co Pay has somewhat the appearance of a Chinese-Filipino mestizo and is still a minor and the Board therefore decides to give him the benefit of any doubt which may exist and allow him to land as the son of a Filipina woman.

"In regard to Co Poe (Puy) while the testimony has been practically the same as for Co Pay, his personal appearance is decidedly that of a full-blooded Chinese."cralaw virtua1aw library

With regard to the character of the testimony given by the witnesses the board says:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"There are many questions asked of these witnesses to test their credibility, but the witnesses were generally unable to give any minor details that would tend to establish their credibility and render their testimony convincing and satisfactory evidence."cralaw virtua1aw library

An appeal was taken from the decision of the board of special inquiry to the Collector of Customs where the decision was affirmed.

On the hearing on the order to show cause why a writ of habeas corpus should not be issued the trial court found that the customs officials had abused their discretion and exceeded their authority in excluding Co Puy from the Philippine Islands and, accordingly, found that it had jurisdiction to examine the case on the merits. The ground upon which the court based its finding that the customs officials had exceeded their authority and abused their discretion is stated by the court as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"The attention of the Insular Collector of Customs having been, in the appeal taken by the petitioner, especially called to the subject of whether or not the petitioner has the appearance of a Chinese mestizo or that of a full-blooded Chinaman, with arguments or comments upon the subject Chinaman, with arguments or comments upon the subject by the attorneys for the petitioner, the court is of the opinion that it was the duty of the Insular Collector of Customs to inspect the person of the petitioner for the purpose of reviewing the finding of the board of special inquiry that petitioner’s ’personal appearance is decidedly that of a full-blooded Chinese,’ and his failure or refusal to do this was an abuse of the discretion, power and authority vested in him as the reviewing authority in such cases."cralaw virtua1aw library

We are of the opinion that the trial court was in error in holding that the Collector of Customs had abused his discretion and exceeded his authority upon the ground stated. In the case of Que Quay v. Collector of Customs (33 Phil. Rep., 128) this court said:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"Ocular inspection by a court of the subject-matter in controversy is permitted by the law of the Philippine Islands in certain cases and the right of the court to inspect in other cases has been recognized by many decisions of the Supreme Court. In such cases, whether it be by a commission in condemnation proceedings, or by a judge of the land court in proceedings for the registration of title, or by the Court of First Instance in the location of boundary lines, an ocular inspection by the court or commission has frequently been made the basis of a judgment of the Supreme Court sustaining the decision of the trial court or commission. In such cases the lands inspected are not before the Supreme Court nor is the boundary line as seen by the trial court, or the lay of the ground, the natural contour, the location of trees and other natural objects, and all other indication which lead the court as a result of an ocular inspection to say that the land or the boundary line lies in one place instead of another--none of these things are before the Supreme Court when it renders it decision. Nevertheless, the judgment of the court based on these facts and circumstances is accepted and they are given their due weight in this court. Wounds, weapons, and localities are objects of frequent inspection by trial courts in criminal cases, yet none of these may be before the appellate court. The personal appearance of an accused or a witness will many times tell a court whether he is testifying falsely or truly and will be an element in determining the sentence which will be imposed. Yet these facts may never come to the attention of the appellate court when the case is appealed by the accused. The rule requiring this court, in passing on a question of fact on which the trial court has based its decision, to give due weight and consideration to the fact that the trial court saw the witnesses when they testified and observed their manner on the stand, touches the same principle as the right and necessity of a board of special inquiry to take into consideration the language, personal appearance, and characteristics of an alleged Chinese alien seeking to enter the Philippine Islands, and permits the Collector of Customs to decide the case on appeal although he may never have seen the person from whose language, appearance, dress, manner and deportment the board of special inquiry drew important conclusions."cralaw virtua1aw library

The trial court having erred in finding that the Insular Collector of Customs had abused his discretion and exceeded his authority, it also erred in deciding the case on the merits. In the case on the merits. In the case of Valdezco Sy Chiok v. Insular Collector of Customs (33 Phil. Rep., 406) this court said:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"From this it is clear that, while the court in which the proceeding for the writ is pending may hear evidence of the merits, it can do so only when it has been established to its satisfaction that the customs officials abused their authority or violated the law in refusing to give the hearing which the law required, or in some other manner. Moreover, the mere fact that the decision of the customs official or officials was wrong does not establish the right to be heard on the merits in the court in which the proceeding for the writ is pending."cralaw virtua1aw library

The judgment appealed from is affirmed, with costs against the appellant. So ordered.

Torres, Carson, Trent and Araullo, JJ., concur.