Whereas, KUNNAN intends to acquire the ownership of KENNEX trademark registered by the [sic] Superior in the Philippines. Whereas, the [sic] Superior is desirous of having been appointed [sic] as the sole distributor by KUNNAN in the territory of the Philippines." [Emphasis supplied.]13
Whereas, KUNNAN intends to acquire ownership of KENNEX trademark registered by the Superior in the Philippines. Whereas, the Superior is desirous of having been appointed [sic] as the sole distributor by KUNNAN in the territory of the Philippines.
Now, therefore, the parties hereto agree as follows:
- KUNNAN in accordance with this Agreement, will appoint the sole distributorship right to Superior in the Philippines, and this Agreement could be renewed with the consent of both parties upon the time of expiration.
- The Superior, in accordance with this Agreement, shall assign the ownership of KENNEX trademark, under the registration of Patent Certificate No. 4730 dated 23 May 1980 to KUNNAN on the effects [sic] of its ten (10) years contract of distributorship, and it is required that the ownership of the said trademark shall be genuine, complete as a whole and without any defects.
- KUNNAN will guarantee to the Superior that no other third parties will be permitted to supply the KENNEX PRODUCTS in the Philippines except only to the Superior. If KUNNAN violates this stipulation, the transfer of the KENNEX trademark shall be null and void.
- If there is a necessity, the Superior will be appointed, for the protection of interest of both parties, as the agent in the Philippines with full power to exercise and granted the power of attorney, to pursue any case of Pirating, Infringement and Counterfeiting the [sic] KENNEX trade mark in the Philippine territory.
- The Superior will be granted from [sic] KUNNAN's approval before making and selling any KENNEX products made in the Philippines and the other countries, and if this is the situation, KUNNAN is entitled to have a royalty of 5-8 of FOB as the right.
- Without KUNNAN's permission, the Superior cannot procure other goods supply under KENNEX brand of which are not available to supply [sic] by KUNNAN. However, in connection with the sporting goods, it is permitted that the Superior can procure them under KENNEX brand of which are not available to be supplied by KUNNAN. [Emphasis supplied.]
1. In consideration of the distributorship relationship between KUNNAN and Superior, KUNNAN, who is the seller in the distributorship relationship, agrees to assign the following trademark applications owned by itself in the Philippines to Superior who is the buyer in the distributorship relationship.
Trademark Application Number Class PROKENNEX 49999 28 PROKENNEX 49998 25 PROKENNEX 49997 18
2. Superior shall acknowledge that KUNNAN is still the real and truthful owner of the abovementioned trademarks, and shall agree that it will not use the right of the abovementioned trademarks to do anything which is unfavourable or harmful to KUNNAN.
3. Superior agrees that it will return back the abovementioned trademarks to KUNNAN without hesitation at the request of KUNNAN at any time. KUNNAN agrees that the cost for the concerned assignment of the abovementioned trademarks shall be compensated by KUNNAN.
4. Superior agrees that the abovementioned trademarks when requested by KUNNAN shall be clean and without any incumbency.
5. Superior agrees that after the assignment of the abovementioned trademarks, it shall have no right to reassign or license the said trademarks to any other parties except KUNNAN. [Emphasis supplied]
In the case at bar, Petitioner-Opposer (Kunnan) has overwhelmingly and convincingly established its rights to the mark "PRO KENNEX". It was proven that actual use by Respondent-Registrant is not in the concept of an owner but as a mere distributor (Exhibits "I", "S" to "S-1", "P" and "P-1" and "Q" and "Q-2") and as enunciated in the case of Crisanta Y. Gabriel vs. Dr. Jose R. Perez, 50 SCRA 406, "a mere distributor of a product bearing a trademark, even if permitted to use said trademark has no right to and cannot register the said trademark."
WHEREFORE, there being sufficient evidence to prove that the Petitioner-Opposer (KUNNAN) is the prior user and owner of the trademark "PRO-KENNEX", the consolidated Petitions for Cancellation and the Notices of Opposition are hereby GRANTED. Consequently, the trademark "PRO-KENNEX" bearing Registration Nos. 41032, 40326, 39254, 4730, 49998 for the mark PRO-KENNEX issued in favor of Superior Commercial Enterprises, Inc., herein Respondent-Registrant under the Principal Register and SR No. 6663 are hereby CANCELLED. Accordingly, trademark application Nos. 84565 and 84566, likewise for the registration of the mark PRO-KENNEX are hereby REJECTED.
Let the file wrappers of PRO-KENNEX subject matter of these cases be forwarded to the Administrative Finance and Human Resources Development Services Bureau (AFHRDSB) for appropriate action in accordance with this Decision and a copy thereof be furnished the Bureau of Trademarks (BOT) for information and update of its record.26
WHEREFORE, premises considered, there is no cogent reason to disturb Decision No. 2003-35 dated 30 October 2003 rendered by the Director of the Bureau of Legal Affairs. Accordingly, the instant appeal is DENIED and the appealed decision is hereby AFFIRMED.
(1) that SUPERIOR was "desirous of [being] appointed as the sole distributor by KUNNAN in the territory of the Philippines;"
(2) that "KUNNAN will appoint the sole distributorship right to Superior in the Philippines;" and
(3) that "no third parties will be permitted to supply KENNEX PRODUCTS in the Philippines except only to Superior."
I.
WHETHER OR NOT THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN HOLDING THAT PETITIONER SUPERIOR IS NOT THE TRUE AND RIGHTFUL OWNER OF THE TRADEMARKS "KENNEX" AND "PRO-KENNEX" IN THE PHILIPPINESII.
WHETHER OR NOT THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN HOLDING THAT PETITIONER SUPERIOR IS A MERE DISTRIBUTOR OF RESPONDENT KUNNAN IN THE PHILIPPINESIII.
WHETHER OR NOT THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN REVERSING AND SETTING ASIDE THE DECISION OF THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT OF QUEZON CITY IN CIVIL CASE NO. Q-93-14888, LIFTING THE PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ISSUED AGAINST RESPONDENTS KUNNAN AND SPORTS CONCEPT AND DISMISSING THE COMPLAINT FOR INFRINGEMENT OF TRADEMARK AND UNFAIR COMPETITION WITH PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION
As to whether respondent Kunnan was able to overcome the presumption of ownership in favor of Superior, the former sufficiently established the fraudulent registration of the questioned trademarks by Superior. The Certificates of Registration No. SR-4730 (Supplemental Register) and 33487 (Principal Register) for the KENNEX trademark were fraudulently obtained by petitioner Superior. Even before PROKENNEX products were imported by Superior into the Philippines, the same already enjoyed popularity in various countries and had been distributed worldwide, particularly among the sports and tennis enthusiasts since 1976. Riding on the said popularity, Superior caused the registration thereof in the Philippines under its name when it knew fully well that it did not own nor did it manufacture the PROKENNEX products. Superior claimed ownership of the subject marks and failed to disclose in its application with the IPO that it was merely a distributor of KENNEX and PROKENNEX products in the Philippines.
While Superior accepted the obligation to assign Certificates of Registration Nos. SR-4730 and 33487 to Kunnan in exchange for the appointment by the latter as its exclusive distributor, Superior however breached its obligation and failed to assign the same to Kunnan. In a letter dated 13 February 1987, Superior, through Mr. Tan Bon Diong, misrepresented to Kunnan that the latter cannot own trademarks in the Philippines. Thus, Kunnan was misled into assigning to Superior its (Kunnan's) own application for the disputed trademarks. In the same assignment document, however. Superior was bound to ensure that the PROKENNEX trademarks under Registration Nos. 40326, 39254, and 49998 shall be returned to Kunnan clean and without any incumbency when requested by the latter.
In fine, We see no error in the decision of the Director General of the IPO which affirmed the decision of the Director of the Bureau of Legal Affairs canceling the registration of the questioned marks in the name of petitioner Superior and denying its new application for registration, upon a finding that Superior is not the rightful owner of the subject marks.
WHEREFORE, the foregoing considered, the petition is DISMISSED.
Section 22. Infringement, what constitutes. -- Any person who [1] shall use, without the consent of the registrant, any reproduction, counterfeit, copy or colorable imitation of any registered mark or trade-name in connection with the sale, offering for sale, or advertising of any goods, business or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion or mistake or to deceive purchasers or others as to the source or origin of such goods or services, or identity of such business; or[2] reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or colorably imitate any such mark or trade-name and apply such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation to labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles or advertisements intended to be used upon or in connection with such goods, business or services, shall be liable to a civil action by the registrant for any or all of the remedies herein provided. [Emphasis supplied]
Section 19. Cancellation of registration. - If the Director finds that a case for cancellation has been made out he shall order the cancellation of the registration. The order shall not become effective until the period for appeal has elapsed, or if appeal is taken, until the judgment on appeal becomes final. When the order or judgment becomes final, any right conferred by such registration upon the registrant or any person in interest of record shall terminate. Notice of cancellation shall be published in the Official Gazette. [Emphasis supplied.]
As a mere distributor, petitioner Superior undoubtedly had no right to register the questioned mark in its name. Well-entrenched in our jurisdiction is the rule that the right to register a trademark should be based on ownership. When the applicant is not the owner of the trademark being applied for, he has no right to apply for the registration of the same. Under the Trademark Law, only the owner of the trademark, trade name or service mark used to distinguish his goods, business or service from the goods, business or service of others is entitled to register the same. An exclusive distributor does not acquire any proprietary interest in the principal's trademark and cannot register it in his own name unless it is has been validly assigned to him.
17. In January 1993, the plaintiff learned that the defendant Kunnan Enterprises, Ltd., is intending to appoint the defendant Sports Concept and Distributors, Inc. as its alleged distributor for sportswear and sporting goods bearing the trademark "PRO-KENNEX." For this reason, on January 20, 1993, the plaintiff, through counsel, wrote the defendant Sports Concept and Distributor's Inc. advising said defendant that the trademark "PRO-KENNEX" was registered and owned by the plaintiff herein.
18. The above information was affirmed by an announcement made by the defendants in The Manila Bulletin issue of January 29, 1993, informing the public that defendant Kunnan Enterprises, Ltd. has appointed the defendant Sports Concept and Distributors, Inc. as its alleged distributor of sportswear and sporting goods and equipment bearing the trademarks "KENNEX and "PRO-KENNEX" which trademarks are owned by and registered in the name of plaintiff herein as alleged hereinabove.x x x x
27. The acts of defendants, as previously complained herein, were designed to and are of the nature so as to create confusion with the commercial activities of plaintiff in the Philippines and is liable to mislead the public as to the nature and suitability for their purposes of plaintiff's business and the defendant's acts are likely to discredit the commercial activities and future growth of plaintiff's business.
NOTICE AND WARNING
Kunnan Enterprises Ltd. is the owner and first user of the internationally-renowned trademarks KENNEX and PRO KENNEX for sportswear and sporting goods and equipment. Kunnan Enterprises Ltd. has registered the trademarks KENNEX and PRO KENNEX in the industrial property offices of at least 31 countries worldwide where KUNNAN Enterprises Ltd. has been selling its sportswear and sporting goods and equipment bearing the KENNEX and PRO KENNEX trademarks.
Kunnan Enterprises Ltd. further informs the public that it had terminated its Distributorship Agreement with Superior Commercial Enterprises, Inc. on December 31, 1991. As a result, Superior Commercial Enterprises, Inc. is no longer authorized to sell sportswear and sporting goods and equipment manufactured by Kunnan Enterprises Ltd. and bearing the trademarks KENNEX and PRO KENNEX.x x x x
In its place, KUNNAN has appointed SPORTS CONCEPT AND DISTRIBUTORS, INC. as its exclusive Philippine distributor of sportswear and sporting goods and equipment bearing the trademarks KENNEX and PRO KENNEX. The public is advised to buy sporting goods and equipment bearing these trademarks only from SPORTS CONCEPT AND DISTRIBUTORS, INC. to ensure that the products they are buying are manufactured by Kunnan Enterprises Ltd. [Emphasis supplied.]
Endnotes:
1 Under Rule 45 of the RULES OF COURT.
2 Dated June 22, 2005; penned by Associate Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and concurred in by Associate Justice Renato C. Dacudao and Associate Justice Edgardo F. Sundiam (both retired); rollo, pp. 33-50.
3 CA rollo, pp. 11-22.
4 Dated October 4, 2005; rollo, pp. 51-52.
5 SUPERIOR is a domestic corporation duly organized under Philippine laws; id at 34.
6 KUNNAN is foreign corporation organized under the laws of Taiwan, Republic of China, doing business in the Philippines; id.
7 SPORTS CONCEPT is a domestic corporation organized under Philippine laws; id.
8 SUPERIOR claimed that it registered the business name "PRO-KENNEX SPORTS PRODUCTS" with the Bureau of Domestic Trade on February 10, 1983 under Certificate of Registration No. 03767. It also claimed that it registered the business name "PRO-KENNEX (PHIL) SPORTS PRODUCTS" with the Bureau of Domestic Trade on February 10, 1983 under Certificate of Registration No. 03767, which it renewed on April 4, 1988 with Certificate of Registration No. 14693 dated April 4, 1988; id at 35.
9 SUPERIOR alleged that it first used the mark "KENNEX" in the Philippines on March 15, 1978 and registered the mark in its name under Supplemental Registration No. 34478 dated May 31, 1985 to be used for the following goods, namely: "tennis racket, pelota racket, pingpong racket, goal net, volleyball net and tennis shoulder bags;" id at 12.
10 SUPERIOR also claimed that it first used the mark "KENNEX & DEVICE OF LETTER 'K" INSIDE A CIRCLE OF THORNS" in the Philippines on March 15, 1978; the mark was registered in its name under Supplemental Registration No. 4730 dated May 23, 1980 to be used for the following goods: "tennis racket, pelota racket, pingpong, squash racket, badminton racket, basketball, tennis ball, soccer ball, foot ball, badminton shuttlecock, sports clothing, head ban, wrist band, basketball goal net, tennis net, volleyball net, tennis shoulder bag, handbag and sport rubber shoes, tennis string;" id.
11 SUPERIOR also alleged that the trademark "PROKENNEX" was first used in the Philippines by KUNNAN on August 1, 1982 and was registered under the former's name as assignee under Principal Certificate of Registration No. 39254 dated July 13, 1988 for the following goods: "handbags, travelling bags and trunks;" id at 13.
12 SUPERIOR also claimed that the trademark "PRO-KENNEX" was first used by KUNNAN on January 2, 1980 and is registered under the former's name as assignee under Principal Certificate of Registration No. 40326 dated August 12, 1988 for the following goods: "tennis rackets, squash rackets, racketball rackets, badminton rackets and fishing rods." However, SUPERIOR claims that it first used the trademark "PRO-KENNEX" with the word "ball design" and "tennis racket" on January 2, 1980 and is registered in its name under Certificate of Registration No. 41032 dated September 2, 1988 for the following sporting goods: "tennis racket and accessories." The trademark "PRO-KENNEX" with the design ball and racket is claimed to be first used by SUPERIOR on January 2, 1980 and is registered under Supplemental Certificate of Registration No. 6663 dated November 2, 1984 for the following goods: "sporting goods such as tennis racket and accessories;" id.
13 Id. at 102.
14 KUNNAN alleged that it has manufactured products bearing the KENNEX and PRO KENNEX trademarks and sold them in the Philippines, initially through the importation by independent outlets and the subsequently through agreements with local distributors; id. at 90-91.
15 KUNNAN also alleged that its initial distributorship agreement was with Bonmark Sportsmasters, Inc. from August 21, 1982 to January 3, 1983; id. at 91.
16 Id. at 102-103.
17 Id. at 92.
18 Id. at 94.
19 On January 1, 1998, Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, took effect which abolished among other offices, the Bureau of Patents, Trademarks and Technology Transfer and transferred its functions to the newly created Intellectual Property Office.
20 Id. at 36.
21 Id. at 82.
22 Id. at 36-37.
23 The dispositive portion of the decision reads:WHEREFORE, it is hereby ordered that it appearing from the established facts that great and irreparable damage and injury has resulted and will continue to result to the Plaintiff, let a writ of preliminary injunction be issued enjoining the defendants KUNNAN ENTERPRISES LIMITED, and SPORTS CONCEPT AND DISTRIBUTOR INC., their officers, employees, agents, representatives, or assigns and other persons acting for and in their behalf, from using, in connection with its business the trademarks KENNEX, PRO-KENNEX AND KENNEX and DEVICE OF LETTER "K" INSIDE A CIRCLE OF THORNS and the like and any other marks and trade names which are identical or confusingly similar to plaintiff's marks and trade names.
a.) All infringing matter in the possession of defendants, its officers, employees, agents, representatives, or assigns should be delivered to this Court or the plaintiff and be accordingly destroyed;
b.) Defendants are hereby ordered to render an accounting of the sales from the time it commenced using the marks and trade names of the plaintiff up to the time of judgment, including the profits derived from said sales;
c.) Defendants are hereby ordered to pay plaintiff the amount of P2,000,000.00 which is the reasonable profit which plaintiff could have made, had not defendant infringed the plaintiff's trademarks;
d.) Defendants are likewise ordered to pay plaintiff's attorney's fees and expenses of litigation in the amount of P500,000.00;
e.) Defendants should pay the cost of the suit.
SO ORDERED. Id. at 37.24 CA rollo, pp. 11-22.
25 Rollo, p. 39.
26 Id. at 93. While the dispositive portion of the BLA Decision dated October 30, 2003 referred only to the PRO-KENNEX trademark, Certificate of Registration No. 4730 which covers the KENNEX trademarks was cancelled in the same Decision. This oversight was remedied in the Director General's Decision dated December 8, 2004 which noted that the "registrations and the applications cover the mark PRO-KENNEX except Registration No. 4730 which refers to the mark KENNEX;" id. at 53-54.
27 Supra note 23.
28 Id. at 67.
29 Decision penned by Guevara-Salonga, J., with Roxas and Garcia, JJ., concurring.
30 The dispositive portion of which states:WHEREFORE, the Appeal is GRANTED. The Decision dated 31 March 1998 of the Regional Trial Court of Quezon City, Branch 85 is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The Complaint for Infringement of Trademark and Unfair Competition with Preliminary Injunction, docketed as Civil Case No. Q-93-14888, is DISMISSED.
SO ORDERED. Rollo, p. 49.
31 Citing Phillip Morris v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91332, July 16, 1993, 224 SCRA 576, 596.
32 Citing Emerald Garment Manufacturing Corp. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 100098, December 29, 1995, 251 SCRA 600, 622-623.
33 Citing La Chemise Lacoste, S.A. v. Fernandez, G.R. Nos. L-63796-97 and L-65659, May 21, 1984, 129 SCRA 373, 392.
34 The provision states:
x x x The owner of a trademark, a trade-name or service mark used to distinguish his goods, business or services from the goods, business or services of other shall have the right to register the same. x x x
35 See Marvex Commercial Co. Inc. v. Petra Hawpia & Milling Co., G.R. No. L-19297, December 22, 1966, 18 SCRA 1178, 1180; Unno Commercial Enterprises, Inc. v. General Milling Corporation, G.R. No. L-28554, Ferbuary 28, 1983, 120 SCRA 804, 808-809; Gabriel v. Perez, G.R. No. L-24075, January 31, 1974, 55 SCRA 406.
36 An Act To Provide For the Registration and Protection of Trademarks, Trade-Names, and Service-Marks, Defining Unfair Competition and False Marking And Providing Remedies Against The Same, And For Other Purposes.
37 Section 20 of RA 166 considers the trademark registration certificate as prima facie evidence of the validity of the registration, the registrant's ownership and exclusive right to use the trademark in connection with the goods, business or services as classified by the Director of Patents and as specified in the certificate, subject to the conditions and limitations stated therein. See Mighty Corporation v. E. & J. Gallo Winery, G.R. No. 154342, July 14, 2004, 434 SCRA 473, 495.
38 See Heirs of Crisanta Y. Gabriel-Almoradie v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91385, January 4, 1994, 229 SCRA 15, 32-33.
39 Western Equipment & Supply Co. v. Reyes, 51 Phil. 115 (1927).
40 Gabriel v. Perez, G.R. No. L-24075, January 31, 1974, 55 SCRA 406.
41 Rules of Court, Section 47(c), Rule 39 - Effect of judgments or final orders. - The effect of a judgment or final order rendered by a court of the Philippines, having jurisdiction to pronounce the judgment or final order, may be as follows:
x x x x
(c) In any other litigation between the same parties or their successors in interest, that only is deemed to have been adjudged in a former judgment or final order which appears upon its face to have been so adjudged, or which was actually and necessarily included therein or necessary thereto.
See also Gutierrez v. Court of Appeals, 193 SCRA 437 (1991).
42 Tan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142401, August 20, 2001.
43 Mata v. Court of Appeals, 376 Phil. 525 (1999).
44 McDonald's Corporation v. L.C. Big Mak Burger, Inc., G. R. No. 143993, August 18, 2004, 437 SCRA 10.
45 Supra note 31.
46 Original Records, pp. 5-8.
47 Under Section 29 of RA 166, any person who employs deception or any other means contrary to good faith by which he passes off the goods manufactured by him or in which he deals, or his business, or services for those of the one having established such goodwill, or who commits any acts calculated to produce said result, is guilty of unfair competition. Unfair competition include the following acts:a) Any person, who in selling his goods shall give them the general appearance of goods of another manufacturer or dealer, either as to the goods themselves or in the wrapping of the packages in which they are contained, or the devices or words thereon, or in any feature of their appearance, which would be likely to influence purchasers to believe that the goods offered are those of a manufacturer or dealer, other than the actual manufacturer or dealer, or who otherwise clothes the goods with such appearance as shall deceive the public and defraud another of his legitimate trade, or any subsequent vendor of such goods or any agent of any vendor engaged in selling such goods with a like purpose;
(b) Any person who by any artifice, or device, or who employs any other means calculated to induce the false belief that such person is offering the services of another who has identified such services in the mind of the public; or
(c) Any person who shall make any false statement in the course of trade or who shall commit any other act contrary to good faith of a nature calculated to discredit the goods, business or services of another. [Emphasis supplied.]
48 Supra note 42.
49 Coca-Cola Bottlers, Inc.v. Quintin J. Gomez, G.R. No. 154491, November 14, 2008.
50 G. R. No. 143993, August 18, 2004, 437 SCRA 10.
51 Original Records, p. 14.