SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. 200894, November 10, 2014
LUZVIMINDA APRAN CANLAS, Petitioner, v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
LEONEN, J.:
We GRANT the application. We ORDER the Register of Deeds of Rizal (Binangonan) to cause the registration of the property, described in Cadastral Lot No. 11566 of the subdivision plan, Psu-04-006561, in the name of the applicant Luzviminda A. Canlas with the reservation that it shall be subject of easement to public use. Once this judgment becomes final and executory, we shall issue a decree of registration and then order the issuance of an original certificate of title in her name.9 (Emphasis and underscoring in the original)
WHEREFORE, the appeal is GRANTED. The Decision dated January 30, 2008 in LRC Case No. N-06-003 is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Accordingly, the Application of Registration of Title of Luzviminda A. Canlas is DISMISSED.
SO ORDERED.18 (Emphasis in the original)
Moreover, conscious of the resulting “largescale dispossession and social displacement of several hundreds of bona fide occupants and their families” which the Solicitor General pointed out, the private respondent agreed unanimously to accept the alternative prayer of the petitioner in their joint memorandum (pp. 624–636, Rollo). This agreement by private respondents takes the form of a waiver. Though a valid and clear right over the property exists in their favors, they seemingly have voluntarily abandoned the same in favor of: 1) those who possessed and actually occupied specific portions and obtained torrens certificates of titles, and 2) those who possessed certain specific portions for such lengths of time as to amount to full ownership. The waiver, not being contrary to law, morals, good customs and good policy, is valid and binding on the private respondents.
However, with respect to the second set of possessors, whose alleged bona fide occupancy of specific portions of the property is not evidenced by Torrens Titles, it is imperative that their claims/occupancy be duly proven in an appropriate proceeding.
ACCORDINGLY, the decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. No. 12933 is AFFIRMED subject to the herein declared superior rights of bona fide occupants with registered titles within the area covered by the questioned decree and bona fide occupants therein with length of possession which had ripened to ownership, the latter to be determined in an appropriate proceeding.
SO ORDERED.42 (Emphasis supplied)
WHEREFORE, it is respectfully prayed of this Honorable Court to issue an order (1) directing the Register of Deeds of Rizal, Binangonan, Rizal to annotate on TCT No. M-2106 the following memorandum:By virtue of the decision of the Court dated January 30, 2008 in Land Reg. Case No. 06-003, LRC Record No. N-78156, LUZVIMINDA A. CANLAS, applicant, Psu-04-006561, has been adjudicated in favor of the applicant and pursuant to the decision of the Supreme Court in G.R. No. 84966, promulgated on November 21, 1991, entitled Republic of the Philippines vs. Court of Appeals and Antonina Guido, et al., (204 SCRA 160), afore-said [sic] lot is deemed excluded from this certificate of title.and (2) Authorizing this Authority to issue the corresponding decree of registration for the land embraced in plan Psu-04-006561, in accordance with the adjudication of the Honorable Court in its decision January 30, 2008.43 (Emphasis and italics in the original)
Section 14. Who may apply. The following persons may file in the proper Court of First Instance an application for registration of title to land, whether personally or through their duly authorized representatives:
(1) Those who by themselves or through their predecessors-in-interest have been in open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation of alienable and disposable lands of the public domain under a bona fide claim of ownership since June 12, 1945, or earlier.
(2) Those who have acquired ownership of private lands by prescription under the provision of existing laws.
(3) Those who have acquired ownership of private lands or abandoned river beds by right of accession or accretion under the existing laws.
(4) Those who have acquired ownership of land in any other manner provided for by law.
Where the land is owned in common, all the co-owners shall file the application jointly.
Sec. 48. The following-described citizens of the Philippines, occupying lands of the public domain or claiming to own any such lands or an interest therein, but whose titles have not been perfected or completed, may apply to the Court of First Instance of the province where the land is located for confirmation of their claims and the issuance of a certificate of title therefor under the Land Registration Act, to wit:
. . . .
(b) Those who by themselves or through their predecessors-in-interest have been in open, continuous, exclusive, and notorious possession and, occupation of agricultural lands of the public domain, under a bona fide claim of acquisition or ownership, since June 12, 1945, immediately preceding the filing of the application for confirmation of title, except when prevented by war or force majeure. Those shall be conclusively presumed to have performed all the conditions essential to a government grant and shall be entitled to a certificate of title under the provisions of this chapter. (As amended by P.D. 1073.)
(1) In connection with Section 14(1) of the Property Registration Decree, Section 48(b) of the Public Land Act recognizes and confirms that “those who by themselves or through their predecessors in interest have been in open, continuous, exclusive, and notorious possession and occupation of alienable and disposable lands of the public domain, under a bona fide claim of acquisition of ownership, since June 12, 1945” have acquired ownership of, and registrable title to, such lands based on the length and quality of their possession.(a) Since Section 48(b) merely requires possession since 12 June 1945 and does not require that the lands should have been alienable and disposable during the entire period of possession, the possessor is entitled to secure judicial confirmation of his title thereto as soon as it is declared alienable and disposable, subject to the timeframe imposed by Section 47 of the Public Land Act.
(b) The right to register granted under Section 48(b) of the Public Land Act is further confirmed by Section 14(1) of the Property Registration Decree.
(2) In complying with Section 14(2) of the Property Registration Decree, consider that under the Civil Code, prescription is recognized as a mode of acquiring ownership of patrimonial property. However, public domain lands become only patrimonial property not only with a declaration that these are alienable or disposable. There must also be an express government manifestation that the property is already patrimonial or no longer retained for public service or the development of national wealth, under Article 422 of the Civil Code. And only when the property has become patrimonial can the prescriptive period for the acquisition of property of the public dominion begin to run.(a) Patrimonial property is private property of the government. The person [who] acquires ownership of patrimonial property by prescription under the Civil Code is entitled to secure registration thereof under Section 14(2) of the Property Registration Decree.
(b) There are two kinds of prescription by which patrimonial property may be acquired, one ordinary and [the] other extraordinary. Under ordinary acquisitive prescription, a person acquires ownership of a patrimonial property through possession for at least ten (10) years, in good faith and with just title. Under extraordinary acquisitive prescription, a person’s uninterrupted adverse possession of patrimonial property for at least thirty (30) years, regardless of good faith or just title, ripens into ownership.50
In Heirs of Mario Malabanan v. Republic, the Court further clarified the difference between Section 14(1) and Section 14(2) of P.D. No. 1529. The former refers to registration of title on the basis of possession, while the latter entitles the applicant to the registration of his property on the basis of prescription. Registration under the first mode is extended under the aegis of the P.D. No. 1529 and the Public Land Act (PLA) while under the second mode is made available both by P.D. No. 1529 and the Civil Code. Moreover, under Section 48(b) of the PLA, as amended by Republic Act No. 1472, the 30-year period is in relation to possession without regard to the Civil Code, while under Section 14(2) of P.D. No. 1529, the 30-year period involves extraordinary prescription under the Civil Code, particularly Article 1113 in relation to Article 1137.52
Applicant’s evidence shows that she complied with the notice requirements (Exhibits “A” to [“]M,” inclusive of submarkings) and she was able to substantiate the allegations in her application (Exhibits “N” to “II,” inclusive of submarkings). In a nutshell, applicant acquired the property by inheritance from Honorio and Gregorio S. Apran and she and her predecessors-in-interest have been in its continuous possession since 1900 (Exhibits “Q” to “HH,” inclusive of submarkings). . . . The testimonies of the applicant and her witnesses proved that the applicant through her predecessors-in-interest have been in open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession of an alienable and disposable parcel of land of the public domain under a bona fide claim of ownership for more than 30 years. After considering the report and the evidence, we find that the applicant has sufficient title proper for registration, and we render judgment confirming it.58 (Emphasis and italics supplied)
The law speaks of possession and occupation. Since these words are separated by the conjunction and, the clear intention of the law is not to make one synonymous with the other. Possession is broader than occupation because it includes constructive possession. When, therefore, the law adds the word occupation, it seeks to delimit the all encompassing effect of constructive possession. Taken together with the words open, continuous, exclusive and notorious, the word occupation serves to highlight the fact that for an applicant to qualify, his possession must not be a mere fiction. Actual possession of a land consists in the manifestation of acts of dominion over it of such a nature as a party would naturally exercise over his own property.60 (Italics in the original)
Possession is open when it is patent, visible, apparent, notorious and not clandestine. It is continuous when uninterrupted, unbroken and not intermittent or occasional; exclusive when the adverse possessor can show exclusive dominion over the land and an appropriation of it to his own use and benefit; and notorious when it is so conspicuous that it is generally known and talked of by the public or the people in the neighborhood.61
Q : When you inherited the property, who was in possession and cultivation thereof?
A : My father? [sic]
Q : When did he possess the property?
A : When he was born thereat and lived there, and when he grew up he cultivated it.
Q : When was he born?
A : May 16, 1918, Sir.
Q : Before your father, who?
A : My grandfather, Honorio Apran.
Q : Since when?
A : Approximately 1900’s, Sir.
Q : What was done by your grandfather on the property?
A : He tilled the land by growing palay on rainy days, and kamatis, and sometimes watermelon on summer days.
Q : What happened to those farming activities when yourgrandfather Honorio died?
A : My father continued the farming activities and so did I until I transferred to Quezon City sometime year 2000.
Q : How young were you then in the 1900’s?
A : I was not yet even born, Sir.
Q : When were you born?
A : February 26, 1944, Sir.
. . . .
Q : After your father, who possessed and cultivated the property?
A : I, Sir.68
The OSG likewise claims that [petitioner] failed to show her ownership and possession of the property in question, since the subject property was declared for tax purposes only in 1949, 1966, 1974, 1980, 1985, 1994–1999 under the name of Honorio Apan and in 2004 under the name of [petitioner]. . . .
We do not see the point of the OSG in attacking the tax declarations. We do not understand why it harps on the fact that the property was declared for taxation purposes only in 1948. We do not see any irregularity here. It would have helped Us a lot had the OSG been more specific and did not leave Us in a guessing and explorative game. To Our mind, what matters here is that the tax declarations from 1948 up to the latest are in the correct series — one tax declaration cancels the immediately previously issued tax declaration which in effect also cancels all the previously issued tax declarations.
Further, We find it misleading for OSG to claim that the realty taxes were only paid a few months before the filing of the application. Per records of this case, the recent payment was on October 22, 2003 while the application for registration was filed on August 22, 2006 or almost three years after.76 (Italics supplied)
[s]ettled is the rule that no questions will be entertained on appeal unless they have been raised below. Points of law, theories, issues and arguments not adequately brought to the attention of the lower court need not be considered by the reviewing court as they cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. Basic considerations of due process impel this rule.83
Endnotes:
1Rollo, pp. 38–53. The decision was promulgated on November 10, 2011, docketed as CA-G.R. CV No. 90643, and was penned by Associate Justice Agnes Reyes-Carpio and concurred in by Associate Justices Fernanda Lampas Peralta and Normandie B. Pizarro, of the Special Thirteenth (13th) Division.
2 Id. at 36–37. The resolution was issued on February 23, 2012.
3 This case was entitled “In the matter of Application of Registration of Title, Luzviminda A. Canlas, Applicant” and decided by the Regional Trial Court, Branch 67, Binangonan, Rizal.
4 “Amending and Codifying the Laws Relative to Registration of Property and for Other Purposes” or the Property Registration Decree.
5 Rollo, pp. 39–40.
6 Id. at 41.
7 Id. at 41–42.
8 Id. at 42.
9 Id. at 39, as cited in the Court of Appeals’ decision.
10 Id. at 42.
11 Id.
12 Id. at 43.
13 Id. at 46.
14 Id. at 52.
15 Id.
16 Id. at 46–47.
17 Id. at 52, citing Wee v. Republic of the Philippines, 622 Phil. 944, 956 (2009) [Per J. Del Castillo, Second Division].
18 Id. at 53.
19 Id. at 36–37.
20 Id. at 24–29.
21 Id. at 30.
22 Id.
23 Id.
24 Id. at 86–86-A.
25 Id. at 117.
26 Id. at 119.
27 Id.
28 Id.
29 Id.
30 Id. at 131.
31 Id. at 132–136.
32 Id. at 132.
33 Id. at 137–139. Petitioner claimed that the report and motion was prepared by the Land Registration Authority “to be submitted to the Regional Trial Court (Br. 67, Binangonan, Rizal) upon receipt of RTC Decision” (rollo, p. 132).
34 Id. at 139. Mr. Porfirio R. Encisa, Jr., signed as the Land Registration Authority’s Director for Registration. The document was noted by Deputy Administrator Ofelia E. Abueg-Sta. Maria.
35 In the Land Registration Authority’s report and motion, the land was described to be situated in Barrio “Mayamot”, (rollo p. 137).
36 Id. at 137.
37 Id. at 138.
38 G.R. No. 84966, November 21, 1991, 204 SCRA 160 [Per J. Medialdea, En Banc].
39 Id. at 163.
40 Id. Petitioner Republic alleged the following in its complaint: “‘15. The alleged Decree No. 6145 issued on September 10, 1911 and the alleged owner’s copy of Transfer Certificate of Title No. 23377 issued on May 12, 1933, both in the name of Francisco and Hermogenes Guido, and which supposed owner’s duplicate was made the basis of the administrative reconstitution of Transfer Certificate of Title No. (23377) RT-M-0002 on March 29, 1976, or about 43 years later, are false, spurious and fabricated and were never issued by virtue of judicial proceedings for registration of land, either under Act No. 496, as amended, otherwise known as the Land Registration Act, or any other law, x x x.’ (pp. 91–92, Rollo)”
41 Id. at 165–166.
42 Id. at 180–181.
43Rollo, pp. 138–139. TCT No. M-00861 was cancelled, and TCT No. M-1302 was issued in its place. TCT No. M-1302 was subsequently cancelled, and TCT No. M-2106 was issued in the name of Antonina Guido, et al. (rollo, p. 138).
44 Id. at 134.
45 See Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila v. Ramos, G.R. No. 179181, November 18, 2013, 709 SCRA 576, 587 [Per J. Brion, Second Division], citing Republic v. Javier, 613 Phil. 101, 110–111 (2009) [Per J. Chico-Nazario, Third Division]; Republic v. Capco de Tensuan, G.R. No. 171136, October 23, 2013, 708 SCRA 367, 378–379 [Per J. Leonardo-De Castro, First Division]; See also Bunyi, et al., v. Factor, 609 Phil. 134, 139–140 (2009) [Per J. Quisumbing, Second Division].
46See Amado v. Salvador, 564 Phil. 728 (2007) [Per J. Chico-Nazario, Third Division].
47See Republic v. Capco de Tensuan, G.R. No. 171136, October 23, 2013, 708 SCRA 367, 379 [Per J. Leonardo-De Castro, First Division].
48 This decree is entitled “Amending and Codifying the Laws Relative to Registration of Property and For Other Purposes.”
49 605 Phil. 244, 281–282 (2009) [Per J. Tinga, En Banc].
50 Id. at 285–286. In the resolution dated September 13, 2013, this court resolved petitioners’ motion for reconsideration and respondent’s partial motion for reconsideration. This court upheld the decision dated April 29, 2009. We held that:
“To sum up, we now observe the following rules relative to the disposition of public land or lands of the public domain, namely:
(1) As a general rule and pursuant to the Regalian Doctrine, all lands of the public domain belong to the State and are inalienable. Lands that are not clearly under private ownership are also presumed to belong to the State and, therefore, may not be alienated or disposed;
(2) The following are excepted from the general rule, to wit:
(a) Agricultural lands of the public domain are rendered alienable and disposable through any of the exclusive modes enumerated under Section 11 of the Public Land Act. If the mode is judicial confirmation of imperfect title under Section 48(b) of the Public Land Act, the agricultural land subject of the application needs only to be classified as alienable and disposable as of the time of the application, provided the applicant’s possession and occupation of the land dated back to June 12, 1945, or earlier. Thereby, a conclusive presumption that the applicant has performed all the conditions essential to a government grant arises, and the applicant becomes the owner of the land by virtue of an imperfect or incomplete title. By legal fiction, the land has already ceased to be part of the public domain and has become private property.
(b) Lands of the public domain subsequently classified or declared as no longer intended for public use or for the development of national wealth are removed from the sphere of public dominion and are considered converted into patrimonial lands or lands of private ownership that may be alienated or disposed through any of the modes of acquiring ownership under the Civil Code. If the mode of acquisition is prescription, whether ordinary or extraordinary, proof that the land has been already converted to private ownership prior to the requisite acquisitive prescriptive period is a condition sine qua non in observance of the law (Article 1113, Civil Code) that property of the State not patrimonial in character shall not be the object of prescription.” (Heirs of Mario Malabanan v. Republic of the Philippines, G.R. No. 179987, September 3, 2013, 704 SCRA 561, 584–585 [Per J. Bersamin, En Banc Resolution])
51 G.R. No. 179990, October 23, 2013, 708 SCRA 433 [Per J. Reyes, First Division].
52 Id. at 448, citing Heirs of Mario Malabanan v. Republic, 605 Phil. 244, 281 (2009) [Per J. Tinga, En Banc].
53Rollo, p. 54.
54Republic v. Hanover Worldwide Trading Corporation, G.R. No. 172102, July 2, 2010, 622 SCRA 730, 739 [Per J. Peralta, Second Division].
55 See Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila v. Ramos, G.R. No. 179181, November 18, 2013, 709 SCRA 576, 590–591 [Per J. Brion, Second Division].
56Rollo, p. 42. In Republic v. T.A.N. Properties, Inc., 578 Phil. 441, 452–453 (2008) [Per J. Carpio, First Division], this court held that it is not enough for the Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Offices (PENRO) or Community Environment and Natural Resources Offices (CENRO) to certify that a land is alienable and disposable. However, the facts and issues of that case are not on all fours with the present case.
57 Id. at 54.
58 Id. at 42.
59 See Republic v. Gielczyk, G.R. No. 179990, October 23, 2013, 708 SCRA 433, 456 [Per J. Reyes, First Division].
60Republic v. East Silverlane Realty Development Corporation, G.R. No. 186961, February 20, 2012, 666 SCRA 401, 419 [Per J. Reyes, Second Division], citing Republic v. Alconaba, 471 Phil. 607 (2004) [Per C.J. Davide, Jr., First Division].
61Heirs of Marcelina Arzadon-Crisologo v. Rañon, 559 Phil. 169, 181–182 (2007) [Per J. Chico-Nazario, Third Division], cited in Tan v. Republic, G.R. No. 193443, April 16, 2012, 669 SCRA 499, 509 [Per J. Reyes, Second Division Resolution]; See Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila v. Ramos, G.R. No. 179181, November 18, 2013, 709 SCRA 576 [Per J. Brion, Second Division].
62Rollo, pp. 51–52.
63 Id. at 52, citing Wee v. Republic of the Philippines, 622 Phil. 944, 956 (2009) [Per J. Del Castillo, Second Division].
64 See Philippine National Bank v. Court of Appeals, 381 Phil. 720, 730 (2000) [Per J. Kapunan, First Division Resolution]. This court upheld the findings of the trial court as adopted by the Court of Appeals. See also Aclon v. Court of Appeals, 436 Phil. 219, 232 (2002) [Per J. Austria-Martinez, First Division]; See Spouses Cirelos v. Spouses Hernandez, 524 Phil. 156, 169–170 (2006) [Per J. Austria-Martinez, First Division].
65 The present case must be differentiated from Tan v. Republic, G.R. No. 193443, April 16, 2012, 669 SCRA 499, 510 [Per J. Reyes, Second Division Resolution], in that petitioner Canlas showed that she and her predecessors-in-interest have exercised specific acts of ownership over the land subject of the application for registration. This court in Tan found that “[w]hile there was an attempt to supplement the tax declaration by testimonial evidence, the same is futile and frivolous. The testimonies . . . do not merit consideration and do not make up for the inherent inadequacy of the eleven (11) tax declarations submitted by the petitioners. Such witnesses did not state what specific acts of ownership or dominion were performed by the petitioners and predecessors-in-interest and simply made that general assertion that the latter possessed and occupied the subject property for more than thirty (30) years, which, by all means, is a mere conclusion of law. The RTC should have tackled evidence of such nature with a disposition to incredulity, if not with an outright rejection.”
66 The following were attached to petitioner’s application: a) Approved Plan; b) Technical Description; c) Surveyor’s Certificate; d) Tax Declaration; e) Kasulatan ng Paghahati-hati ng Lupang Labas sa Hukuman ng Yumaong Honorio Apran na may Pagpapapaubaya sa Karapatan; and f) Certification of Present Declared Owner and Present Value. The testimonies of petitioner and Montano Ulang, petitioner’s senior of 10 years who lived near the property subject of registration, were also presented (rollo, pp. 56 and 74–82).
67Rollo, pp. 20–29 and 76–82.
68 Id. at 77–78.
69 Id. at 46–47.
70 Id. at 48.
71 Id. at 50.
72 Id. at 51.
73 Id. at 42. Jurisprudence is clear that the absence of oppositors in a land registration case does not automatically mean a meritorious case absent clear and convincing evidence of actual possession and occupation. However, petitioner has sufficiently overcome the burden of proof required in land registration cases, as discussed earlier.
74 In its decision promulgated on November 10, 2011, the Court of Appeals stated that it denied the appeal-in-intervention filed by the heirs of Lorenza F. Reyes and Maura F. Reyes through its resolution dated August 26, 2011. The Court of Appeals reiterated in the same resolution that the case was already deemed submitted for decision pursuant to its resolution dated June 4, 2009 (rollo, p. 51).
75 A letter dated April 15, 2013 was sent by Edgardo Graganta, President of Samahan ng Nagkakaisang Magkakapitbahay ng LORECOM, Inc. (rollo, p. 87). He requested a copy of the latest resolution in the case. This court resolved to note without action Edgardo Graganta’s letter considering that neither he nor the association is a party to the case (rollo p. 95).
76Rollo, pp. 45–46.
77 See Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila v. Ramos, G.R. No. 179181, November 18, 2013, 709 SCRA 576, 593–594 [Per J. Brion, Second Division].
78 In Republic v. Court of Appeals, 489 Phil. 405, 419 (2005) [Per J. Tinga, Second Division], this court ruled that “possession since 1945 was established through proof of the existence of 50 to 60-year old trees at the time . . . the property [was purchased] as well as tax declarations executed . . . in 1945.” (Emphasis supplied) In Arbias v. Republic, 587 Phil. 361, 374 (2008) [Per J. Chico-Nazario, Third Division], this court declared that “[w]ell-settled is the rule that tax declarations and receipts are not conclusive evidence of ownership or of the right to possess land when not supported by any other evidence.” (Emphasis supplied); See also Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila v. Ramos, G.R. No. 179181, November 18, 2013, 709 SCRA 576, 594 [Per J. Brion, Second Division]. These cases show that different kinds of evidence may be considered in determining actual possession and occupation.
79Dela Peña v. Court of Appeals, 598 Phil. 862, 876 (2009) [Per J. Nachura, Third Division].
80 Id., citing Lao v. People, 578 Phil. 679 (2008) [Per J. Austria-Martinez, Third Division].
81 Rollo, p. 132.
82 524 Phil. 318 (2006) [Per J. Callejo, Sr., First Division].
83 Id. at 335.
84 G.R. No. 84966, November 21, 1991, 204 SCRA 160 [Per J. Medialdea, En Banc].