1. WHEN CERTIFICATE IS PUBLIC DOCUMENT. — The certificate of admission of each attorney admitted to practice when personally signed by him and attested by the clerk of this court or his deputy, who issues the certificate, and as such certificate appears on the "Roll of Attorneys" in the custody of the clerk of this court, is not only a public, but it is an official document, for which a criminal prosecution will lie for its falsification.

2. WHEN EVIDENCE IS SUFFICIENT. — Where it appears upon its face that certificate No. 3098 was originally issued to and in favor of Vicente A. Rufino, and that changes and erasures were made therein during the time it was in the official custody of the defendant Mapa, and that he took the certificate to a third person and directed him to fill in the name of his codefendant, who had failed in the Bar examinations, and it further appears that Mapa had an authentic list of the names of all persons who had passed, and that he was the legal custodian of that list, upon which the name of his codefendant did not appear, and it further appears that the falsified certificate recites that his codefendant Toledo "is hereby registered as an attorney-at-law, having taken the necessary oath and signed this roll with the deputy clerk who certifies," the evidence is sufficient to sustain the conviction of Mapa as a party to the falsification of the certificate.

STATEMENT

August 14, 1928, an information was filed against the defendants in the Court of First Instance of Manila charging them with the crime of falsification of an official document alleged to have been committed as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"The undersigned accuses Bienvenido Mapa and Cecilio A. Toledo of the crime of falsification of an official document, committed as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"That on or about December 17, 1927, in the City of Manila, Philippine Islands, the accused Cecilio A. Toledo, who was then an unsuccessful candidate in the Bar examination held in the month of August, 1927, conspiring and conniving with the other accused Bienvenido Mapa, who then and there was an employee in the office of the Clerk of the Supreme Court of these Islands and in charge of the personal records of attorneys and candidates to the practice of law in these Islands, did willfully, unlawfully and feloniously scratch and erase the name of Vicente A. Rufino appearing in inscription No. 3098 of the Roll of Attorneys of the Supreme Court as one of the attorneys duly admitted by said court in the examination of said month of August, 1927, and in its place they inserted and wrote the name of Cecilio A. Toledo, knowing, as the aforesaid accused, Bienvenido Mapa and Cecilio A. Toledo, then knew, that the latter had neither a right nor a legal title to appear or be registered in the Roll of Attorneys, for not having obtained a passing grade either in the examination held in said month of August, 1927, or in any other examination conducted by the court for the practice of law.

"Contrary to law."cralaw virtua1aw library

They demanded and were granted separate trials, as a result of which they were both found guilty as charged, and the defendant, Bienvenido Mapa, was sentenced to eight years and one day of prision mayor, with the accessories of the law, and to pay a fine of 4,500 pesetas, with subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency, and one-half of the costs, and the defendant, Cecilio A. Toledo, sentenced to four years, nine months, and eleven days of prision correcional, with the accessory penalties, and to pay a fine of 4,500 pesetas, with the insolvency, and one-half of the costs.

On appeal the defendant Mapa assigns the following errors:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"I. In finding that the Roll of Attorneys, Exhibit A, is an official book of the Supreme Court;

"II. In admitting Exhibit H and the testimony of the Government witness Antonio Hipolito;

"III. In declaring that the existence of conspiracy between the accused, and the participation of Mapa in the commission of the crime have been proved;

"IV. In declaring that the crime was committed within the jurisdiction of the lower court;

"V. In refusing to admit Exhibits 2 to 9 of the defense, and declaring them immaterial and irrelevant; and

"VI. In not giving the accused Bienvenido Mapa the benefit of the doubt."cralaw virtua1aw library

The defendant Toledo assigns the following errors:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"I. The court a quo erred in giving weight to the testimony of the witness, Antonio Hipolito, when the same is inconsistent and proved to be biased by the declaration of Manuel Dominguez;

"II. The trial court erred in believing the testimony of detective Eugenio Dizon, and in not holding that the same is hearsay for it cannot stand the test of ’best evidence;’

"III. The court a quo erred in holding that Cecilio A. Toledo conspired with his coaccused Bienvenido Mapa in falsifying inscription No. 3098 of the Roll of Attorneys, Exhibit A;

"IV. The trial court erred in finding that the accused Toledo was guilty of the crime charged in the information;

"V. The court a quo erred in failing to render judgment of acquittal for Toledo."

D E C I S I O N

JOHNS, J.:

It appears that the first entry in what is known as Exhibit A was made on the 27th day of July, 1920, and that the number of the certificate was No. 1648, and it was issued to and in favor of Feliciano Leviste and attested by Aurelio A. Torres, then deputy clerk; that this book has been in use ever since that date from which time certificates have been issued to all persons who have passed the Bar examinations in consecutive numbers down to and including No. 3339, which was issued on the 15th day of May, 1929, to and in favor of Fortunato R. Ybiernas and attested by Albert, the clerk; that from this date there are remaining blank certificates in the book which have not been used down to and including No. 6447.

As printed in the book, all of these certificates are in the following form:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"No. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"Mr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., is hereby registered as an attorney-at-law, having taken the necessary oath and signed this roll with the Deputy Clerk who certifies.

"Manila, P. I., . . . . . . . . . . of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"Deputy Clerk

"5—17"

When issued the name of the person passing the Bar examination is written on the first line followed by his residence, the certificate is then dated and signed in the handwriting of the attorney to whom it refers, and is attested by the signature of the deputy clerk or clerk who issues the certificate. That is to say, such certificates show upon their face the names and signatures of all persons who have passed the Bar examinations from the 27th day of July, 1920, down to and including the 15th day of May, 1929, and it appears that all of them are officially signed by the deputy clerk of the court appointed and authorized for that purpose, or by the clerk himself, and the book is kept in the clerk’s office among the other records of the Supreme Court, and as such is open and subject to inspection like any other record in that office. It will also be noted that the person to whom the certificate is issued personally signed his own name to the certificate. Hence, in the very nature of things, when so signed and certified in that book, the certificate becomes not only a public, but an official document. To hold otherwise would be to say that no paper of any kind in the clerk’s office is an official document.

There is no merit in defendant’s contention that the court erred in finding "that the Roll of Attorneys, Exhibit A, is an official book of the Supreme Court."cralaw virtua1aw library

It is next contended that error was committed "in admitting Exhibit H and the testimony of the Government witness Antonio Hipolito."cralaw virtua1aw library

The body of Exhibit H is as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"This is to certify, that Cecilio A. Toledo of Bulan, Sorsogon, was duly admitted to practice as an Attorney And Counselor at Law in all the courts of these Islands, on the seventeenth day of December, A. D. nineteen hundred twenty-seven.

"That his name appears upon the Roll of Attorneys of this Court, and that he is in good and regular standing as such Attorney and Counsellor at Law; further, that he has not been suspended or disbarred and is not laboring under any disability to practice in the courts of the Philippine Islands.

"Given under my hand and the seal of said court, this seventeenth day of December, A. D. 1927."cralaw virtua1aw library

This was attested by the clerk of the Supreme Court and countersigned by the Chief Justice, and upon its face recites that the name of the defendant Toledo "appears upon the Roll of Attorneys of this Court" and is authorized "to practice law in the Philippine Islands."cralaw virtua1aw library

It appears from the evidence of Antonio Hipolito, to which this objection is made, that this certificate in its present form, except as to the name of the defendant, which was then blank, was brought to him at his home about 2 p. m. by the defendant Mapa, with instructions and directions to Hipolito to fill in and insert the name of Cecilio A. Toledo, which he did as it now appears in the certificate. That evidence was certainly competent as tending to show that the defendant Mapa was a party to the alleged crime. It further appears that upon the strength and receipt of that certificate, the defendant Toledo opened up an office in the City of Manila and commenced the practice of law.

The defendant Mapa was an old and trusted employee in the clerk’s office, and as such had the care and custody of Exhibit A, known in the record as the Roll of Attorneys.

It appears upon its face that certificate No. 3098 in question was originally issued to and in favor of Vicente A. Rufino and signed by him. It now appears upon its face that an attempt was made to erase his name on the first line of the certificate. But as found by the trial court, the letter "A" and his name "Rufino" are still visible to the naked eye, and the first part of his name "Vicente" can now be dimly traced with the aid of a magnifying glass, but that Rufino’s signature to the body of the certificate cannot be traced, and there is no evidence of it left. But the certificate does clearly show upon its face that an erasure has been made on the line where his name was signed to the certificate, and that an attempted erasure was signed to the certificate, and that an attempted erasure was made of his name on the first line, and it shows that the name of the defendant, Cecilio A. Toledo, is signed on the line of the certificate where the name of Vicente A. Rufino was formerly signed, but the name of the defendant does not appear on the upper line of the certificate where the name of Vicente A. Rufino was formerly written by the deputy clerk.

As a part of his duties, the defendant Mapa had the control and custody of all such certificates, and the changes and alterations in certificate No. 3098 were made during the time that he had such official custody. In that situation, it is hard to conceive how such erasures could be made and the defendant Toledo could sign that certificate without the knowledge and collusion of the defendant Mapa. The evidence is conclusive that the name now signed to that certificate is that of the defendant Toledo, and the very fact that the defendant Mapa took Exhibit H above quoted in blank to the witness Hipolito and requested and instructed him to fill in Toledo’s name in that certificate is strong evidence that Mapa was a party to the commission of the crime. The record is conclusive that Cecilio A. Toledo failed in his examination, and it appears from the report of the examiners that his general average was 57 only, which was away below the required passing grade.

Upon the question of conspiracy, the lower court says:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"The evidence proves such facts and justifies such conclusions, that it is impossible to deny that said defendant, by reason of his work and since he was in charge of the Roll of Attorneys, Exhibit A, and the papers concerning the 1927 bar examination, knew that his codefendant Toledo had not passed said examination, and that, therefore, he had no right to be registered in the roll. Exhibit A, as an attorney or to hold a lawyer’s diploma; and knowing, moreover, as he had to know by reason of his work and his responsibility, that the name of Attorney Vicente A. Rufino appeared in the inscription No. 3098, he and his codefendant, or both, erased, or made, or consented that the name and signature of Vicente A. Rufino be erased and that Cecilio A. Toledo stamped his signature on the same line where Vicente A. Rufino had put his. That, with the knowledge of all of these facts, he, the defendant Mapa, made Antonio Hipolito fill the blank spaces of the diploma, Exhibit H, to convert it into a diploma of his codefendant Cecilio A. Toledo. We say that Mapa had knowledge of such facts, because before he decided to employ the services of Hipolito to fill out the diploma in favor of Toledo, it was necessary to know whether or not this candidate had passed the examination, and to be brief, it was necessary to know whether or not he was registered as an attorney in the Roll of Attorneys. It is not to be supposed that an employee of the standing and responsibility of Mapa would have ordered the issuance of a diploma without making any inquiry beforehand by means of the book and the record in his charge if Toledo was or was not an attorney admitted by the Supreme Court."cralaw virtua1aw library

To which we might and that Mapa was the legal custodian of Exhibit A, known as the registered Roll of Attorneys, and he also was given an authentic list of all of the names of the persons who had passed the Bar examination, and that he was the legal custodian of that list, and the name of the defendant Toledo did not appear upon that list, for the simple reason that he had not passed.

The evidence is conclusive that the falsification could not have been made without the connivance, aid, consent and approval of the defendant Mapa, and that he was a party to the crime. The falsified certificate No. 3098 in question recites that his codefendant Toledo "is hereby registered as an attorney-at-law, having taken the necessary oath and signed this roll with the Deputy Clerk who certifies." The evidence is conclusive that that certificate was false, and that Mapa knew it was false, and that the name of his codefendant Toledo did not appear on the list in his possession of those who had passed the examination. Yet, knowing that certificate to be false, he personally took and delivered Exhibit H to Antonio Hipolito with instructions to have the name of his codefendant inserted in that certificate, which was done, and Exhibit H recites upon its face "that his name appear upon the Roll of Attorneys of this Court." At the time he did this, he knew that Exhibit H, which recites that Toledo "is hereby registered as an attorney-at-law," was a falsified document, and that the admission of Toledo to practice as an attorney-at-law was a gross fraud on both the profession and this court, which was all the more grievous because the defendant Mapa was a trusted employee in the clerk’s office.

We are clearly of the opinion that the evidence proves Mapa’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

The Attorney-General points out that Mapa was sentenced to eight years and one day of prision mayor, to pay a fine of 4,500 pesetas, with subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency, and that in view of his sentence of eight years’ imprisonment, he ought not to be required to suffer subsidiary imprisonment for failure to pay the fine. With that we agree. That portion only of the sentence is revoked, but in all other things and respects, the sentence of the lower court is affirmed, with costs.

As to the defendant, Cecilio A. Toledo, the evidence of his guilt is also conclusive. He knew that he had failed in his examination in which he received an average of 57 per cent only, and yet with the aid and connivance of his codefendant, he signed certificate No. 3098 which recites that he "is hereby registered as an attorney-at-law" and "signed this roll with the Deputy Clerk who certifies." In doing that he used and appropriated the certificate in and to which the deputy clerk had certified that Vicente A. Rufino was "registered as an attorney-at-law," and he knew that Rufino’s name had been erased from that certificate, and when he signed that certificate he knew that his name was substituted for the erased signature of Rufino, and when he later received his certificate of admission, he knew that he had not passed the examination, and that it was obtained through fraud and falsification of the records in the clerk’s office with the aid and connivance of his codefendant.

There is no merit in his appeal. The judgment of the lower court is affirmed, with costs. So ordered.

Avanceña, C.J., Johnson, Street, Villamor and Villa-Real, JJ., concur.