FIRST DIVISION
[G.R. No. 7026. February 12, 1913. ]
THE UNITED STATES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MONICO ALMENCION, Defendant-Appellant.
Ignacio de Icaza for Appellant.
Attorney-General Villamor for Appellee.
SYLLABUS
1. FALSIFICATION OF CEDULA; RETROACTIVE EFFECT OF PENAL LAWS. — The principle of article 22 of the Penal Code, that penal laws are retroactive in so far as they favor the accused, is applicable to Act No. 2126, which , while it is a special law in the sense of being distinct from the Penal Code’s system of penalties, is not such under article 7, with reference to its subject matter, the crime of falsification, in respect whereto it is a general law amending the provisions of that code for penalizing this crime. No doubt can therefore be entertained that said Act is retroactive from the instant it modifies the penalty in favor of the accused.
D E C I S I O N
ARELLANO, C.J. :
The charge in this case is that Monico Almencion substituted Fortunato Cañete’s name for Lucio Cañete’s on the latter’s personal cedula for the year 1909, for the purpose of simulating that Fortunato Cañete had bought his cedula for that year and was qualified to obtain one for 1910 without penalty, as he did, from the municipal treasurer Mandaue Cebu. His object was to keep P2 of the P4 Fortunato Cañete had given him, thus paying into the treasury only P2 for the 1910 cedula by simulating that Fortunato had already bought one for 1909, which simulation the treasurer of Mandaue discovered on demanding said cedula for 1909, wherein he necessarily observed the falsification committed by the defendant. These facts are proven.
The Court of First Instance of Cebu sentenced him to imprisonment for one year, to pay a fine of P2,000, and the costs, under section 55 of Act No. 1189 of the Philippine Commission. On appeal here we find the judgment strictly in accordance with the law and the merits of the case.
But the excessiveness of the penalty is startling; nothing less than P2,000 fine and a year’s imprisonment, which must be imposed under said Act.
On February 1 of the year 1912, Act No. 2126 was promulgated, imposing for this crime of falsification of cedula the penalty of not less than P200 nor more than P5,000 fine or imprisonment for not less than two months nor more than five years, or both, in the discretion of the Court.
The crime at bar was committed on June 2, 1910, before Act No. 2126 was in force, and the question now raised is whether it can be applied, inasmuch as it is in force at the time this appeal in under consideration.
It is undoubtedly the law most favorable to the accused, and article 22 of the Penal Code provides:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Penal laws shall have a retroactive effect in so far as they favor the person guilty of a felony or misdemeanor, although at the time of the publication of such laws a final sentence has been pronounced and the convict is serving the same."cralaw virtua1aw library
If, then, Act No. 2126 is favorable to the defendant in this case, its penalty must be applied instead of that fixed by Act No. 1189, which unquestionably stands repealed for all the crimes it deals with after the promulgation of the later Act.
Doubt has risen from the fact that the said article 22 is a provision of the Penal Code, and it is provided in article 7 of the same code that "offenses punishable under special laws are not subject to the provisions of this code." wherefore the crime at bar, being penalized by special laws, for both the late Act (No. 2126) and the earlier one (No. 1189) are such, is not subject to article 22 of the Penal Code, and therefore its provision cannot be applied to the present case.
In the criminal case of United States v. Parrone (24 Phil. Rep., 29) for the same offense, this question was discussed at length and decided that the effect that article 22 of the Penal Code is applicable, the principle, being laid down that Act No. 2126 is retroactive and embraces the crimes committed prior to its promulgation. Said principle is herein reiterated.
Therefore the judgment appealed from is affirmed, with the modification that the defendant is sentenced to two months imprisonment and a fine of P200, with the costs of this instance.
Torres, Mapa and Johnson, JJ., concur.
TRENT, J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
In my opinion, Act No. 1189, with its amendments, is not special law, and as article 22 of the Penal Code is one of the principal articles of the same, it is perfectly applicable to the present case. For these reasons I concur with the dispositive part of the decision.
The Court of First Instance of Cebu sentenced him to imprisonment for one year, to pay a fine of P2,000, and the costs, under section 55 of Act No. 1189 of the Philippine Commission. On appeal here we find the judgment strictly in accordance with the law and the merits of the case.
But the excessiveness of the penalty is startling; nothing less than P2,000 fine and a year’s imprisonment, which must be imposed under said Act.
On February 1 of the year 1912, Act No. 2126 was promulgated, imposing for this crime of falsification of cedula the penalty of not less than P200 nor more than P5,000 fine or imprisonment for not less than two months nor more than five years, or both, in the discretion of the Court.
The crime at bar was committed on June 2, 1910, before Act No. 2126 was in force, and the question now raised is whether it can be applied, inasmuch as it is in force at the time this appeal in under consideration.
It is undoubtedly the law most favorable to the accused, and article 22 of the Penal Code provides:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Penal laws shall have a retroactive effect in so far as they favor the person guilty of a felony or misdemeanor, although at the time of the publication of such laws a final sentence has been pronounced and the convict is serving the same."cralaw virtua1aw library
If, then, Act No. 2126 is favorable to the defendant in this case, its penalty must be applied instead of that fixed by Act No. 1189, which unquestionably stands repealed for all the crimes it deals with after the promulgation of the later Act.
Doubt has risen from the fact that the said article 22 is a provision of the Penal Code, and it is provided in article 7 of the same code that "offenses punishable under special laws are not subject to the provisions of this code." wherefore the crime at bar, being penalized by special laws, for both the late Act (No. 2126) and the earlier one (No. 1189) are such, is not subject to article 22 of the Penal Code, and therefore its provision cannot be applied to the present case.
In the criminal case of United States v. Parrone (24 Phil. Rep., 29) for the same offense, this question was discussed at length and decided that the effect that article 22 of the Penal Code is applicable, the principle, being laid down that Act No. 2126 is retroactive and embraces the crimes committed prior to its promulgation. Said principle is herein reiterated.
Therefore the judgment appealed from is affirmed, with the modification that the defendant is sentenced to two months imprisonment and a fine of P200, with the costs of this instance.
Torres, Mapa and Johnson, JJ., concur.
Separate Opinions
TRENT, J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
In my opinion, Act No. 1189, with its amendments, is not special law, and as article 22 of the Penal Code is one of the principal articles of the same, it is perfectly applicable to the present case. For these reasons I concur with the dispositive part of the decision.
