This is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, seeking the reversal of the Court of Appeals (CA) Decision¹ dated November 27, 2008 and Resolution² dated February 3, 2009 in CA-G.R. SP No. 104847. The facts of the case are as follows: Petitioner Hacienda Primera Development Corporation (petitioner Hacienda) hired respondent Michael S. Villegas as General Manager of Amorita Resort. He was hired as a probationary employee for three (3) months. The employment contract contained the following terms and conditions:

1. Salary of P60,000.00 net per month for the first three (3) months and upon his regularization, P70,000.00 net per month.
   
   
2. Six (6) round trip tickets (TAG-MLA-TAG) per annum.
   
   
3. P2,500.00 cell phone bill allowance.
   
   
4. Fifteen (15) days vacation leave and fifteen (15) days sick leave upon permanency.
   
   
5. Pro-rated 13th month pay starting December 2006.
   
   
6. A 3-month probationary period starting January 200⁷.
   
   
7. Board and lodging in the resort.
   
   
8. Medical Insurance.³

Respondent started working for petitioner on January 1, 2007. On March 14, 2007, he received a call from Paramount Consultancy and Management telling him to report back to Manila. There, he learned that his services were terminated. He, thus, asked for a written notice of termination, but did not receive any.⁴ Hence, the complaint for illegal dismissal. Petitioner Hacienda, on the other hand, stated that respondent was hired as probationary employee. It explained that respondent's services were terminated because he failed to qualify for regular employment. Specifically, it claimed that respondent failed to conceptualize and complete financial budgets, sales projection, room rates, website development, and marketing plan in coordination with the Sales and Marketing Manager.⁵ On November 22, 2007, Labor Arbiter (LA) Herminio V. Suelo rendered a decision⁶ in favor of respondent, the dispositive portion of which reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered finding complainant illegally dismissed. Accordingly, respondents are hereby ordered as follows:

1. To reinstate complainant to his former position without loss of seniority rights and other benefits;
   
   
2. To pay complainant his backwages from the time he was dismissed on March 15, 2007, until his actual reinstatement either physically or by payroll;
   
   
3. To pay complainant moral damages in the amount of Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00), and exemplary damages also in the amount of Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00);
   
   
4. To pay complainant attorney's fees equivalent to ten (10) percent of the total monetary award.

The reinstatement aspect of this Decision is immediately executory pursuant to Article 223 of the Labor Code, as amended. Respondents are therefore directed to submit a report of compliance thereof before this Office within ten (10) calendar days from receipt of this Decision. The Fiscal Examiner or the computation and examination unit of this Office is directed to compute the monetary aspect of the above-judgment awards which shall form part of this Decision. SO ORDERED.⁷

Aggrieved, petitioner Hacienda elevated the case to the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC), which partially granted8 the appeal, worded in this wise:

WHEREFORE, the foregoing premises considered, the instant appeal is PARTIALLY GRANTED. The charge of illegal dismissal is DISMISSED for lack of merit. Accordingly, the Decision is b>MODIFIED to order the respondents-appellants to pay his salary corresponding to the unexpired portion of his contract of employment (March 16-31, 2007) in the amount of P30,000.00. SO ORDERED.⁹

In a Decision¹⁰ dated November 27, 2008, the CA set aside the above NLRC decision and reinstated that of the LA. The dispositive portion of the assailed CA Decision is quoted below for easy reference:

WHEREFORE, the instant Petition is hereby GRANTED. The Decision of the NLRC is hereby SET ASIDE. Accordingly, the Decision of the Labor Arbiter is REINSTATED with the MODIFICATION that since reinstatement is no longer possible due to strained relations between the parties, a separation pay of one month for every year of service is hereby decreed. In this connection, the instant case is hereby remanded to the Labor Arbiter for the computation of the said monetary award. SO ORDERED.¹¹

Petitioner Hacienda's motion for reconsideration was denied in a Resolution12 dated February 3, 2009. Hence, the instant petition with the following assigned errors:

(A) THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED A SERIOUS ERROR OF JUDGMENT WHEN IT RULED THAT RESPONDENT WAS ILLEGALLY DISMISSED;

(B) THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED A SERIOUS ERROR OF JUDGMENT IN REINSTATING THE DECISION OF THE LABOR ARBITER AWARDING UNLIMITED BACKWAGES BEYOND THE RESPONDENT'S PROBATIONARY EMPLOYMENT;

(C) THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED A SERIOUS ERROR OF JUDGMENT WHEN IT RULED THAT RESPONDENT IS ENTITLED TO MORAL AND EXEMPLARY DAMAGES;

(D) THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED A SERIOUS ERROR OF JUDGMENT WHEN IT RULED THAT RESPONDENT IS ENTITLED TO ATTORNEY'S FEES;

(E) THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED A SERIOUS ERROR OF JUDGMENT WHEN IT ORDERED THE PAYMENT OF SEPARATION PAY; AND

(F) THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED A SERIOUS ERROR OF JUDGMENT WHEN IT DECIDED THE PETITION OF RESPONDENT ALTHOUGH THE NLRC'S RSOLUTION DATED 22 APRIL 2008 IS ALREADY FINAL AND EXECUTORY SINCE RESPONDENT'S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION, CONTRARY TO THE RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE NLRC, IS UNVERIFIED.¹³

The petition is unmeritorious. The Labor Code and its Implementing Rules govern probationary employment.14

LABOR CODE

Art. 281. Probationary Employment.”Probationary employment shall not exceed six (6) months from the date the employee started working, unless it is covered by an apprenticeship agreement stipulating a longer period. The services of an employee who has been engaged on a probationary basis may be terminated for a just cause or when he fails to qualify as a regular employee in accordance with reasonable standards made known by the employer to the employee at the time of his engagement. An employee who is allowed to work after a probationary period shall be considered a regular employee.

LABOR CODE, Implementing Rules of Book VI, Rule I, Section 6

Sec. 6. Probationary employment. There is probationary employment where the employee, upon his engagement, is made to undergo a trial period during which the employer determines his fitness to qualify for regular employment, based on reasonable standards made known to him at the time of engagement.

Probationary employment shall be governed by the following rules:

x x x x

(c) The services of an employee who has been engaged on probationary basis may be terminated only for a just or authorized cause, when he fails to qualify as a regular employee in accordance with the reasonable standards prescribed by the employer.

(d) In all cases of probationary employment, the employer shall make known to the employee the standards under which he will qualify as a regular employee at the time of his engagement. Where no standards are made known to the employee at that time, he shall be deemed a regular employee.

In Magis Young Achievers’ Learning Center v. Manalo,15 the Court described probationary employment in this wise:

A probationary employee or probationer is one who is on trial for an employer, during which the latter determines whether or not he is qualified for permanent employment. The probationary employment is intended to afford the employer an opportunity to observe the fitness of a probationary employee while at work, and to ascertain whether he will become an efficient and productive employee. While the employer observes the fitness, propriety and efficiency of a probationer to ascertain whether he is qualified for permanent employment, the probationer, on the other hand, seeks to prove to the employer that he has the qualifications to meet the reasonable standards for permanent employment. Thus, the word probationary, as used to describe the period of employment, implies the purpose of the term or period, not its length.¹⁶

It can be gleaned from the foregoing provisions of law and jurisprudential pronouncement that there are two grounds to legally terminate a probationary employee. It may be done either: a) for a just cause; or b) when the employee fails to qualify as a regular employee in accordance with reasonable standards made known by the employer to the employee at the start of the employment.¹⁷

In this case, petitioner Hacienda fails to specify the reasonable standards by which respondent's alleged poor performance was evaluated, much less to prove that such standards were made known to him at the start of his employment.¹⁸ Thus, he is deemed to have been hired from day one as a regular employee.¹⁹ Due process dictates that an employee be apprised beforehand of the condition of his employment and of the terms of advancement therein.²⁰

We quote with approval the CA's observation in this wise:

Verily, a cursory examination of the employment contract readily shows the absence of any standard to which [respondent] should comply. Neither was there any indicia that [respondent] was ever informed of the said standards if there [were] any. What [petitioners] merely claim, as mentioned above, is that [respondent] was presumed to know the standard required of him as General Manager in charge [of] the pre-opening of the resort.²¹

In Secon Philippines, Ltd. v. NLRC,²² Orient Express Placement Phils. v. NLRC,²³ and Davao Contractors Development Cooperative (DACODECO) v. Pasawa,²⁴ we did not sustain the employees’ dismissal for failure of the employer to apprise them of the reasonable standards they needed to comply with for their continued employment.

We find no reason to depart from the above conclusion.

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the petition is DENIED. The Court of Appeals Decision dated November 27, 2008 and Resolution dated February 3, 2009 in CA-G.R. SP No. 104847 are AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

Carpio (Chairperson), Peralta, Abad, and Mendoza, JJ., concur.

Endnotes:

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¹ Penned by Associate Justice Myrna Dimaranan Vidal, with Associate Justices Jose L. Sabio, Jr. and Jose C. Reyes, Jr., concurring; rollo, pp. 44-57.
² Id. at 59.
³ Supra note 1, at 45.
⁴ Id. at 45-46.
⁵ Id. at 158.
⁶ Id. at 124-132.
⁷ Id. at 131-132.
⁸ Id. at 154-159.
⁹ Id. at 159.
¹⁰ Supra note 1.
¹¹ Id. at 56-57.
¹² Supra note 2.
¹³ Rollo, p. 21.
¹⁴ Ramos v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 170116, December 23, 2008, 575 SCRA 160, 167.
¹⁵ G.R. No. 178835, February 13, 2009, 579 SCRA 421.
¹⁶ Id. at 431-432.
¹⁷ Aberdeen Court, Inc. v. Agustin, Jr., 495 Phil. 706, 715 (2005).
¹⁸ Orient Express Placement Phils. v. NLRC, 339 Phil. 449, 452 (1997).
¹⁹ Clarion Printing House, Inc. v. NLRC, 500 Phil. 61, 82 (2005).
²⁰ Orient Express Placement Phils. v. NLRC, supra, at 453.
²¹ Supra note 1, at 51.
²² 377 Phil. 711 (1999)..
²³ Supra.
²⁴ G.R. No. 172174, July 9, 2009, 592 SCRA 334.