FIRST DIVISION
G.R. No. 160864, November 16, 2016
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. EDUARDO M. COJUANGCO, JR., Respondent.
G.R. No. 160897
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. EDUARDO M. COJUANGCO, JR., Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
SERENO, C.J.:
Before this Court is a Petition1 filed by the Office of the Special Prosecutor (OSP) on 23 December 2003 and a Petition for Review2 filed by the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) on 27 January 2004. Both Petitions, brought under Rule 45 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, prayed for the reversal of the Resolution3 of the Sandiganbayan dated 24 April 2003 and the subsequent Resolution4 dated 20 November 2003. In these Resolutions, the Sandiganbayan declared null and void the preliminary investigation conducted by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) against Eduardo M. Cojuangco, Jr. (respondent) and the Information filed pursuant thereto in Criminal Case No. 14161.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
That on or about and during the period from 1973 to 1985, both dates inclusive, in Metro Manila, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the said accused, in his capacity as a private individual and being then a close associate of former President Ferdinand E. Marcos, did then and there willfully and unlawfully acted [sic] as nominee and/or dummy of the latter in acquiring shares of stock in the Bulletin Today Publishing Company and Liwayway Publishing Inc., both private corporations, thereby inducing and/or causing then President Ferdinand E. Marcos to directly or indirectly, participate in the management and control of and/or have pecuniary or financial interest in the said corporations.An ex parte motion for the issuance of a warrant of arrest was thereafter filed by the PCGG with the Sandiganbayan. On 19 January 1990, the Sandiganbayan denied the motion, based on a finding that the PCGG 's preliminary investigation had established no probable cause against respondent.7 The Sandiganbayan also ordered the PCGG to "undertake whatever steps it may deem necessary to sustain the Information" filed against respondent.
CONTRARY TO LAW.6
That on or about and during the period from 1973 to 1985, both dates inclusive, in Metro Manila, Phillippines [sic], and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, then former President Ferdinand E. Marcos (Deceased) unlawfully acquired shares of stock in the Bulletin Publishing Corporation, a private corporation, representing about fifty-four (54%) percent of its equity, which shares of stock were originally apportioned and issued in the names of his close associates, namely, Cesar Zalamea, Jose Y. Campos and Ramon Cojuangco (Deceased), all of whom unlawfully and willfully [sic] acted as his nominees and/or dummies in the said corporation, and thereafter, then former President Marcos, with the active participation and/or indispensable cooperation of Ramon Cojuangco, and in conspiracy with accused Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. cancelled or caused to be cancelled the shares of stock assigned and issued to said Ramon Cojuangco and transferred or caused to be transferred the same shares of stock in favor of the said accused Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr., who in his capacity as private individual, conspiring and confederating with Cesar Zalamea and Jose Y. Campos, and acting in substitution of Ramon Cojuangco as an original/initial nominee and/or dummy, did then and there, willfully and unlawfully act and continue to act as nominee and/or dummy of the said former President in the said corporation, thereby knowingly causing former President Marcos to maintain his beneficial ownership of the controlling interest in, and to directly or indirectly participate in the management and control of the said corporation in which the latter was prohibited by the constitution and the law from having any financial or pecuniary interest.On 8 June 1990, the Sandiganbayan issued a Resolution15 admitting the Amended Information and directing the issuance of a warrant for the arrest of respondent.16
CONTRARY TO LAW.14
The circumstances of the instant case which fall squarely with that of Cojuangco, Jr. vs. PCGG (supra), are peculiar, in the sense that the PCGG itself which gathered the evidence and filed the complaint for purposes of preliminary investigation was the same entity which conducted the preliminary investigation in this case and which, according to the Supreme Court was arbitrary and unjust, thus ruling that the preliminary investigation conducted by the PCGG including the Information filed was null and void. x x x.The prosecution moved for the reconsideration of the Resolution, but the motion was likewise denied by the Sandiganbayan in a subsequent Resolution dated 14 November 2003.29
WHEREFORE, the Information docketed as Criminal Case No. 14161, filed by the PCGG against Eduardo M. Cojuangco, Jr., is hereby declared null and void. The PCGG is hereby directed to transmit the complaints and records of the instant case under I.S. No. 13 to the proper investigating official for appropriate action.
The arraignment and pre-trial on this case previously scheduled on April 28, 2003, is hereby cancelled.
SO ORDERED.28
The Court cannot close its eyes to the glaring fact that in earlier instances, the PCGG had already found a prima facie case against the petitioner and intervenors when, acting like a judge, it caused the sequestration of the properties and the issuance of the freeze order of the properties of petitioner. Thereafter, acting as a law enforcer, in collaboration with the Solicitor General, the PCGG gathered the evidence and upon finding cogent basis therefor tiled the aforestated civil complaint. Consequently the Solicitor General tiled a series of criminal complaints.The same factual circumstances obtain in this case.
x x x x
The Court finds that under the circumstances of the case, the PCGG cannot inspire belief that it could be impm1ial in the conduct of the preliminary investigation of the aforesaid complaints against petitioner and intervenors. It cannot possibly preside in the said preliminary investigation with an even hand.
The Court holds that a just and fair administration of justice can be promoted if the PCGG would be prohibited from conducting the preliminary investigation of the complaints subject of this petition and the petition for intervention and that the records of the same should be forwarded to the Ombudsman, who as an independent constitutional officer has primary jurisdiction over cases of this nature, to conduct such preliminary investigation and take appropriate action.
All violators of the law must be brought before the bar of justice. However, they must be afforded due process and equal protection of the law, whoever they may be.
WHEREFORE, the petitions of Eduardo M. Cojuangco, Jr. and intervenors Maria Clara Lobregat, and Jose Eleazar, Jr. are hereby GRANTED. The PCGG is directed to transmit the complaints and records thereof under I.S. Nos. 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83 and 84 to the Ombudsman for appropriate action. All proceedings of the preliminary investigation conducted by the PCGG of said complaints are hereby declared null and void including the informations which it filed in the Sandiganbayan against petitioner and intervenors docketed as Criminal Cases Nos. 14398 and 14399. The status quo order which this Court issued on March 12, 1990 is hereby made permanent and the PCGG is permanently prohibited from further conducting the preliminary investigation of the aforestated complaints. The Court makes no pronouncement as to costs.32
1. This is a civil action against Defendants Emilio T. Yap, Manuel G. Montecillo, Eduardo Cojuancgo, Jr., Cesar C. Zalamea, Ferdinand E. Marcos and Imelda R. Marcos to recover from them ill-gotten wealth consisting of funds and other property which they, in unlawful concert with one another had acquired and accumulated in flagrant breach of trust and of their fiduciary obligations as public officers, with grave abuse of right and power and in brazen violation of the Constitution and laws of the Republic of the Philippines, thus resulting in their unjust enrichment during Defendant Ferdinand Marcos' 20 years of rule from December 30, 1965 to February 25, 1986, first as President of the Philippines under the 1935 Constitution and thereafter, as one-man ruler under martial law and Dictator under the 1973 Marcos-promulgated Constitution.The Complaint was filed by the PCGG through its chairperson, Ramon A. Diaz, who verified the Complaint; and Solicitor General Francisco I. Chavez and Assistant Solicitor General Ramon S. Desuasido.37 Notably, the acts alleged against respondent in the foregoing civil action also formed the basis of the Information in the instant case.
x x x x
12. Defendant Cesar C. Zalamea, by himself and/or in unlawful concert and active collaboration with Defendants Ferdinand E. Marcos and Imelda R. Marcos, among others:chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary(a) acted together with Defendant Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr., as the dummies, nominees and/or agents of the latter Defendant spouses in acquiring substantial shares in Bulletin Publishing Corporation in order to prevent disclosure and recovery of assets illegally obtained;36
Thus, the PCGG, through Atty. Domingo C. Palarca, conducted a reinvestigation of the case, gathering the following documents:cralawlawlibraryAs explained above, these additional pieces of evidence became the basis of the PCGG's reinvestigation and subsequent amendment of the Information in this case.
Annex 1 - Bulletin Publishing Corporation audited financial statement.
Annex 2 - Summary of Bulletin stockholders with their corresponding interest as of 22 August 1985.
Annex 3 - Board Resolution of 16 May 1985.
Annex 4 - Philtrust Check No. 332816 dated 14 June 1985 for P2,337,279.00 issued to Cesar Zalamea by the Bulletin Publishing Corporation.
Annex 5 - Philtrust Check No. 332817 dated 14 June 1985 for P2,337,279.00 issued to Jose Y. Campos by the Bulletin Publishing Corporation.
Annex 6 - Philtrust Check No. 332818 dated 14 June 1985 for P2,337,551.00 issued to accused Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. by the Bulletin Publishing Corporation.
Annex 7 - Philtrust Check No. 333853 dated 23 August 1985 for P3,505,918.50 issued to Zalamea by the Bulletin Publishing Corporation.
Annex 8 - Philtrust Check No. 333854 dated 23 August 1985 for P3,505,918.50 issued by the Bulletin Publishing Corporation.
Annex 9 - Philtrust Check No. 333855 dated 23 August 1985 for P3,506,326.50 issued to Cojuangco by the Bulletin Publishing Corporation.39
Annex 10 - Philtrust Check No. 490479 dated 23 August 1985 for P5,813,197.50 issued to Zalamea by the Bulletin Publishing Corporation.
Annex 11 - Philtrust Check No. 490478 dated 23 August 1985 for P5,843,197.50 issued to Campos by the Bulletin Publishing Corporation.
Annex 12 - Philtrust Check No. 490477 dated 23 August 1985 for P5,843,8777.50 [sic] issued to Cojuangco by the Bulletin Publishing Corporation.
In our criminal justice system, the law enforcer who conducted the criminal investigation, gathered the evidence and thereafter filed the complaint for the purpose of preliminary investigation cannot be allowed to conduct the preliminary investigation of his own complaint. It is to say the least arbitrary and unjust. It is in such instances that We say one cannot be "a prosecutor and judge at the same time." Having gathered the evidence and filed the complaint as a law enforcer, he cannot be expected to handle with impartiality the preliminary investigation of his own complaint, this time as a public prosecutor. The circumstances of the instant petition are even worse. To repeat, the PCGG and the Solicitor General finding a prima facie basis filed a civil complaint against petitioner and intervenors alleging substantially the same illegal or criminal acts subject of the subsequent criminal complaints the Solicitor General filed with the PCGG for preliminary investigation. While ostensibly, it is only the Solicitor General who is the complainant in the criminal cases filed with the PCGG, in reality the PCGG is an unidentified co-complainant. Moreover, when the PCGG issued the sequestration and freeze orders against petitioner's properties, it was on the basis of a prima facie finding that the same were ill-gotten and/or were acquired in relation to the illegal disposition of coconut levy funds. Thus, the Court finds that the PCGG cannot possibly conduct the preliminary investigation of said criminal complaints with the "cold neutrality of an impartial judge," as it has prejudged the matter. Add to this the fact that there are many suits filed by petitioner and the intervenors against the PCGG and vice versa.40 (Emphases supplied)Consistent with the above-quoted Decision of this Court in Cojuangco, we find that respondent's right to due process was violated in the preliminary investigation proceedings conducted by the PCGG in this case. The investigation conducted and the Information filed pursuant thereto must therefore be declared null and void.
x x x In a 1969 decision, People v. Figueroa, after referring to the above Casiano doctrine, this Court, through Justice Teehankee, expressly negated the concept that the failure to conduct preliminary investigation would offend against such a constitutional right. No other conclusion is warranted if there be adherence to the principle uninterruptedly adhered to that only where an accused is held to answer for a criminal offense in an arbitrary or oppressive manner is there a disregard thereof. The requirement of the proceeding being unjust or unreasonable must be met. This is not to rule out cases where such infirmity could be predicated on a showing that the disregard of this procedural safeguard did infect the prosecution with unfairness. In that sense, what was held in People v. Monton, as to such a failing nullifying the proceeding because of the due process protection could still be conceivably relied upon.44 (Citations omitted and boldface supplied)The principle followed by this Court is that where there is a violation of basic constitutional rights, courts are ousted from jurisdiction. The violation of a party's right to due process raises a serious jurisdictional issue, which cannot be glossed over or disregarded at will. Where the denial of the fundamental right of due process is apparent, a decision rendered in disregard of that right is void for lack of jurisdiction.45
Endnotes:
1Rollo (G..R. No. 160864), pp. 12-53.
2Rollo (G..R. No. 160897), pp. 21-109.
3Rollo (G.R No. 160864), p. 59-67; Criminal Case No. 14161, penned by Associate Justice Ma. Cristina Cortez-Estrada, and concurred in by Presiding Justice Chairman Minita V. Chico-Nazario (now a retired member of this Court) and Associate Justice Diosdado M. Peralta (now a member of this Court.)
4 Id. at 68-78; Criminal Case No. 14161, penned by Associate Justice Ricardo R. Rosario, and concurred in by Presiding Justice Chairman Minita Y. Chico-Nazario and Associate Justice Diosdado M. Peralta (now a member of this Court.)
5 Id. at 79-80.
6 Id. at 79.
7 Id. at 240.
8 Id.
9Rollo (G.R. No. 160897), pp. 296-299.
10 Id.
11 Id. at 299.
12Rollo (G.R. No. 160864), p. 240.
13 Id. at 241.
14 Id. at 81-82.
15 Id. at 84-90.
16 Id. at 241.
17 Id. at 241.
18 Id. at 242.
19 Id. at 239-247.
20 Id. at 246.
21 Id. at 247.
22 Id. at 91.
23 Id. at 30.
24 Id. at 92.
25 Id. at 93-103.
26 Id.
27 G.R. Nos. 92319-20, 2 October 1990, 190 SCRA 226.
28Rollo (G.R. No. 160864), p. 66.
29 Id. at 68
30Rollo (G..R. No. 160864), p. 51; rollo (G.R. No. 160897) p. 106.
31Rollo (G.R. No. 160897), pp. 6-7.
32Cojuangco v. Presidential Commission on Good Governance, G.R. Nos. 92319-20, 2 October 1990, 190 SCRA 227, 256-257.
33Rollo (G.R. No. 160864), pp. 79-80.
34See: Certification of then PCGG Chairman Mateo Caparas, Rollo (G.R. No. 160864), p. 82.
35Rollo (G.R. No. 160864), pp. 368-392.
36 Id. at 368-369, 380-381.
37 Id. at 390-392.
38 Id. at 25.
39 Id. at 25-26.
40Cojuangco Jr., v. Presidential Commission on Good Governance, G.R. Nos. 92319-20, 2 October 1990, 190 SCRA 227-228.
41See Dispositive Portion of the 29 March 1990 Resolution in G.R. No. 91741, Rollo (G.R. No. 160897), p. 299.
42San Agustin v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 158211, 31 August 2004, 437 SCRA 392.
43 See People v. Monton, G.R. No. L-23906, 22 June 1968, 23 SCRA 1024.
44People v. Sierra, Jr., G.R. No. L-27611, 30 August 1972, 46 SCRA 726-727.
45Montoya v. Varilla, G.R. No. 180146, 18 December 2008, 574 SCRA 831, 843; Garcia v. Molina, G.R. Nos. 157383 and 174137, 10 August 2010, 627 SCRA 540, 554.