EN BANC
G.R. No. 179146, July 23, 2013
HOLY CHILD CATHOLIC SCHOOL, Petitioner, v. HON. PATRICIA STO. TOMAS, IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT, AND PINAG-ISANG TINIG AT LAKAS NG ANAKPAWIS – HOLY CHILD CATHOLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS AND EMPLOYEES LABOR UNION (HCCS-TELU-PIGLAS), Respondents.
D E C I S I O N
PERALTA, J.:
A certification election proceeding directly involves two (2) issues namely: (a) the proper composition and constituency of the bargaining unit; and (b) the validity of majority representation claims. It is therefore incumbent upon the Med-Arbiter to rule on the appropriateness of the bargaining unit once its composition and constituency is questioned.
Section 1 (q), Rule I, Book V of the Omnibus Rules defines a “bargaining unit” as a group of employees sharing mutual interests within a given employer unit comprised of all or less than all of the entire body of employees in the employer unit or any specific occupational or geographical grouping within such employer unit. This definition has provided the “community or mutuality of interest” test as the standard in determining the constituency of a collective bargaining unit. This is so because the basic test of an asserted bargaining unit’s acceptability is whether or not it is fundamentally the combination which will best assure to all employees the exercise of their collective bargaining rights. The application of this test may either result in the formation of an employer unit or in the fragmentation of an employer unit.
In the case at bar, the employees of [petitioner], may, as already suggested, quite easily be categorized into (2) general classes[:] one, the teaching staff; and two, the non-teaching-staff. Not much reflection is needed to perceive that the community or mutuality of interest is wanting between the teaching and the non-teaching staff. It would seem obvious that the teaching staff would find very little in common with the non-teaching staff as regards responsibilities and function, working conditions, compensation rates, social life and interests, skills and intellectual pursuits, etc. These are plain and patent realities which cannot be ignored. These dictate the separation of these two categories of employees for purposes of collective bargaining. (University of the Philippines vs. Ferrer-Calleja, 211 SCRA 451)19
We agree with the Med-Arbiter that there are differences in the nature of work, hours and conditions of work and salary determination between the teaching and non-teaching personnel of [petitioner]. These differences were pointed out by [petitioner] in its position paper. We do not, however, agree with the Med-Arbiter that these differences are substantial enough to warrant the dismissal of the petition. First, as pointed out by [private respondent], “inappropriateness of the bargaining unit sought to be represented is not a ground for the dismissal of the petition[.”] In fact, in the cited case of University of the Philippines v. Ferrer-Calleja, supra, the Supreme Court did not order the dismissal of the petition but ordered the conduct of a certification election, limiting the same among the non-academic personnel of the University of the Philippines.
It will be recalled that in the U.P. case, there were two contending unions, the Organization of Non-Academic Personnel of U.P. (ONAPUP) and All U.P. Workers Union composed of both academic and non-academic personnel of U.P. ONAPUP sought the conduct of certification election among the rank-and-file non-academic personnel only while the all U.P. Workers Union sought the conduct of certification election among all of U.P.’s rank-and-file employees covering academic and non-academic personnel. While the Supreme Court ordered a separate bargaining unit for the U.P. academic personnel, the Court, however, did not order them to organize a separate labor organization among themselves. The All U.P. Workers Union was not directed to divest itself of its academic personnel members and in fact, we take administrative notice that the All U.P. Workers Union continue to exist with a combined membership of U.P. academic and non-academic personnel although separate bargaining agreements is sought for the two bargaining units. Corollary, [private respondent] can continue to exist as a legitimate labor organization with the combined teaching and non-teaching personnel in its membership and representing both classes of employees in separate bargaining negotiations and agreements.
WHEREFORE, the Decision of the Med-Arbiter dated 10 August 2002 is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE. In lieu thereof, a new order is hereby issued directing the conduct of two certification elections, one among the non-teaching personnel of Holy Child Catholic School, and the other, among the teaching personnel of the same school, subject to the usual pre-election conferences and inclusion-exclusion proceedings, with the following choices:cralavvonlinelawlibrary[Petitioner] is hereby directed to submit to the Regional Office of origin within ten (10) days from receipt of this Decision, a certified separate list of its teaching and non-teaching personnel or when necessary a separate copy of their payroll for the last three (3) months prior to the issuance of this Decision.20
- Certification Election Among [Petitioner]’s Teaching Personnel:cralavvonlinelawlibrary
- Holy Child Catholic School Teachers and Employees Labor Union; and
- No Union.
- Certification Election Among [Petitioner]’s Non-Teaching Personnel:cralavvonlinelawlibrary
- Holy Child Catholic School Teachers and Employees Labor Union; and
- No Union.
x x x While it may be true that they wield power over other subordinate employees of the petitioner, it must be stressed[,] however[,] that their functions are not confined with policy-determining such as hiring, firing, and disciplining of employees, salaries, teaching/working hours, other monetary and non-monetary benefits, and other terms and conditions of employment. Further, while they may formulate policies or guidelines, nonetheless, such is merely recommendatory in nature, and still subject to review and evaluation by the higher executives, i.e., the principals or executive officers of the petitioner. It cannot also be denied that in institutions like the petitioner, company policies have already been pre-formulated by the higher executives and all that the mentioned employees have to do is carry out these company policies and standards. Such being the case, it is crystal clear that there is no improper [commingling] of members in the private respondent union as to preclude its petition for certification of (sic) election.33
I.
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN HOLDING THAT THE RULING IN THE CASE OF TOYOTA MOTOR PHILIPPINES CORPORATION VS. TOYOTA MOTOR PHILIPPINES CORPORATION LABOR UNION (268 SCRA 573) DOES NOT APPLY IN THE CASE AT BAR DESPITE THE [COMMINGLING] OF BOTH SUPERVISORY OR MANAGERIAL AND RANK-AND-FILE EMPLOYEES IN THE RESPONDENT UNION;chanroblesvirtualawlibraryII
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN ITS CONFLICTING RULING ALLOWING THE CONDUCT OF CERTIFICATION ELECTION BY UPHOLDING THAT THE RESPONDENT UNION REPRESENTED A BARGAINING UNIT DESPITE ITS OWN FINDINGS THAT THERE IS NO MUTUALITY OF INTEREST BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF RESPONDENT UNION APPLYING THE TEST LAID DOWN IN THE CASE OF UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. FERRER-CALLEJA (211 SCRA 451).37
It was in R.A. No. 875, under Section 3, that such questioned mingling was first prohibited, to wit:cralavvonlinelawlibrarySec. 3. Employees' right to self-organization. - Employees shall have the right to self-organization and to form, join or assist labor organizations of their own choosing for the purpose of collective bargaining through representatives of their own choosing and to engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining and other mutual aid or protection. Individuals employed as supervisors shall not be eligible for membership in a labor organization of employees under their supervision but may form separate organizations of their own. (Emphasis supplied)Nothing in R.A. No. 875, however, tells of how the questioned mingling can affect the legitimacy of the labor organization. Under Section 15, the only instance when a labor organization loses its legitimacy is when it violates its duty to bargain collectively; but there is no word on whether such mingling would also result in loss of legitimacy. Thus, when the issue of whether the membership of two supervisory employees impairs the legitimacy of a rank-and-file labor organization came before the Court En Banc in Lopez v. Chronicle Publication Employees Association, the majority pronounced:cralavvonlinelawlibraryIt may be observed that nothing is said of the effect of such ineligibility upon the union itself or on the status of the other qualified members thereof should such prohibition be disregarded. Considering that the law is specific where it intends to divest a legitimate labor union of any of the rights and privileges granted to it by law, the absence of any provision on the effect of the disqualification of one of its organizers upon the legality of the union, may be construed to confine the effect of such ineligibility only upon the membership of the supervisor. In other words, the invalidity of membership of one of the organizers does not make the union illegal, where the requirements of the law for the organization thereof are, nevertheless, satisfied and met. (Emphasis supplied)Then the Labor Code was enacted in 1974 without reproducing Sec. 3 of R.A. No. 875. The provision in the Labor Code closest to Sec. 3 is Article 290, which is deafeningly silent on the prohibition against supervisory employees mingling with rank-and-file employees in one labor organization. Even the Omnibus Rules Implementing Book V of the Labor Code (Omnibus Rules) merely provides in Section 11, Rule II, thus:cralavvonlinelawlibrarySec. 11. Supervisory unions and unions of security guards to cease operation. - All existing supervisory unions and unions of security guards shall, upon the effectivity of the Code, cease to operate as such and their registration certificates shall be deemed automatically cancelled. However, existing collective agreements with such unions, the life of which extends beyond the date of effectivity of the Code shall be respected until their expiry date insofar as the economic benefits granted therein are concerned.The obvious repeal of the last clause of Sec. 3, R.A. No. 875 prompted the Court to declare in Bulletin v. Sanchez that supervisory employees who do not fall under the category of managerial employees may join or assist in the formation of a labor organization for rank-and-file employees, but they may not form their own labor organization.
Members of supervisory unions who do not fall within the definition of managerial employees shall become eligible to join or assist the rank and file organization. The determination of who are managerial employees and who are not shall be the subject of negotiation between representatives of supervisory union and the employer. If no agreement s reached between the parties, either or both of them may bring the issue to the nearest Regional Office for determination. (Emphasis supplied)
While amending certain provisions of Book V of the Labor Code, E.O. No. 111 and its implementing rules continued to recognize the right of supervisory employees, who do not fall under the category of managerial employees, to join a rank- and-file labor organization.
Effective 1989, R.A. No. 6715 restored the prohibition against the questioned mingling in one labor organization, viz.:cralavvonlinelawlibrarySec. 18. Article 245 of the same Code, as amended, is hereby further amended to read as follows:cralavvonlinelawlibraryUnfortunately, just like R.A. No. 875, R.A. No. 6715 omitted specifying the exact effect any violation of the prohibition would bring about on the legitimacy of a labor organization.Art. 245. Ineligibility of managerial employees to join any labor organization; right of supervisory employees. Managerial employees are not eligible to join, assist or form any labor organization. Supervisory employees shall not be eligible for membership in a labor organization of the rank-and-file employees but may join, assist or form separate labor organizations of their own (Emphasis supplied)
It was the Rules and Regulations Implementing R.A. No. 6715 (1989 Amended Omnibus Rules) which supplied the deficiency by introducing the following amendment to Rule II (Registration of Unions):cralavvonlinelawlibrarySec. 1. Who may join unions. - x x x Supervisory employees and security guards shall not be eligible for membership in a labor organization of the rank-and-file employees but may join, assist or form separate labor organizations of their own; Provided, that those supervisory employees who are included in an existing rank-and-file bargaining unit, upon the effectivity of Republic Act No. 6715, shall remain in that unit x x x. (Emphasis supplied)and Rule V (Representation Cases and Internal-Union Conflicts) of the Omnibus Rules, viz.;chanroblesvirtualawlibrarySec. 1. Where to file. - A petition for certification election may be filed with the Regional Office which has jurisdiction over the principal office of the employer. The petition shall be in writing and under oath.By that provision, any questioned mingling will prevent an otherwise legitimate and duly registered labor organization from exercising its right to file a petition for certification election.
Sec. 2. Who may file. - Any legitimate labor organization or the employer, when requested to bargain collectively, may file the petition.
The petition, when filed by a legitimate labor organization, shall contain, among others:cralavvonlinelawlibrary
x x x x
(c) description of the bargaining unit which shall be the employer unit unless circumstances otherwise require; and provided further, that the appropriate bargaining unit of the rank-and-file employees shall not include supervisory employees and/or security guards. (Emphasis supplied)
Thus, when the issue of the effect of mingling was brought to the fore in Toyota, the Court, citing Article 245 of the Labor Code, as amended by R.A. No. 6715, held:cralavvonlinelawlibraryClearly, based on this provision, a labor organization composed of both rank-and-file and supervisory employees is no labor organization at all. It cannot, for any guise or purpose, be a legitimate labor organization. Not being one, an organization which carries a mixture of rank-and-file and supervisory employees cannot possess any of the rights of a legitimate labor organization, including the right to file a petition for certification election for the purpose of collective bargaining. It becomes necessary, therefore, anterior to the granting of an order allowing a certification election, to inquire into the composition of any labor organization whenever the status of the labor organization is challenged on the basis of Article 245 of the Labor Code.In Dunlop, in which the labor organization that filed a petition for certification election was one for supervisory employees, but in which the membership included rank-and-file employees, the Court reiterated that such labor organization had no legal right to file a certification election to represent a bargaining unit composed of supervisors for as long as it counted rank-and-file employees among its members.
x x x x
In the case at bar, as respondent union's membership list contains the names of at least twenty-seven (27) supervisory employees in Level Five positions, the union could not, prior to purging itself of its supervisory employee members, attain the status of a legitimate labor organization. Not being one, it cannot possess the requisite personality to file a petition for certification election. (Emphasis supplied)
It should be emphasized that the petitions for certification election involved in Toyota and Dunlop were filed on November 26, 1992 and September 15, 1995, respectively; hence, the 1989 Rules was applied in both cases.
But then, on June 21, 1997, the 1989 Amended Omnibus Rules was further amended by Department Order No. 9, series of 1997 (1997 Amended Omnibus Rules). Specifically, the requirement under Sec. 2(c) of the 1989 Amended Omnibus Rules - that the petition for certification election indicate that the bargaining unit of rank-and-file employees has not been mingled with supervisory employees - was removed. Instead, what the 1997 Amended Omnibus Rules requires is a plain description of the bargaining unit, thus:cralavvonlinelawlibraryIn Pagpalain Haulers, Inc. v. Trajano, the Court had occasion to uphold the validity of the 1997 Amended Omnibus Rules, although the specific provision involved therein was only Sec. 1, Rule VI, to wit:cralavvonlinelawlibraryRule XI
Certification Elections
x x x x
Sec. 4. Forms and contents of petition. - The petition shall be in writing and under oath and shall contain, among others, the following: x x x (c) The description of the bargaining unit.”Sec. 1. Chartering and creation of a local/chapter.- A duly registered federation or national union may directly create a local/chapter by submitting to the Regional Office or to the Bureau two (2) copies of the following: a) a charter certificate issued by the federation or national union indicating the creation or establishment of the local/chapter; (b) the names of the local/chapter's officers, their addresses, and the principal office of the local/chapter; and (c) the local/ chapter's constitution and by-laws; provided that where the local/chapter's constitution and by-laws is the same as that of the federation or national union, this fact shall be indicated accordingly.which does not require that, for its creation and registration, a local or chapter submit a list of its members.
All the foregoing supporting requirements shall be certified under oath by the Secretary or the Treasurer of the local/chapter and attested to by its President.
Then came Tagaytay Highlands Int'l. Golf Club, Inc. v. Tagaytay Highlands Employees Union-PTGWO in which the core issue was whether mingling affects the legitimacy of a labor organization and its right to file a petition for certification election. This time, given the altered legal milieu, the Court abandoned the view in Toyota and Dunlop and reverted to its pronouncement in Lopez that while there is a prohibition against the mingling of supervisory and rank-and-file employees in one labor organization, the Labor Code does not provide for the effects thereof. Thus, the Court held that after a labor organization has been registered, it may exercise all the rights and privileges of a legitimate labor organization. Any mingling between supervisory and rank-and-file employees in its membership cannot affect its legitimacy for that is not among the grounds for cancellation of its registration, unless such mingling was brought about by misrepresentation, false statement or fraud under Article 239 of the Labor Code.
In San Miguel Corp. (Mandaue Packaging Products Plants) v. Mandaue Packing Products Plants-San Miguel Packaging Products-San Miguel Corp. Monthlies Rank-and-File Union-FFW, the Court explained that since the 1997 Amended Omnibus Rules does not require a local or chapter to provide a list of its members, it would be improper for the DOLE to deny recognition to said local or chapter on account of any question pertaining to its individual members.
More to the point is Air Philippines Corporation v. Bureau of Labor Relations, which involved a petition for cancellation of union registration filed by the employer in 1999 against a rank-and-file labor organization on the ground of mixed membership: the Court therein reiterated its ruling in Tagaytay Highlands that the inclusion in a union of disqualified employees is not among the grounds for cancellation, unless such inclusion is due to misrepresentation, false statement or fraud under the circumstances enumerated in Sections (a) and (c) of Article 239 of the Labor Code.
All said, while the latest issuance is R.A. No. 9481, the 1997 Amended Omnibus Rules, as interpreted by the Court in Tagaytay Highlands, San Miguel and Air Philippines, had already set the tone for it. Toyota and Dunlop no longer hold sway in the present altered state of the law and the rules.46
Except when it is requested to bargain collectively, an employer is a mere bystander to any petition for certification election; such proceeding is non-adversarial and merely investigative, for the purpose thereof is to determine which organization will represent the employees in their collective bargaining with the employer. The choice of their representative is the exclusive concern of the employees; the employer cannot have any partisan interest therein; it cannot interfere with, much less oppose, the process by filing a motion to dismiss or an appeal from it; not even a mere allegation that some employees participating in a petition for certification election are actually managerial employees will lend an employer legal personality to block the certification election. The employer's only right in the proceeding is to be notified or informed thereof.
The amendments to the Labor Code and its implementing rules have buttressed that policy even more.49
Article 212(g) of the Labor Code defines a labor organization as "any union or association of employees which exists in whole or in part for the purpose of collective bargaining or of dealing with employers concerning terms and conditions of employment." Upon compliance with all the documentary requirements, the Regional Office or Bureau shall issue in favor of the applicant labor organization a certificate indicating that it is included in the roster of legitimate labor organizations. Any applicant labor organization shall acquire legal personality and shall be entitled to the rights and privileges granted by law to legitimate labor organizations upon issuance of the certificate of registration.53
[Petitioner] likewise claimed that we erred in interpreting the decision of the Supreme Court in U.P. v. Ferrer-Calleja, supra. According to [petitioner], the Supreme Court stated that the non-academic rank-and-file employees of the University of the Philippines shall constitute a bargaining unit to the exclusion of the academic employees of the institution. Hence, [petitioner] argues, it sought the creation of separate bargaining units, namely: (1) [petitioner]’s teaching personnel to the exclusion of non-teaching personnel; and (2) [petitioner]’s non-teaching personnel to the exclusion of teaching personnel.
[Petitioner] appears to have confused the concepts of membership in a bargaining unit and membership in a union. In emphasizing the phrase “to the exclusion of academic employees” stated in U.P. v. Ferrer-Calleja, [petitioner] believed that the petitioning union could not admit academic employees of the university to its membership. But such was not the intention of the Supreme Court.
A bargaining unit is a group of employees sought to be represented by a petitioning union. Such employees need not be members of a union seeking the conduct of a certification election. A union certified as an exclusive bargaining agent represents not only its members but also other employees who are not union members. As pointed out in our assailed Decision, there were two contending unions in the U.P. case, namely[,] the Organization of Non-Academic Personnel of U.P. (ONAPUP) and the All U.P. Worker’s Union composed of both U.P. academic and non-academic personnel. ONAPUP sought the conduct of a certification election among the rank-and-file non-academic personnel only, while the All U.P. Workers Union intended to cover all U.P. rank-and-file employees, involving both academic and non-academic personnel.
The Supreme Court ordered the “non-academic rank-and-file employees of U.P. to constitute a bargaining unit to the exclusion of the academic employees of the institution”, but did not order them to organize a separate labor organization. In the U.P. case, the Supreme Court did not dismiss the petition and affirmed the order for the conduct of a certification election among the non-academic personnel of U.P., without prejudice to the right of the academic personnel to constitute a separate bargaining unit for themselves and for the All U.P. Workers Union to institute a petition for certification election.
In the same manner, the teaching and non-teaching personnel of [petitioner] school must form separate bargaining units. Thus, the order for the conduct of two separate certification elections, one involving teaching personnel and the other involving non-teaching personnel. It should be stressed that in the subject petition, [private respondent] union sought the conduct of a certification election among all the rank-and-file personnel of [petitioner] school. Since the decision of the Supreme Court in the U.P. case prohibits us from commingling teaching and non-teaching personnel in one bargaining unit, they have to be separated into two separate bargaining units with two separate certification elections to determine whether the employees in the respective bargaining units desired to be represented by [private respondent]. In the U.P. case, only one certification election among the non-academic personnel was ordered, because ONAPUP sought to represent that bargaining unit only. No petition for certification election among the academic personnel was instituted by All U.P. Workers Union in the said case; thus, no certification election pertaining to its intended bargaining unit was ordered by the Court.58
x x x In a Rule 45 review, we consider the correctness of the assailed CA decision, in contrast with the review for jurisdictional error that we undertake under Rule 65. Furthermore, Rule 45 limits us to the review of questions of law raised against the assailed CA decision. In ruling for legal correctness, we have to view the CA decision in the same context that the petition for certiorari it ruled upon was presented to it; we have to examine the CA decision from the prism of whether it correctly determined the presence or absence of grave abuse of discretion in the NLRC decision before it, not on the basis of whether the NLRC decision on the merits of the case was correct. In other words, we have to be keenly aware that the CA undertook a Rule 65 review, not a review on appeal, of the NLRC decision challenged before it. This is the approach that should be basic in a Rule 45 review of a CA ruling in a labor case. In question form, the question to ask is: Did the CA correctly determine whether the NLRC committed grave abuse of discretion in ruling on the case?61
Endnotes:
1 Penned by Associate Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes (now a member of this Court), with Associate Justices Portia Aliño Hormachuelos and Rosalinda Asuncion Vicente concurring; rollo, pp. 11-19.cralawlibrary
2Id. at 9-10.cralawlibrary
3Id. at 116-119.cralawlibrary
4Id. at 140-142.cralawlibrary
5Id. at 101-104.cralawlibrary
6Id. at 76-77.cralawlibrary
7Id. at 78-80.cralawlibrary
8Id. at 81-85.cralawlibrary
9Id. at 86-92.cralawlibrary
10 As amended by Section 18 of Republic Act No. 6715, Article 245 of the Labor Code now provides:cralavvonlinelawlibraryArt. 245. Ineligibility of managerial employees to join any labor organization; right of supervisory employees. Managerial employees are not eligible to join, assist or form any labor organization. Supervisory employees shall not be eligible for membership in a labor organization of the rank-and-file employees but may join, assist or form separate labor organizations of their own.11 335 Phil. 1045 (1997).cralawlibrary
12 360 Phil. 304 (1998).cralawlibrary
13 355 Phil. 571 (1998).cralawlibrary
14 See Comment to Petitioner’s Position Paper, rollo, pp. 93-100.cralawlibrary
15 Section 11. Action on the petition. x x xx x x x
II. The Med-Arbiter shall dismiss the petition on any of the following grounds:cralavvonlinelawlibrary
(a) The petitioner is not listed by the Regional Office or Bureau in its registry of legitimate labor organizations, or that its legal personality has been revoked or cancelled with finality in accordance with Rule VIII of these Rules;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
(b) The petition was filed before or after the freedom period of a duly registered collective bargaining agreement; provided, that the sixty-day freedom period based on the original collective bargaining agreement shall not be affected by any amendment, extension or renewal of the collective bargaining agreement;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
(c) The petition was filed within one (1) year from a valid certification, consent or run-off election and no appeal on the results is pending thereon, or from recording of the fact of voluntary recognition with the Regional Office;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
(d) A duly recognized or certified union has commenced negotiations with the employer in accordance with Article 250 of the Code within the one-year period referred to in Section 3, Rule XI of these Rules, or there exists a bargaining deadlock which had been submitted to conciliation or arbitration or had become the subject of a valid notice of strike or lockout to which an incumbent or certified bargaining agent is a party;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
(e) In case of an organized establishment, failure to submit the twenty-five percent (25%) support requirement upon the filing of the petition; or
(f) Lack of interest or withdrawal on the part of the petitioner; provided, that where a motion for intervention has been filed during the freedom period, said motion shall be deemed and disposed of as an independent petition for certification election if it complies with all the requisites for the filing of a petition for certification election as prescribed in Section 4 of these Rules.
16 Section 2. Qualification of voters; inclusion-exclusion proceedings. - All employees who are members of the appropriate bargaining unit sought to be represented by the petitioner at the time of the certification or consent election shall be qualified to vote. A dismissed employee whose dismissal is being contested in a pending case shall be allowed to vote in the election.
In case of disagreement over the voters’ list or over the eligibility of voters, all contested voters shall be allowed to vote. However, their votes shall be segregated and sealed in individual envelopes in accordance with Section 9 of these Rules.cralawlibrary
17 3 NLRB 294 (1937).cralawlibrary
18 134 Phil. 168 (1968).cralawlibrary
19Rollo, pp. 103-104. (Emphasis in the original).cralawlibrary
20Id. at 118-119. (Emphasis in the original)
21Id. at 120-139.cralawlibrary
22CA rollo, pp. 2-32.cralawlibrary
23Id. at 111.cralawlibrary
24Id. at 112-122.cralawlibrary
25Id. at 128-141.cralawlibrary
26Id. at 142-153.cralawlibrary
27Id. at 155-156.cralawlibrary
28Id. at 176-178.cralawlibrary
29Id. at 180-181.cralawlibrary
30Id. at 182-197.cralawlibrary
31Id. at 199.cralawlibrary
32 Id. at 209-241.cralawlibrary
33Id. at 249-250.cralawlibrary
34 G.R. No. 96189, July 14, 1992, 211 SCRA 451.cralawlibrary
35CA rollo, pp. 257-277.cralawlibrary
36Id. at 286-287.cralawlibrary
37Rollo, p. 37.cralawlibrary
38 Sections 9 and 12 of Republic Act No. 9481 (“An Act Strengthening the Workers' Constitutional Right to Self-Organization, Amending for the Purpose Presidential Decree No. 442, As Amended, Otherwise Known as the Labor Code of the Philippines”) provide:cralavvonlinelawlibrarySEC. 9. A new provision, Article 245-A is inserted into the Labor Code to read as follows:cralavvonlinelawlibrary39 Republic v. Kawashima Textile Mfg., Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 160352, July 23, 2008, 559 SCRA 386, 396.cralawlibraryART. 245-A. Effect of Inclusion as Members of Employees Outside the Bargaining Unit. - The inclusion as union members of employees outside the bargaining unit shall not be a ground for the cancellation of the registration of the union. Said employees are automatically deemed removed from the list of membership of said union.SEC. 12. A new provision, Article 258-A is hereby inserted into the Labor Code to read as follows:cralavvonlinelawlibraryART. 258-A. Employer as Bystander. - In all cases, whether the petition for certification election is filed by an employer or a legitimate labor organization, the employer shall not be considered a party thereto with a concomitant right to oppose a petition for certification election. The employer's participation in such proceedings shall be limited to: (1) being notified or informed of petitions of such nature; and (2) submitting the list of employees during the pre-election conference should the Med-Arbiter act favorably on the petition.
40 See Republic v. Kawashima Textile Mfg., Philippines, Inc., supra, at 397.cralawlibrary
41Divine Word University of Tacloban v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 91915, September 11, 1992, 213 SCRA 759, 770 and Trade Unions of the Philippines and Allied Services v. Trajano, 205 Phil. 41, 43 (1983), as cited in Belyca Corporation v. Ferrer- Calleja, 250 Phil. 193, 204 (1988).cralawlibrary
42 Barbizon Philippines, Inc. v. Nagkakaisang Supervisor ng Barbizon Philippines, Inc.-NAFLU, 330 Phil. 472, 492 (1996) and Philippine Fruits and Vegetable Industries, Inc. v. Torres, G.R. No. 92391, July 3, 1992, 211 SCRA 95, 103.cralawlibrary
43Divine Word University of Tacloban v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, supra note 41, at 770-771.cralawlibrary
44 San Miguel Foods, Incorporated v. San Miguel Corporation Supervisors and Exempt Union, G.R. No. 146206, August 1, 2011, 655 SCRA 1.cralawlibrary
45 Supra note 39.cralawlibrary
46Republic v. Kawashima Textile Mfg., Philippines, Inc., supra note 39, at 399-407. (Emphasis supplied; citations omitted)
47 G.R. No. 169717, March 16, 2011, 645 SCRA 538.cralawlibrary
48Samahang Manggagawa sa Charter Chemical Solidarity of Unions in the Philippines for Empowerment and Reforms (SMCC-Super) v. Charter Chemical and Coating Corporation, supra, at 540.cralawlibrary
49Republic v. Kawashima Textile Mfg., Philippines, Inc., supra note 39, at 408 and Samahang Manggagawa sa Charter Chemical Solidarity of Unions in the Philippines for Empowerment and Reforms (SMCC-Super) v. Charter Chemical and Coating Corporation, supra note 47, at 557-558. (Citations omitted)
50Julie's Bakeshop v. Arnaiz, G.R. No. 173882, February 15, 2012, 666 SCRA 101, 113-114; Philippine Veterans Bank v. NLRC, G.R. No.188882, March 30, 2010, 617 SCRA 204, 212; and Merck Sharp and Dohme (Philippines) v. Robles, G.R. No. 176506, November 25, 2009, 605 SCRA 488, 494.cralawlibrary
51 See Galang v. Malasugui, G.R. No. 174173, March 7, 2012, 667 SCRA 622, 631-632; Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc. v. Albayda, Jr., G.R. No. 172724, August 23, 2010, 628 SCRA 544, 557; and Merck Sharp and Dohme (Philippines) v. Robles, supra.cralawlibrary
52 See Dimagan v. Dacworks United, Incorporated, G.R. No. 191053, November 28, 2011, 661 SCRA 438, 445 and Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc. v. Albayda, Jr., supra.cralawlibrary
53Sta. Lucia East Commercial Corporation, v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 162355, August 14, 2009, 596 SCRA 92, 100.cralawlibrary
54 Id. at 102.cralawlibrary
55Belyca Corporation v. Ferrer- Calleja, supra note 41, at 199, citing Rothenberg in Labor Relations, p. 482.cralawlibrary
56 103 Phil. 1103, 1104 (1958), citing Rothenberg in Labor Relations, pp. 482-510.cralawlibrary
57 Id.cralawlibrary
58Rollo, p. 141.cralawlibrary
59 DHL Philippines Corporation United Rank and File Asso.-Federation of Free Workers (DHL-URFA-FFW) v. Buklod ng Manggagawa ng DHL Philippines Corporation; 478 Phil. 842, 858 (2004), and UST Faculty Union v. Bitonio Jr., 376 Phil. 294, 307 (1999).cralawlibrary
60 G.R. No. 183329, August 27, 2009, 597 SCRA 334. See also Career Philippines Shipmanagement, Inc. v. Serna, G.R. No. 172086, December 3, 2012, 686 SCRA 676, 684; Gonzales v. Solid Cement Corporation, G.R. No. 198423, October 23, 2012, 684 SCRA 344, 359-360; Niña Jewelry Manufacturing of Metal Arts, Inc. v. Montecillo, G.R. No. 188169, November 28, 2011, 661 SCRA 416, 430; and Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), G.R. No. 170830, August 11, 2010, 628 SCRA 119, 132.cralawlibrary
61Montoya v. Transmed Manila Corporation, supra, at 342-343. (Citations omitted; emphasis in the original).CONCURRING OPINION
BRION, J.:
I concur with the ponencia 's conclusion that the Court of Appeals (CA) did not commit any reversible error when it ruled that the Secretary of Labor and Employment, Hon. Patricia Sto. Tomas (Secretary of Labor), did not gravely abuse her discretion when she ruled that: (1) the commingling of supervisory employees and rank-and-file employees in one labor organization does not affect the latter's legitimacy and its right to file a petition for certification election; and (2) two collective bargaining units should represent the teaching and non-teaching personnel of petitioner Holy Child Catholic School.
I. The Commingling and Union Legitimacy Issues
I fully concur with the conclusion that the commingling of supervisory employees and rank-and-file employees in one labor organization does not affect the latter's legitimacy and its right to file a petition for certification election. The Court had squarely addressed this issue in Tagaytay Highlands Int 'l. Golf Club Inc. v. Tagaytay Highlands Employees Union-PGTWO,1In Re: Petition for Cancellation of the Union Registration of Air Phils. Flight Attendants Ass 'n., Air Phils. Corp. v. BLR,2Republic v. Kawashima Textile Mfg., Philippines, Inc.3 and Samahang Manggagawa sa Charter Chemical Solidarity of Unions in the Philippines for Empowerment and Reforms (SMCC Super) v. Charter Chemical and Coating Corporation,4 taking into account the omission in our existing law5 to include mixed membership as a ground for the cancellation of a labor organization’s registration. It is likewise settled that the legal personality of the respondent union, Pinag-isang Tinig at Lakas ng Anakpawis, cannot be collaterally attacked in certification election proceedings by petitioner school which, as employer, is generally a bystander in the proceedings.6
II. The Collective Bargaining IssueA. Mode of Review
I share the ponencia’s view that the Secretary of Labor and the CA correctly exercised their jurisdictions in ruling that two (2) collective bargaining units should represent the teaching and non-teaching personnel of the petitioner. I do not find any reason to disturb their findings and conclusions under a Rule 45 review applying the ruling in Montoya v. Transmed Manila Corporation7 where the Court, through the Second Division, laid down the basic approach to a Rule 45 review on labor cases:cralavvonlinelawlibraryIn a Rule 45 review, we consider the correctness of the assailed CA decision, in contrast with the review for jurisdictional error that we undertake under Rule 65. Furthermore, Rule 45 limits us to the review of questions of law raised against the assailed CA decision. In ruling for legal correctness, we have to view the CA decision in the same context that the petition for certiorari it ruled upon was presented to it; we have to examine the CA decision from the prism of whether it correctly determined the presence or absence of grave abuse of discretion in the NLRC decision before it, not on the basis of whether the NLRC decision on the merits of the case was correct. In other words, we have to be keenly aware that the CA undertook a Rule 65 review, not a review on appeal, of the NLRC decision challenged before it. This is the approach that should be basic in a Rule 45 review of a CA ruling in a labor case. In question form, the question to ask is: Did the CA correctly determine whether the NLRC committed grave abuse of discretion in ruling on the case?8
Our review, therefore, is limited to the determination of the legal correctness of the CA’s ruling on whether it correctly determined the presence or absence of grave abuse of discretion in the Secretary of Labor’s decision, and not on the basis of whether the latter’s decision on the merits of the case was strictly correct. Our review does not entail a re-evaluation of the evidence as we examine the CA’s decision and determine whether it correctly affirmed the Secretary of Labor in a certiorari proceeding. The CA was tasked to determine whether the Secretary of Labor’s decision considered all the evidence, that no evidence which should not have been considered was considered, and the evidence presented supported the findings. Note in this regard that the labor tribunals exercise primary jurisdiction on the matter on the basis of their administrative expertise that the law recognizes.
In concrete terms, we are tasked to determine whether the CA correctly ruled that the Secretary of Labor did not commit grave abuse of discretion in ruling that separate collective bargaining units should represent the teaching and the non-teaching personnel of the petitioner.B. One or Two Bargaining Units
The Labor Code, as amended, does not specifically define an appropriate bargaining unit, but provides under Article 255 what an exclusive bargaining representative should be:cralavvonlinelawlibraryArt. 255. Exclusive bargaining representation and workers’ participation in policy and decision-making. – The labor organization designated or selected by the majority of the employees in an appropriate collective bargaining unit shall be the exclusive representative of the employees in such unit for the purpose of collective bargaining. However, an individual employee or group of employees shall have the right at any time to present grievances to their employer.
Section 1, Rule I, Book V of the Labor Code’s Implementing Rules states that a bargaining unit “refers to a group of employees sharing mutual interests within a given employer unit, comprised of all or less than all of the entire body of employees in the employer unit or any specific occupational or geographical grouping within such employer unit.”
We explained for the first time in Democratic Labor Association v. Cebu Stevedoring Company, Inc., et al.9 that several factors determine an appropriate bargaining unit, namely: “(1) will of employees (Globe Doctrine); (2) affinity and unity of employees’ interest, such as substantial similarity of work and duties, or similarity of compensation and working conditions; (3) prior collective bargaining history; and (4) employment status, such as temporary, seasonal and probationary employees[.]”10 We also held that the basic test of a bargaining unit’s acceptability is the “combination which will best assure to all employees the exercise of their collective bargaining rights[.]”11 These parameters (or to be exact, a combination of these parameters) have been our overriding considerations in subsequent cases.
In Alhambra Cigar & Cigarette Manufacturing Co. and Kapisanan ng Manggagawa sa Alhambra (FOITAF) v. Alhambra Employee’s Assn.,12 we found, based on the nature of their work, that employees in the administrative, sales and dispensary departments have no community of interest with raw leaf, cigar, cigarette and packing and engineering and garage departments whose employees are involved in production and maintenance.
In PLASLU v. Court of Industrial Relations, et al.,13 we ruled that “piece workers x x x employed on a casual or day to day basis [who do not] have reasonable basis for continued or renewed employment for any appreciable x x x time[,] cannot be considered to have such mutuality of interest as to justify their inclusion in a bargaining unit composed of permanent or regular employees.” We also held that the “most efficacious bargaining unit is one which is comprised of constituents enjoying a community or mutuality of interest.”14
We held in LVN Pictures, Inc. v. Philippine Musicians Guild15 that commonality or mutuality of interest, viewed from the perspective of substantial difference in the work performed (musicians as against other persons who participate in film production), is sufficient to constitute a proper bargaining unit. We reached a similar ruling in Belyca Corporation v. Dir. Ferrer-Calleja16 where a substantial difference in the work performed between the employees of the livestock and agro division of petitioner corporation and the employees in the supermarts and cinema were considered to negate the presence of commonality or mutuality of interest sufficient to constitute an appropriate bargaining unit.
We examined the dissimilarity of the working conditions among the various group of employees in Golden Farms, Inc. v. The Honorable Secretary of Labor, et al.17 to determine and stress the application of the commonality or mutuality of interest standard within each group. The Court observed that the dissimilarity of interests in terms of working conditions between monthly paid rank-and-file employees (performing administrative or clerical work) and the daily paid rank-and-file employees (mainly working in the cultivation of bananas in the fields) warranted the formation of a separate and distinct bargaining unit for each group.18
Law and jurisprudence, thus, provide that the commonality or mutuality of interest is the most fundamental standard of an appropriate bargaining unit. This standard requires that the employees in an asserted bargaining unit be similarly situated in their terms and conditions of employment relations. This commonality or mutuality may be appreciated with greater certainty if their areas of differences with other groups of employees are considered.
In the academic environment, a case to note is University of the Philippines v. Ferrer-Calleja19 where the comparison and lines of distinction were between academic and non-academic personnel. We held that the formation of two (2) separate bargaining units within the establishment was warranted, reasoning:cralavvonlinelawlibrary[T]he dichotomy of interests, the dissimilarity in the nature of the work and duties as well as in the compensation and working conditions of the academic and non-academic personnel dictate the separation of these two categories of employees for purposes of collective bargaining. The formation of two separate bargaining units, the first consisting of the rank- and-file non-academic personnel, and the second, of the rank-and-file academic employees, is the set-up that will best assure to all the employees the exercise of their collective bargaining rights.20nadcralavvonlinelawlibrary
Although the University of the Philippines case is not completely on all fours with the present case, the core rulings on commonality or mutuality of interest element are still apt in considering the determination of an appropriate bargaining unit.
Another notable case in the academic setting is International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisumbing21 where we recognized that foreign hires and local-hires, while performing similar functions and responsibilities under similar working conditions, still could not be included in a single collective bargaining unit because of essential distinctions that still separated them – foreign hires were entitled to and received certain benefits not given to local- hires.22 This essential distinction overshadowed their similarities. We thus concluded that “[t]o include foreign-hires in a bargaining unit with local-hires would not assure either group the exercise of their respective collective bargaining rights.”23
The adage that there is strength in numbers in a single collective bargaining unit is significant when the employees are similarly situated, that is, they have the same or similar areas of interests and differences from others in their employment relations. However, strength in numbers as a consideration must take a back seat to the ultimate standard of the employees’ right to self- organization based on commonality or mutuality of interest; simply put, a collective bargaining unit whose membership is characterized by diversity of interests cannot fully maximize the exercise of its collective bargaining rights.
The commonality and mutuality of interest as a determining force of what constitutes a collective bargaining unit must be understood along these lines, taking into account, of course, the facts established in a particular case. In other words, the parameters we have consistently followed in Democratic Labor Association must be applied on a case-to-case basis.
The established facts show that the petitioner has 156 employees24 consisting of 98 teaching personnel, 25 non-teaching academic employees, and 33 non-teaching and non-academic employees. The 156,120 employees – consisting of teaching personnel and non-teaching personnel (i.e., administrative personnel, non-teaching personnel and maintenance personnel) – supported the petition for certification election filed by the respondent union.25
The Sama-Samang Salaysay signed by several of these employees shows similarities and dissimilarities in their working conditions, thus:cralavvonlinelawlibrary
- Na Kami ay mga Monthly Regular Rank-amd-File na mga empleyado mula sa Teaching at Non teaching na nakatalaga sa mga Gawain ng bawat departamento ng Institusyon;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
- x x x
- Na lahat kame ay nagtratrabaho ng limang (5) araw mula Lunes hanggang Biyernes maliban sa maintenance na may kalahating (1/2) araw tuwing Sabado.
- Na karamihan sa amin ay nagtratrabaho sa minimum na walong (8) oras bawat araw, at pinapasahuran tuwing 15-30 ng bawat buwan;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
- [N]a kami ay pare-parehong tumatanggap ng sampung (10) araw na Sick Leave at Vacation leave, limang (5) araw na Emergency leave, Holiday premium at 13th month Pay;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
- Na kami ay pantay pantay na obligado umalinsunod sa patakaran polisiya at regulasyon ukol sa promotion, transfer, disiplina at tanggalan batay sa rekomendasyon ng immediate head ng bawat departamento bago aprobahan ng director ng HRD o paaralan[.]26
While the 120 employees have similar working conditions in the following areas: a five-day work week; an eight-hour work day, paid sick leaves, vacation leaves, emergency leaves, holiday premium and 13th month pay and all are subject to the same discipline, substantial dissimilarities are also present in their interests, in the work and duties they performed, and in their working conditions.
One obvious distinction is the nature of the work and duties performed. The teaching personnel directly implement the school’s curriculum and the school’s discipline to their students, while the non-teaching personnel perform administrative, clerical, custodial, and maintenance duties. In this case, the task and duties of teachers, on one hand, are different from the tasks and duties of a secretary to the vice-principal, records assistants, liaison officer, guidance counselors, counselor, school librarians, library staff, pyschometrician, clinical staff, drivers, maintenance, electricians, carpenter, canteen helpers, bookstore staff, and drivers, on the other hand.27The teaching personnel are more concerned with promoting and ensuring a healthy learning environment for students, while non-teaching personnel are involved in the management and running of the school.
A substantial difference also exists in terms of employees’ salaries. The records show that the teaching personnel are paid a basic salary and additional pay for advisory class and additional load, while non-teaching personnel are only paid a basic salary.28
According to the petitioner, teaching and non-teaching personnel also have differences in hours of work and working conditions.29 For instance, the non-teaching personnel (maintenance) render an additional ½ workday on a Saturday. The petitioner further pointed out that the rules governing employment are likewise different. The petitioner asserted that “[t]he Manual of Regulations for Private Schools categorically provides that the employment of teaching and non-teaching academic personnel shall be governed by such rules as may from time to time be promulgated in coordination with one another by the Department of Education while the conditions of employment of non- academic, non-teaching personnel shall be governed by the appropriate labor laws and regulations.”30 Significantly, these circumstances were not at all disputed by the respondent union.
These considerations, in no small measure, convinced the Secretary of Labor that because of the dominance of the distinctions – which she appreciated as questions of facts based on her labor relations expertise – the collective bargaining interests of the employees would be best served if two separate bargaining units would be recognized, namely, the teaching and the non-teaching units. In making this recognition, she was duly supported by law and jurisprudence, citing and relying as she did on our ruling in University of the Philippines.
I do not believe that the CA could be legally wrong in ruling as it did as the Secretary of Labor had sufficient basis in fact and in law when she recognized the substantial dissimilarity of interests between the teaching personnel and the non-teaching personnel of the petitioner. As the CA did, this Court correctly respected the Secretary of Labor’s expertise on a matter that the law itself recognizes and assigns to her, particularly when her conclusions are supported by the evidence on record and by law and jurisprudence. Indeed, combining two disparate groups of employees under a single collective bargaining unit may deny one group of employees the appropriate representation for purposes of collective bargaining; in a situation where the teaching personnel are more numerous and largely have better academic preparations, the interests of the non-teaching personnel may simply be relegated to the background and may possibly be sacrificed in the interests of the dominant majority. In short, a ruling to the contrary may have the effect of denying a distinct class of employees the right to meaningful self-organization because of their lesser collective bargaining presence.
Viewed from this perspective, I find no reversible error committed by the CA and thus join the ponencia in finding that the Secretary of Labor did not commit grave abuse of discretion. Under the circumstances, the Secretary of Labor’s decision was based on the facts of the case, on the applicable law and on jurisprudence.Endnotes:
1 443 Phil. 841 (2003).cralawlibrary
2 525 Phil. 331 (2006).cralawlibrary
3 G.R. No. 160352, July 23, 2008, 559 SCRA 386.cralawlibrary
4 G.R. No. 169717, March 16,2011,645 SCRA 538. Article 239 of the Labor Code, as amended, reads:cralavvonlinelawlibrary
Art. 239. Grounds for cancellation of union registration. The following shall constitute grounds for cancellation of union registration:cralavvonlinelawlibrary1. Misrepresentation, false statement or fraud in connection with the adoption or ratification of the constitution and by-laws or amendments thereto, the minutes of ratification and the list of members who took part in the ratification;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary6 Samahang Manggagawa sa Charter Chemical Solidarity of Unions in the Philippines for Empowerment and Reforms (SMCC-Super) v. Charter Chemical and Coating Corporation, supra note 4, at 557.
2. Failure to submit the documents mentioned in the preceding paragraph within thirty (30) days from adoption or ratification of the constitution and by-laws or amendments thereto;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
3. Misrepresentation, false statements or fraud in connection with the election of officers, minutes of the election of officers, the list of voters, or failure to subject these documents together with the list of the newly elected/appointed officers and their postal addresses within thirty (30) days from election;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
4. Failure to submit the annual financial report to the Bureau within thirty (30) days after the closing of every fiscal year and misrepresentation, false entries or fraud in the preparation of the financial report itself;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
5. Acting as a labor contractor or engaging in the “cabo” system, or otherwise engaging in any activity prohibited by law;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
6. Entering into collective bargaining agreements which provide terms and conditions of employment below minimum standards established by law;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
7. Asking for or accepting attorney’s fees or negotiation fees from employers;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
8. Other than for mandatory activities under this Code, checking off special assessments or any other fees without duly signed individual written authorizations of the members;chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
9. Failure to submit list of individual members to the Bureau once a year or whenever required by the Bureau; and
10. Failure to comply with [the] requirements under Articles 237 and 238.7 G.R. No. 183329, August 27, 2009, 597 SCRA 334.cralawlibrary
8 Id. at 342-343; emphases and italics supplied, citations omitted.cralawlibrary
9 103 Phil. 1103 (1958).cralawlibrary
10 Id. at 1104.cralawlibrary
11 Ibid.cralawlibrary
12 107 Phil. 23, 28 (1960).cralawlibrary
13 110 Phil. 176, 180 (1960).cralawlibrary
14 Ibid.cralawlibrary
15 No. L-12582, January 28, 1961, 1 SCRA 132, 136.cralawlibrary
16 250 Phil. 193, 200-201 (1988).cralawlibrary
17 G.R. No. 102130 July 26, 1994.cralawlibrary
18 Ibid.cralawlibrary
19 G.R. No. 96189, July 14, 1992, 211 SCRA 451.cralawlibrary
20 Id. at 468-469.cralawlibrary
21 388 Phil. 661 (2000).cralawlibrary
22 Id. at 675 and 678.cralawlibrary
24 As of June 25, 2002.cralawlibrary
25 Page 22 of the ponencia, citing the appeal before the Secretary of Labor (rollo, p. 107).cralawlibrary
27 Id. at 215-217.cralawlibrary
28 Id. at 89.cralawlibrary
29 Ibid.cralawlibrary
30 Id. at 90.