1. NATIONAL CHILDREN; ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF; FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING THE STATUS OF THE CHILD. — Where, as in the recent case, the child had established that she had been in continuous possession of the status of natural child of the deceased, the latter’s act in disavowing his paternity to the child cannot be made the criterion in determining whether the child was his or not, for human frailty and parental arrogance sometimes may draw a person to adopt unnatural or harsh measures against an erring child or one who displeases him just so the weight of his authority could be felt. In the consideration of a claim that one is a natural child, the attitude or direct acts of the person against them whom such motion is directed or that of his family before the controversy arose or during his lifetime if he predeceases the claimant, and not at a single opportunity or on isolated occasions but as a whole, must be taken into account. The possession of such status is one of the cases that gives rise to the right in favor of the child of compulsory recognition. (Art. 2833, Civil Code).

2. ID.; ID.; ID.; EFFECT OF COURT’S DECLARATION THAT THE CHILD HAS ACQUIRED STATUS OF NATURAL CHILD. — In cases of compulsory recognition, as in the case at bar, it would be sufficient that a competent court, after taking into account all the evidence on record, would declare that under any of the circumstances specified by Article 283 of the Civil ode, a child has acquired the status of a natural child of the presumptive parent and as such is entitled to all the rights granted to it by law, for such declaration is by itself already a judicial recognition of the paternity of the parent concerned which the heirs of the latter against whom the action is directed, are bound to respect.

3. INFORMAL CIVIL PARTNERSHIP; REQUISITE BEFORE A PARTY MAY BE ENTITLED TO SHARE IN THE PROPERTIES ACQUIRED DURING THE COHABITATION; CASE AT BAR. — Before Republic Act No. 386 (Civil Code of the Philippines) went into operation on August 30, 1950, this court had already that where a man and a woman, not suffering from any impediment to contract marriage, live together as husband and wife, an informal civil partnership exists, and each of them has an equal interest in the properties acquired during said union and is entitled to participate therein if said properties were the product of their JOINT effort (Marata v. Diono G.R. No. 24449, December 31, 1925; Lecasa v. Felix Vda. de Lesaca, 91 Phil., 135; Flores v. Rehabilitation Finance Corporation, 94 Phil., 451, 50 Off. Gaz. 1029). In the case at bar, aside from the observation of the trial court that appellee was an illiterate woman, there appears no evidence to prove appellee’s contribution or participation in the acquisition of the properties involved; therefore, following the aforecited ruling of this Court, appellee’s claim for 1/2 of the properties cannot be granted. Even assuming for the sake of argument that this case falls under the provisions of Article 144 of the Civil Code which recognizes the parties as co-owners of the properties acquires during the union, the law would be applicable only as far as properties acquired after the Act are concerned and to no other, for such law cannot be given retroactive effect to govern those already possessed before August 30, 1950.

From the records of the above-entitled cases, it appears that as of 1913, Edward E. Christensen, an American citizen, was already residing in Davao and on the following year became the manager of the Mindanao Estates located in the municipality of Padada of the same province. At a certain time, which the lower court placed at 1917, a group of laborers recruited from Argao, Cebu, arrived to work in the said plantation. Among the group was a young girl, Bernarda Camporedondo, who became an assistant to the cook. Thereafter, this girl and Edward E. Christensen, who was also unmarried started living together as husband and wife and although the records failed to establish the exact date when such relationship commenced, the lower court found the same to have been continuous for over 30 years until the death of Christensen occurred on April 30, 1953. Out of said relations, 2 children, Lucy and Helen Christensen, were allegedly born.

G. R. No. L-11484.

Upon the demise of the American, who had left a considerable amount of properties, his will naming Adolfo Cruz Aznar as executor was duly presented for probate in court and became the subject of Special Proceedings No. 622 of the Court of First Instance of Davao. Said will contains, among others, the following provisions:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library



"3. I declare . . that I have but one (1) child named MARIA LUCY CHRISTENSEN (now Mrs. Bernard Daney) who was born in the Philippines about twenty-eight years ago, and who is now residing at No. 665 Rodger Young Village, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.

"4. I further declare that I now have no living ascendants and no descendants except my above named daughter MARIA LUCY CHRISTENSEN DANEY.



"7. I give devise and bequeath unto MARIA HELEN CHRISTENSEN, now married to Eduardo Garcia about eighteen years of age and who notwithstanding the fact that she was baptized Christensen, is not in any way related to me, nor has she been at any time adopted by me, and who, from all information I have now resides in Egpit, Digos, Davao, Philippines, the sum of THREE THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED PESOS (P3,600) Philippine Currency, the same to be deposited in trust for the said Maria Helen Christensen with the Davao Branch of the Philippine National Bank, and paid to her at the rate of One Hundred Pesos (P100), Philippine Currency per month until the principal thereof as well as any interest which may have accrued thereon, is exhausted.

"8. I give, devise and bequeath unto BERNARDA CAMPOREDONDO, now residing in Padada, Davao, Philippines, the sum of One Thousand Pesos (P1,000), Philippine Currency.



"12. I hereby give, devise and bequeath, unto my well-beloved daughter, the said MARIA LUCY CHRISTENSEN DANEY (Mrs. Bernard Daney), now residing as aforesaid at No. 665 Rodger Young Village Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., all the income from the rest, remainder, and residue of my property and estate, real, personal and/or mixed, of whatsoever kind or character, and wheresoever situated, of which I may be possessed at my death and which may have come to me from any source whatsoever, during her lifetime, Provided, however, that should the said MARIA LUCY CHRISTENSEN DANEY at any time prior to her decease having living issue, then, and in that event, the life interest herein given shall terminate, and if so terminatad, then I give, devise, and bequeath to my said daughter, the said MARIA LUCY CHRISTENSEN DANEY, the rest, remainder and residue of my property, with the same force and effect as if I had originally so given, devised and bequeathed it to her; and provided, further, that should the said Maria Lucy Christensen Daney die without living issue, then, and in that event, I give, devise and bequeath all the rest, remainder and residue of my property, one-half (1/2) to my well-beloved sister, Mrs. CARRIE LOUISE C. BORTON, now residing at No. 2124 Twentieth Street, Bakersfield, California, U.S.A., and one-half (1/2) to the children of my deceased brother, JOSEPH C. CHRISTENSEN, . . . .

"13. I hereby nominate and appoint Mr. Adolfo Cruz Aznar, of Davao City, Philippines, my executor, and the executor of this, my last will and testament.



(Exh. A)

Oppositions to the probate of this will were separately filed by Maria Helen Christensen Garcia and Bernarda Camporedondo, the first contending that the will lacked the formalities required by law; that granting that it had, the dispositions made therein were illegal because although she and Lucy Christensen were both children had by the deceased with Bernarda Camporedondo, yet she was given only a meager sum of P3,600 out of an estate valued at $485,000 while Lucy would get the rest of the properties; and that the petitioner Adolfo Cruz Aznar was not qualified to be appointed as administrator of the estate because he had an interest adverse to that of the estate. It was therefore prayed by this oppositor that the application for probate be denied and the will disallowed; that the proceeding be declared intestate and that another disinterested person be appointed as administrator.

Bernarda Camporedondo, on the other hand, claimed ownership over one-half of the entire estate in virtue of her relationship with the deceased, it being alleged that she and the testator having lived together as husband and wife continuously for a period of over 30 years, the properties acquired during such cohabitation should be governed by the rules on co-ownership. This opposition was dismissed by the probate court on the ground that she had no right to intervene in said proceeding, for as such common-law wife she had no successional right that might be affected by the probate of the will, and likewise, she could not be allowed to establish her title and co- ownership over the properties therein for such questions must be ventilated in a court of general jurisdiction. In view of this ruling of the Court and in order to attain the purpose sought by her overruled opposition Bernarda Camporedondo had to institute, as she did institute Civil Case No. 1076 of the Court of First Instance of Davao (G. R. No. L-11483) which we will consider and discuss hereinafter.

In the meantime, Adolfo Cruz Aznar was appointed special administrator of the estate after filing a bond for P5,000 pending the appointment of a regular one, and letters of special administration were correspondingly issued to him on May 21, 1953.

The records further show that subsequent to her original opposition, Helen Christensen Garcia filed a supplemental opposition and motion to declare her an acknowledged natural child of Edward E. Christensen, alleging that she was conceived during the time when her mother Bernarda Camporedondo was living with the deceased as his common-law wife; that she had been in continuous possession of the status of a natural child of the deceased; that she had in her favor evidence and/or proof that Edward Christensen was her father; and that she and Lucy had the same civil status as children of the decedent and Bernarda Camporedondo. This motion was opposed jointly by the executor and Maria Lucy Christensen Daney asserting that before, during and after the conception and birth of Helen Christensen Garcia, her mother was generally known to be carrying relations with 3 different men; that during the lifetime of the decedent and even years before his death, Edward Christensen verbally as well as in writing disavowed relationship with said oppositor, that oppositor appropriated and used the surname Christensen illegally and without permission from the deceased. Thus they prayed the Court that the will be allowed; that Maria Helen Christensen Garcia be declared not in any way related to the deceased; and that the motion of said oppositor be denied.

After due hearing, the lower court in a decision dated February 28, 1953, found that oppositor Maria Helen Christensen had been in continuous possession of the status of a natural child of the deceased Edward Christensen notwithstanding the fact that she was disowned by him in his will, for such action must have been brought about by the latter’s disapproval of said oppositor’s marriage to a man he did not like. But taking into consideration that such possession of the status of a natural child did not of itself constitute acknowledgment but may only be availed of to compel acknowledgment, the lower Court directed Maria Lucy Christensen Daney to acknowledge the oppositor as a natural child of Edward E. Christensen. The will was, however, allowed and letters testamentary consequently issued to Adolfo Cruz Aznar, the executor named therein. From the portion of the decision requiring Lucy Christensen to acknowledge Helen as a natural child of the testator, the former and the executor interposed an appeal to the Court of Appeals (CA-G. R. No 13421-R), but the appellate tribunal elevated the same to Us on the ground that the case involves an estate the value of which far exceeds P50,000.00 and thus falls within the exclusive appellate jurisdiction of this Court pursuant to Section 17 (5), Republic Act No. 296.

The principal issue in this litigation is whether the lower Court erred in finding that the oppositor Maria Helen Christensen Garcia had been in continuous possession of the status of a natural child of the deceased Edward E. Christensen and in directing Maria Lucy Christensen Daney, recognized daughter and instituted heir of the decedent, to acknowledge the former as such natural child.

Maria Lucy Christensen was born on April 25, 1922, and Maria Helen Christensen on July 2, 1934, of the same mother, Bernarda Camporedondo, during the period when the latter was publicly known to have been living as common-law wife of Edward E. Christensen. From the facts of the case there can be no question as to Lucy’s parentage, but controversy arose when Edward Christensen, in making his last will and testament, disavowed such paternity to Helen and gave her only a legacy of P3,600. In the course of the proceeding for the probate of the will (Exh. A), Helen introduced documentary and testimonial evidence to support her claim that she, like Lucy, was a natural child of the deceased and, therefore, entitled to the hereditary share corresponding to such descendant. Several witnesses testified in her favor, including her mother Bernarda Camporedondo, her former teachers and other residents of the community, tending to prove that she was known in the locality as a child of the testator and was introduced by the latter to the circle of his friends and acquaintances as his daughter. Family portraits, greeting cards and letters were likewise presented to bolster her assertion that she had always been treated by the deceased and by Lucy herself as a member of the family.

Lucy Christensen and Adolfo Cruz Aznar, as executor, tried to repudiate her claim by introducing evidence to prove that on or about the period when she was conceived and born, her mother was carrying an affair with another man, Zosimo Silva, a former laborer in her Paligue plantation. Silva executed an affidavit and even took the witness stand to testify to this effect. Appellants also strived to show that the decedent’s solicitations for Helen’s welfare and the help extended to her merely sprang out of generosity and hammered on the fact that on several occasions, the deceased disclaimed any relationship with her (Exh. O-Daney, Exh. Q-Daney, Exh. Z-Daney, Exh. 8-Helen).

Going over the evidence adduced during the trial, It appears indubitable that on or about the period when Helen was born, Bernarda Camporedondo had established residence at her plantation at Paligue, Davao, and that although Edward Christensen stayed in Davao City to manage his merchandising business, he spent the weekends with the former and their child Lucy in the Christensen plantation. Even granting that Zosimo Silva at this stage fitted himself into the picture, it cannot be denied that Helen’s mother and the deceased were generally and publicly known to be living together as husband and wife. This must have been the reason why Christensen from Helen’s birth in 1934 provided for her maintenance; shouldered the expenses for her education to the extent that she was even enrolled as an intern in an exclusive college for girls in Manila; tolerated or allowed her carrying the surname "Christensen", and in effect gave her the attention and care that a father would only do to his offspring. We should take note that nothing appears on record to show that Christensen ever entertained any doubt or disputed Helen’s paternity. His repudiations of her relationship with him came about only after he and Bernarda Camporedondo parted ways in March, 1950, and apparently after Helen took sides with her mother. Furthermore, it seems that despite the decedent’s desire that she continue her studies, Helen ignored the same and got married to a man for whom Christensen held no high esteem. We may state at this juncture that while it is true that herein appellants introduced witnesses to disprove oppositor’s claim, the lower Court that had the opportunity to observe the conduct of the witnesses while testifying and could better gauge their credibility and impartiality in the case, arrived at the conclusion that Maria Helen Christensen had established that she had been in continuous possession of the status of a natural child of the deceased. Considering the preponderant evidence on record, We see no reason to reverse said ruling. The testator’s last acts cannot be made the criterion in determining whether oppositor was his child or not, for human frailty and parental arrogance sometimes may draw a person to adopt unnatural or harsh measures against an erring child or one who displeases him just so the weight of his authority could be felt. In the consideration of a claim that one is a natural child, the attitude or direct acts of the person against whom such action is directed or that of his family before the controversy arose or during his lifetime if he predeceases the claimant, and not at a single opportunity or on isolated occasions but as a whole, must be taken into account. The possession of such status is one of the cases that gives rise to the right, in favor of the child, of compulsory recognition. (Art. 283, Civil Code).

The lower Court, however, after making its finding directed Maria Lucy Christensen Daney, an heir of the decedent, to recognize oppositor as a natural child of the deceased. This seems improper. The Civil Code provides for 2 kinds of acknowledgment of a natural child: voluntary and compulsory. In the first instance, which may be effected in the record of birth, a will, a statement before a court of record or in an authentic writing (Art. 278, Civil Code), court intervention is very nil if not altogether wanting, whereas in the second, judicial pronouncement is essential, and while it is true that the effect of a voluntary and a compulsory acknowledgment on the rights of the child so recognized is the same, to maintain the view of the lower Court would eliminate the distinction between voluntary acts and those brought about by judicial dicta. And if We consider that in the case where the presumed parent dies ahead of the child and action for compulsory recognition is brought against the heirs of the deceased, as in the instant case, the situation would take an absurd turn for, the heirs would be compelled to recognize such child as a natural child of the deceased without a proper provision of the law, for as it now stands, the Civil Code only requires a declaration by the court of the child’s status as a natural child of the parent who, if living, would be compelled to recognize his offspring as such. Therefore, We hold that in cases of compulsory recognition, as in the case at bar, it would be sufficient that a competent court, after taking into account all the evidence on record, would declare that under any of the circumstances specified by Article 283 of the Civil Code, a child has acquired the status of a natural child of the presumptive parent and such is entitled to all rights granted to it by law, for such declaration is by itself already a judicial recognition of the paternity of the parent concerned which is hers against whom the action is directed, are bound to respect.

G.R. No. L-11483

Coming now to Civil Case No. 1076 of the Court of First Instance of Davao, Bernarda Camporedondo claimed in her complaint