SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. 217930, April 18, 2016
SPOUSES JORGE NAVARRA AND CARMELITA NAVARRA, Petitioners, v. YOLANDA LIONGSON, Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
MENDOZA, J.:
This is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court assailing the August 28, 2014 Amended Decision1 and the April 16, 2015 Resolution2 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 105568, which reversed its December 8, 2011 Decision3 and recalled and set aside the entry of judgment issued on January 6, 2012.
The Antecedents:
On September 23, 1993, Jose Liongson (Jose), the deceased husband of respondent Yolanda Liongson (Yolanda), filed a complaint for damages based on malicious prosecution against spouses Jorge and Carmelita Navarra (Spouses Navarra) and spouses Ruben and Cresencia Bernardo (Spouses Bernardo) [collectively referred as defendant spouses], before the Regional Trial Court, Branch 255, Las Piñas City (RTC).
After the presentation and formal offer of their respective evidence, the parties were required to file their respective memoranda.
On January 4, 2001, Atty. Salvador B. Aguas (Atty. Aguas), counsel of Jose, filed the Motion for Time to Submit Motion for Substitution of Plaintiff with Motion For Suspension/Commencement of Counting of Period in Filing Pleadings4 informing the RTC of the death of Jose and praying for time to submit a motion for substitution pending receipt of the death certificate.
On May 2, 2001, a Decision5 was rendered in favor of Jose ordering defendant spouses to pay P500,000.00 for moral damages; P200,000.00 for exemplary damages; P20,000.00 for reimbursement of expenses; P35,000.00 for substantial number of appearance, P50,000.00 for attorney's fees; and the costs of suit.
On July 13, 2001, defendant spouses filed their Motion for Declaration of Nullity of the Decision and/or Notice of Appeal6 based on the absence of a valid substitution of Jose.
Consequently, Atty. Aguas filed the Motion for Substitution,7 dated July 30, 2001, praying that Jose be substituted by his surviving wife, Yolanda.
In its Order,8 dated May 13, 2002, the RTC denied the motion for declaration of nullity of the May 2, 2001 decision. Defendant spouses then elevated the matter before the CA, docketed as CA-G.R. CV No. 74988. In a Resolution,9 dated July 30, 2004, the CA dismissed the petition for want of appellant's brief. On August 30, 2004, an entry of judgment10 was issued.
Thereafter, Atty. Aguas filed a motion for execution,11 but it was opposed by defendant spouses on the ground that no valid substitution had been made, and that the continued appearance of Atty. Aguas was ultra vires.12
In the Order,13 dated October 28, 2005, the motion for execution was deemed withdrawn upon motion of Atty. Aguas.
On November 20, 2005, Atty. Aguas filed a pleading denominated as Motions to Resolve Motion for Substitution of Parties, dated July 31, 2001 or Considered it Deemed Admitted, and Thereafter Issue Writ of Execution of the Judgment, dated May 2, 2001, in the name of Yolanda Liongson as Substituting Party for Plaintiff Jose Liongson.14 In the said motion, it was prayed that Yolanda be allowed to substitute her deceased husband and that a writ of execution be issued in her favor. Attached to the motion was a copy of the death certificate15 of Jose indicating that the latter died on November 28, 2000.
In the Order,16 dated March 17, 2006, the RTC denied the motion to resolve the motion for substitution of parties and the motion for issuance of a writ of execution for lack of merit.
In the meantime, Yolanda filed a petition for issuance of letters of administration of the estate of Jose, her deceased husband, before the Regional Trial Court, Branch 274, Parañaque City. In the December 29, 2006 Order, the Letter of Administration was issued appointing Yolanda as administratix of the estate of Jose.
Thus, acting as the administratix of the estate of Jose, Yolanda filed a motion for execution of the May 2, 2001 decision.17 It was, however, denied in an Order,18 dated September 14, 2007, on the ground that no proper substitution had been made yet.
Unperturbed, Yolanda, thru her new counsel, Atty. Bonifacio G. Caboboy (Atty. Caboboy), filed her Motion to Substitute the Plaintiff Jose Liongson19 which was finally granted by the RTC in the Order,20 dated January 25, 2008.
Defendant spouses then filed a motion for reconsideration of the January 25, 2008 Order.21 On May 22, 2008, the RTC denied the said motion.22
Defendant spouses then filed a petition for certiorari before the CA, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 104667, assailing the January 25, 2008 and May 22, 2008 orders of the RTC. They insisted that the issue of substitution had been laid to rest by the RTC on three (3) occasions and Yolanda did not question the propriety of its denial. Hence, she was forever barred from effecting the substitution.
Meanwhile, Yolanda filed her Motion for Execution of Judgment23 which was granted by the RTC in its Order,24 dated July 25, 2008. On August 1, 2008, a writ of execution25 was issued and the Notice to Pay,26 dated August 5, 2008, was served upon defendant spouses. The latter then filed a motion to recall or hold in abeyance the implementation of the writ of execution and the sheriffs notice to pay.
Without waiting for the RTC to rule on the said motion, defendant spouses filed another petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court before the CA, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 105568, this time questioning the July 25, 2008 Order and the August 1, 2008 Writ of Execution issued by the RTC. Defendant spouses insisted that the RTC gravely abused its discretion when it allowed the substitution and then issued the writ of execution.
In its January 16, 2009 Order,27 the RTC denied the motion to recall or hold in abeyance the implementation of the August 1, 2008 writ of execution and the August 5, 2008 sheriffs notice to pay for lack of merit. Thereafter, the notice of garnishment and the notice of levy were issued. Spouses Navarra's property, covered by TCT No. 103473, was levied and subsequently sold in a public auction pursuant to the writ of execution.28
Meanwhile, on October 28, 2009, the CA rendered a Decision,29 in CA-G.R. SP No. 104667, dismissing the petition for certiorari and declaring the substitution of plaintiff in order. The CA held that the rule on substitution was not a matter of jurisdiction but a requirement of due process; and that considering that both parties had already completed the presentation of their evidence in chief before Jose died, neither of them was denied due process of law. Thus, the CA stated that the belated substitution of Jose as plaintiff to the case did not affect the validity of the final and executory judgment.
On December 8, 2011, a decision30 was rendered in CA-G.R. SP No. 105568, in favor of defendant spouses. The CA reversed and set aside the questioned RTC order granting the motion for execution and the issuance of the writ of execution. The CA held that the complaint for damages, arising from malicious prosecution filed by Jose against defendant spouses was a purely personal action that did not survive upon his death; and because the action was deemed abated upon his death, the RTC was found to have gravely abused its discretion when it allowed the substitution of Jose and issued the writ of execution. The CA further stated that upon the death of Jose, the RTC lost jurisdiction over the case and the decision rendered therein was a void judgment; hence, all acts performed pursuant thereto and all claims emanating therefrom had no legal effect.
On January 6, 2012, the December 8, 2011 decision of the CA in CA-G.R. SP No. 105568 became final and executory and the entry of judgment31 was issued.
On December 16, 2013; almost two years later, Yolanda filed her Urgent Omnibus Motion32 praying for the recall/lifting of the entry of judgment and for the admission of the attached motion for reconsideration. Yolanda contended that she was totally unaware of this petition for certiorari filed before the CA and docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 105568; that although notices were sent to her counsel, Atty. Caboboy, the latter did not inform or furnish her with copies of the notices and the petition; that Atty. Caboboy did not file any comment on the petition or a motion for reconsideration; and that Atty. Caboboy's gross negligence and mistake should not bind her because the said negligence and mistake would amount to deprivation of her property without due process of law.
On August 28, 2014, the CA promulgated an amended decision in CA-G.R. SP No. 105568. While the CA took note that no comment was filed by defendant spouses despite notice, it granted the omnibus motion and the motion for reconsideration filed by Yolanda. The appellate court recalled and set aside the entry of judgment and reversed its December 8, 2011 decision in the interest of substantial justice. The CA discovered that the appellate court rendered two conflicting decisions in CA-G.R. SP No. 104667 and CA-G.R. SP No. 105568. In CA-G.R. SP No. 104667, earlier filed by defendant spouses, the appellate court arrived at a decision allowing the substitution of Jose. The same issue of substitution was debunked in the December 8, 2011 CA decision in CA-G.R. SP No. 105568.
In its amended decision, the CA did not apply the general rule that the negligence of counsel would bind the client so as not to deprive Yolanda of her right to due process of law. On the merits, the CA ruled that the action filed by Jose before the RTC was not extinguished upon his death as it was one for recovery of damages for injury to his person caused by defendant spouses tortuous conduct of maliciously filing an unfounded suit.
Spouses Navarra (petitioners) filed their separate motions for reconsideration, but both were denied by the CA in a Resolution,33 dated April 16, 2015.
Hence, this petition anchored on the following -
Petitioners argue that it is beyond the power of the CA to amend its original decision in this case, dated December 8, 2011, for it violates the principle of finality of judgment and its immutability. They point out that the said CA decision had acquired finality, hence, it could no longer be modified in any respect even if the modification was meant to correct erroneous conclusions of fact or law, or it would be made by the court that rendered it or by the highest court of the land.GROUNDS FOR THE PETITION
THE COURT OF APPEALS DECIDED THE INSTANT CASE IN A WAY NOT IN ACCORD WITH LAW AND WITH THE APPLICABLE DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT.
THE COURT OF APPEALS BREACHED THE WELL-SETTLED RULE THAT A FINAL AND EXECUTORY JUDGMENT MAY NO LONGER BE MODIFIED IN ANY RESPECT, EVEN IF THE MODIFICATION IS MEANT TO CORRECT WHAT IS PERCEIVED TO BE AN ERRONEOUS CONCLUSION OF LAW OR FACT.
THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED WHEN IT AMENDED A FINAL AND EXECUTORY DECISION UPON PRIVATE RESPONDENT'S MERE MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION.
THE COURT OF APPEALS LEGALLY ERRED IN EXCEPTING THE INSTANT CASE FROM THE RULE THAT THE MISTAKE OR NEGLIGENCE OF COUNSEL BINDS THE CLIENT.
AT ALL EVENTS, THE COURT OF APPEALS LEGALLY ERRED IN DISMISSING THE PETITION IN CA-G.R. SP NO. 105568.34
The doctrine of finality of judgment is grounded on fundamental considerations of public policy and sound practice, and that, at the risk of occasional errors, the judgments or orders of courts must become final at some definite time fixed by law; otherwise, there would be no end to litigations, thus setting to naught the main role of courts of justice which is to assist in the enforcement of the rule of law and the maintenance of peace and order by settling justiciable controversies with finality.37ChanRoblesVirtualawlibraryNonetheless, this doctrine may be relaxed in order to serve substantial justice in case compelling circumstances that clearly warrant the exercise of the Court's equity jurisdiction are extant.38 Thus, like any other rule, it has exceptions, such as: (1) the correction of clerical errors; (2) the so-called nunc pro tunc entries which cause, no prejudice to any party; (3) void judgments; and (4) whenever circumstances transpire after the finality of the decision rendering its execution unjust and inequitable.39 After all, the rules of procedure intend to promote the ends of justice, thus, their strict and rigid application must always be eschewed when it would subvert its primary objective.40cralawred
In Collantes, this Court applied the first option and resolved the conflicting issues anew. However, resorting to the first solution in the case at bar would entail disregarding not only the final and executory decisions of the Lapu-Lapu RTC and the Manila RTC, but also the final and executory decisions of the Court of Appeals and this Court. Moreover, it would negate two decades worth of litigating. Thus, we find it more equitable and practicable to apply the second and third options consequently maintaining the finality of one of the conflicting judgments. The primary criterion under the second option is the time when the decision was rendered and became final and executory, such that earlier decisions should prevail over the current ones since final and executory decisions vest rights in the winning party. In the third solution, the main criterion is the determination of which court or tribunal rendered the decision. Decisions of this Court should be accorded more respect than those made by the lower courts.44ChanRoblesVirtualawlibraryGuided by these jurisprudence, the Court agrees with the CA that it would be more equitable to make use of the second option mentioned in Collantes and sustain the finality of the earlier decisions rendered by the RTC and the CA in CA-G.R. SP No. 104667. To recall, the RTC decision in the complaint for damages was promulgated as early as May 2, 2001 and became final and executory on August 30, 2004.45 The only reason why the said decision was not immediately executed was the petitioners' insistence on the improper substitution of plaintiff. This issue, however, was laid to rest on October 8, 2009 by the CA when it rendered, its decision in CA-G.R. SP No. 104667. The CA declared that the decision and the proceedings in the said case were not rendered nugatory notwithstanding the belated compliance with the rules on substitution as none of the parties was denied due process. The appellate court further stated that the rule on the substitution by heirs was not a matter of jurisdiction, but a requirement of due process. It follows therefore, that when due process is not violated as when the right of the representative or heir is recognized and protected, noncompliance or belated formal compliance with the rules cannot affect the validity of a promulgated decision.46 Moreover, the Court notes that petitioners did not question the propriety of the May 2, 2001 decision in their petition in CA-G.R. SP No. 104667 but even admitted the finality and executory nature of the said decision and their only concern was how the said decision would be executed without a valid substitution of the plaintiff.
It must be remembered that it is to the interest of the public that there should be an end to litigation by the parties over a subject fully and fairly adjudicated. The doctrine of res judicata is a rule that pervades every well-regulated system of jurisprudence and is founded upon two grounds embodied in various maxims of the common law, namely: (1) public policy and necessity, which dictates that it would be in the interest of the State that there should be an end to litigation republicae ut sit litium; and (2) the hardship on the individual that he should be vexed twice for the same cause nemo debet bis vexari pro una et eadem causa. A contrary doctrine would subject public peace and quiet to the will and neglect of individuals and prefer the gratification of the litigious disposition on the part of suitors to the preservation of public tranquility and happiness.54ChanRoblesVirtualawlibraryWHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The August 28, 2014 Amended Decision and the April 16, 2015 Resolution of the-Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 105568 are AFFIRMED.
Endnotes:
1Rollo, pp. 39-48. Penned by Associate Justice Samuel H. Gaerlan with Associate Justices Ramon R. Garcia and Danton Q. Bueser, concurring.
2 Id. at 50-52.
3 Records (Vol. I), pp. 1072-1084. Penned by then Associate Justice Rosalinda Asuncion-Vicente with Associate Justices Normandie B. Pizarro and Ramon R. Garcia, concurring.
4 Id. at 668-669.
5 Id. at 672-674. Penned by then Presiding Judge Florentino M. Alumbres.
6 Id. at 677-679.
7 Id. at 684-684-A.
8 Id. at 794.
9 Id. at 800.
10 Id. at 801.
11 Id. at 802-803.
12 Id. at 807-812.
13 Id. at 859.
14 Id. at 864-868.
15 Id. at 869.
16 Id. at 903-907.
17 Id. at 909-912.
18 Id. at 932-934.
19 Id. at 945.
20 Id. at 952-953.
21 Id. at 965-974.
22 Id. at 1009-1013.
23 Id. at 959-960.
24 Id. at 1016-1018.cralawred
25 Id. at 1029-1030.
26 Id. at 1028.cralawred
27 Id. at 1064-1066.
28 Certificate of Sale, Records (Vol. II), p. 1148.
29 Records (Vol. I), pp. 1072-1084. Penned by then Associate Justice Rosalinda Asuncion-Vicente with Associate Justices Normandie B. Pizarro and Ramon R. Garcia, concurring.
30Rollo, pp. 106-116. Penned by then Associate Justice Amelita G. Tolentino with Associate Justices Ramon R. Garcia and Samuel H. Gaerlan, concurring.
31 Records (Vol. II), p. 1166.
32 Id. at 1206-1223.
33Rollo, pp. 50-52. Penned by Associate Justice Samuel H. Gaerlan with Associate Justices Ramon R. Garcia and Danton Q. Bueser, concurring.
34 Id. at 9-10.
35FGU Insurance Corporation (now BPI/MS Insurance Corp.) v. RTC of Makati, Branch 66, 659 Phil. 117, 122-123 (2011).
36 512 Phil. 679, 708 (2005).
37 Id. at 708.
38FGU Insurance Corporation (now BPI/MS Insurance Corp.) v. RTC of Makati, Branch 66, supra note 35, at 123.
39 Id.cralawred
40Ginete v. Court of Appeals, 357 Phil. 36, 51 (1998).
41 546 Phil. 391, 407 (2007).
42 566 Phil. 397 (2008).
43 666 Phil. 277 (2011).
44 Id. at 322-323.
45 Entry of Judgment, Records (Vol. I), p. 801.
46Spouses De la Cruz v. Joaquin, 502 Phil. 803, 811 (2005).
47Mallion v. Alcantara, 536 Phil. 1049, 1054 (2006).
48PCGG v. Sandiganbayan, 590 Phil. 383, 392-393 (2008).
49Republic of the Philippines (Civil Aeronautics Administration) v. Yu, 519 Phil. 391, 398 (2006).
50Enriquez v. Boyles, G.R. No. 51025. September 22, 1993, 226 SCRA 666, 674.
51Republic of the Philippines (Civil Aeronautics Administration) v. Yu, supra note 50, at 397.
52Mallion v. Alcantara, 536 Phil. 1049, 1057 (2006).
53 673 Phil. 581 (2011).
54 Id. at 591-592.