G.R. No. 209212, February 10, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plintiff and Appellee, v. ROMEL SAPITULA Y PACULAN, Accused-Appellant.
G.R. No. 209212, February 10, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plintiff and Appellee, v. ROMEL SAPITULA Y PACULAN, Accused-Appellant.
The prosecution presented as witnesses Police Senior Inspector Diosdado Gagaoin (PSI Gagaoin), Police Officer 3 Ardie Palabay (PO3 Palabay), Police Inspector Maria Theresa Amor Manuel (PI Manuel), PO3 Emmanuel Pimentel, Jr., and PSI Bedalyn Antonio (PSI Antonio), whose testimonies sought to establish the following facts:
Acting on a tip from a confidential informant that accused-appellant sells shabu, PSI Gagaoin instructed PO3 Palabay to conduct a surveillance' and casing operation on him. Upon verification of accused-appellant's involvement in illegal drug activities, PO3 Palabay and his drug asset made a test-buy operation on 14 June 2011, which yielded a purchase of Three Hundred Peso (P300.00) worth of shabu from accused-appellant. Thereafter, PSI Gagaoin headed and organized a buy-bust team composed of PO3 Palabay as poseur-buyer, PO3 Arnel Gravidez as one of the arresting officers and SPO3 Armando Eisma and PO2 Roger Malag as perimeter security. Six (6) pieces of P50.00 bills were prepared as marked money on which PO3 Palabay placed a marking of "A."4chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
At four o'clock in the afternoon of 16 June 2011, the buy-bust team proceeded to Barangay Ambitacay. PO3 Palabay had already been in communication via short message system (SMS) with accused-appellant regarding the amount of shabu to be purchased. It had also been agreed via SMS that they would meet at Ambitacay crossing at six o'clock in the evening.5chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
At the crossing, at half past five o'clock in the afternoon when PO3 Palabay noticed accused-appellant coming his way, he disembarked from the tricycle in which lie had been waiting. He approached accused-appellant who immediately handed to him a heat-sealed plastic sachet containing a white crystalline substance; and PO3 Palabay, in exchange, gave accused-appellant the marked money. Accused-appellant then counted the money while PO3 Palabay placed the sachet in his pocket and removed his cap to signal the arrest to the other police officers. Accused-appellant attempted to flee but was subsequently overcome and handcuffed by the other officers. PO3 Palabay informed accused-appellant of his constitutional rights; took a photograph of the latter as well as the area and the plastic sachet which he marked "AJP-1-11." He also made an inventory of the marked money and the seized plastic sachet in the presence of the Barangay Captain and another witness.6chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Accused-appellant was thereafter brought to the police station. There, PO3 Palabay executed an affidavit of arrest, an affidavit of poseur-buyer and a request for laboratory examination. Then, he brought accused-appellant and the seized items to the crime laboratory, received by PSI Antonio.7 Chemistry Report No. D-030-2011 signed by PI Manuel as Forensic Chemist found the seized plastic sachet positive for the presence of Methamphetamine hydrochlori.de or shabu.8chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Accused-appellant, as the lone witness for the defense, testified that on 16 June 2011, on his way home with his wife and child after a day of ferrying passengers in his tricycle, a male person and his companion flagged him down. The man asked accused-appellant to get down from his tricycle and thereafter, drew out a gun and introduced himself as a policeman. Accused-appellant tried to run away from him but two (2) other persons blocked his way and handcuffed him. These two forced him to hold something and when accused-appellant refused, they rubbed it onto his hands. Thereafter, a patrol car arrived and he was brought to the police station.9chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
On 5 August 2011, the RTC rendered judgment finding accused-appellant guilty of attempted sale of a dangerous drug. The dispositive portion of the RTC Decision reads:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
Accused-appellant appealed his conviction before this Court. In a Resolution12 dated 04 December 2013, accused-appellant and the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) were asked to file their respective supplemental briefs if they so desired. Both parties manifested that they will no longer file supplemental briefs as their arguments in their respective briefs are already sufficient.13chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Upon review of the records, the Court affirms the conviction of accused-appellant.
The Court agrees with the CA finding that, contrary to the accused-appellant's assertion, the trial court sufficiently stated the factual and legal bases for its disposition of the case. In convicting accused-appellant, the trial court explained that it gave credence to the testimonies of the police officers pursuant to the presumption of regularity in the performance of their official duties and absent any showing of ill-motive to plant evidence against accused-appellant.14 The trial court also stated that it found accused-appellant's testimony partly incredulous.15chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
The Court, however, upholds the CA's ruling that the crime of sale of a dangerous drug, in this case shabu, was consummated; different from the trial court's ruling that the crime had been committed only at its attempted stage. In so holding, the trial court stated that "[w]hen he realized the trap he was about: to backout in the sale. Nevertheless, the penalty is the same."16 This Court disagrees.
In every prosecution for illegal sale of shabu, the following elements must be sufficiently proved: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment therefor.17chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
The Court finds that all elements for illegal sale were duly established with accused-appellant having been caught inflagrante delicto selling shabu through a buy-bust operation conducted by the buy-bust team of PO3 Palabay.
PO3 Palabay, who acted as the poseur buyer, testified that accused-appellant handed to him the plastic sachet containing the prohibited drug in exchange for Three Hundred Pesos (P300.00), thus:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
Accused-appellant's denial of the charges and assertion of a frame-up, uncorroborated by any positive testimony of the people who were allegedly with him during the incident, are indeed incredulous juxtaposed with the positive evidence for his prosecution. Besides, as adequately explained by PSI Antonio, the absence of ultraviolet (UV) powder on accused-appellant's palms (although the dorsal parts of accused-appellant's hands tested positive for UV powder presence) may have been a result of perspiration, wiping or rubbing the hand on a hard object.21 Thus, this matter does not completely negate accused-appellant's culpability as he so asserts.
This Court has, time and again, deferred to the trial court's factual findings and evaluation of the credibility of witnesses, especially when affirmed by the CA, in the absence of any clear showing that the trial court overlooked or misconstrued cogent facts and circumstances that would justify altering or revising such findings and evaluation. The trial court's determination proceeds from its first-hand opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses, their conduct and attitude under grilling examination; the trial court is in a unique position to assess the witnesses' Credibility and to appreciate their truthfulness, honesty and candor.22 And in the instant case, accused-appellant has not projected any strong and compelling reasons to sway the Court into rejecting or revising such factual findings and evaluation in his favor.
We now come to accused-appellant's contention that the procedure for the custody and disposition of confiscated drugs as provided in Section 21 of R.A. No. 0165, was not complied with as the police officers had not conducted an inventory of the plastic sachet of shabu and the same had not been photographed in the presence of accused-appellant and representatives from, the media and the Department of Justice.23chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
First, it must be underscored that this issue was only brought up on appeal and was never raised before the trial court. Nevertheless, a review of PO3 Palaba/s testimony shows that the inventory and photograph requirements had been met, thus:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
The Court has ruled in People v. Enriquez,25 that the links that must be established in the chain of custody in a buy-bust situation are: first, the seizure and marking, if practicable, of the illegal drug recovered from the accused by the apprehending officer; second, the turnover of the illegal drug seized by the apprehending officer to the investigating officer; third, the turnover by the investigating officer of the illegal drug to the forensic chemist for laboratory examination; and fourth, the turnover and submission of the marked illegal drug seized from the forensic chemist to the court.
In the case at bar, PO3 Palabay, the poseur buyer, positively testified that he placed in his pocket the plastic sachet of shabu handed to him by accused-appellant. At the time of arrest, he photographed accused-appellant, the area and the sachet of shabu, marked the same and conducted the inventory before the Barangay Chairman and another witness. PO3 Palabay further testified that he brought accused-appellant and the sachet of shabu to the police station, and there, executed affidavits of arrest and of the poseur buyer and made a request for laboratory examination. PO3 Palabay then took accused-appellant and the sachet of shabu to the crime laboratory and the latter was received by PSI Antonio. Chemistry Report No. D-030-2011 signed by PI Manuel as Forensic Chemist and PSI Antonio as Administering Officer confirmed that the sachet is positive for the presence of methamphetamine hydrochloride.26 And finally, in open court, PO3 Palabay opened the envelope from the Forensic Chemist and identified its contents as the same sachet of shabu he had purchased from accused-appellant.27 The same was offered in evidence and marked as Exhibit "A."28chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
All told, it has been established by proof beyond reasonable doubt that accused-appellant sold shabu. Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165, states that the penalty of life imprisonment to death and fine ranging from P500,000.00 to P1,000,000.00 shall be imposed upon any person who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved. Thus, the CA correctly imposed the penalty of life imprisonment and the line of P500,000.00.
WHEREFORE, the Decision dated 19 February 2013 of the Court of Appeals in CA G.R. CR.-H.C. No. 05186, affirming with modification the conviction of accused-appellant Romel Sapitula y Paculan by the Regional Trial Court of Agoo, La Union, Branch 31, for violation of Section 5, Article II of Republic Act No. 9165 and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of life imprisonment and to pay a fine of P500,000.00 is hereby AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Velasco, Jr., (Chairperson), Mendoza,*Reyes, and Perlas-Bernabe,**JJ., concur.cralawlawlibrary
THIRD DIVISION
G.R. No. 209212, February 10, 2016
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plintiff and Appellee, v. ROMEL SAPITULA Y PACULAN, Accused-Appellant.
R E S O L U T I O N
PEREZ, J.:
Before us for review is the Decision1 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA G.R. CR.-H.C. No. 05186 dated 19 February 2013 which dismissed the appeal of accused-appellant Romel Sapitula y Paculan and affirmed with modification the Judgment2 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Agoo, La Union, Branch 31, in Criminal Case No. A-6013 finding accused-appellant guilty beyond reasonable doubt of attempted sale of a dangerous drug in violation of Section 5 in relation to Section 26 of Republic Act (R.A.) No, 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
Accused-appellant was charged with violation of Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165. The accusatory portion of the Information reads as follows:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
That on or about the 16th day of June 2011, in the Municipality of Sto. Tomas, Province of La Union, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above named accused, without authority of law, did then and there, wilfully, unlawfully and knowingly, for and in consideration of the amount of Three Hundred (Php 300.00) Pesos, sell, convey, deliver and give away to a PO3 Ardic Oayo Palabay one (1) heat sealed plastic sachet containing shabu with a weight of zero point zero nine hundred forty six (0.0946) gram, a dangerous and prohibited drug.At his arraignment, accused-appellant pleaded not guilty. Trial ensued.
Contrary to ihe provision of Section 5, Art. 2 of R.A. 9165.3chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
The prosecution presented as witnesses Police Senior Inspector Diosdado Gagaoin (PSI Gagaoin), Police Officer 3 Ardie Palabay (PO3 Palabay), Police Inspector Maria Theresa Amor Manuel (PI Manuel), PO3 Emmanuel Pimentel, Jr., and PSI Bedalyn Antonio (PSI Antonio), whose testimonies sought to establish the following facts:
Acting on a tip from a confidential informant that accused-appellant sells shabu, PSI Gagaoin instructed PO3 Palabay to conduct a surveillance' and casing operation on him. Upon verification of accused-appellant's involvement in illegal drug activities, PO3 Palabay and his drug asset made a test-buy operation on 14 June 2011, which yielded a purchase of Three Hundred Peso (P300.00) worth of shabu from accused-appellant. Thereafter, PSI Gagaoin headed and organized a buy-bust team composed of PO3 Palabay as poseur-buyer, PO3 Arnel Gravidez as one of the arresting officers and SPO3 Armando Eisma and PO2 Roger Malag as perimeter security. Six (6) pieces of P50.00 bills were prepared as marked money on which PO3 Palabay placed a marking of "A."4chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
At four o'clock in the afternoon of 16 June 2011, the buy-bust team proceeded to Barangay Ambitacay. PO3 Palabay had already been in communication via short message system (SMS) with accused-appellant regarding the amount of shabu to be purchased. It had also been agreed via SMS that they would meet at Ambitacay crossing at six o'clock in the evening.5chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
At the crossing, at half past five o'clock in the afternoon when PO3 Palabay noticed accused-appellant coming his way, he disembarked from the tricycle in which lie had been waiting. He approached accused-appellant who immediately handed to him a heat-sealed plastic sachet containing a white crystalline substance; and PO3 Palabay, in exchange, gave accused-appellant the marked money. Accused-appellant then counted the money while PO3 Palabay placed the sachet in his pocket and removed his cap to signal the arrest to the other police officers. Accused-appellant attempted to flee but was subsequently overcome and handcuffed by the other officers. PO3 Palabay informed accused-appellant of his constitutional rights; took a photograph of the latter as well as the area and the plastic sachet which he marked "AJP-1-11." He also made an inventory of the marked money and the seized plastic sachet in the presence of the Barangay Captain and another witness.6chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Accused-appellant was thereafter brought to the police station. There, PO3 Palabay executed an affidavit of arrest, an affidavit of poseur-buyer and a request for laboratory examination. Then, he brought accused-appellant and the seized items to the crime laboratory, received by PSI Antonio.7 Chemistry Report No. D-030-2011 signed by PI Manuel as Forensic Chemist found the seized plastic sachet positive for the presence of Methamphetamine hydrochlori.de or shabu.8chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Accused-appellant, as the lone witness for the defense, testified that on 16 June 2011, on his way home with his wife and child after a day of ferrying passengers in his tricycle, a male person and his companion flagged him down. The man asked accused-appellant to get down from his tricycle and thereafter, drew out a gun and introduced himself as a policeman. Accused-appellant tried to run away from him but two (2) other persons blocked his way and handcuffed him. These two forced him to hold something and when accused-appellant refused, they rubbed it onto his hands. Thereafter, a patrol car arrived and he was brought to the police station.9chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
On 5 August 2011, the RTC rendered judgment finding accused-appellant guilty of attempted sale of a dangerous drug. The dispositive portion of the RTC Decision reads:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
The accused is found to have attempted to sell .0946 gram of methainphetamine liydrochloride beyond reasonable doubt. The court only found that he attempted to sell.Accused-appellant filed a Notice of Appeal'on 10 August 2011.11 On 19 February 2013, the CA rendered the assailed judgment affirming with modification the trial court's decision. The CA found accused-appellant guilty of the crime charged, or violation of Section 5, Article II of R.A. 9165. The CA ruled that the sale of a dangerous drug was consummated as there had been an exchange of money and the sachet of shabu between PO3 Palabay and accused-appellant.
However, there is a catch provided in Section 26 of R.A. 9165 which prescribes the same penalty as that provided in Section 5 in case of unlawful acts that are enumerated in the aforesaid Section 26, thus the penalty for attempt or conspiracy to commit violations thereof as provided in Section 26 is the same as that provided in Section 5. HOC QUIDEM PER QUAM DURUM EST, SED ITA LEX ESCRIPTA EST or DURA LEX SED LEX is invoked.
Hence, accused Romel Sapitula is sentenced to life imprisonment and is ordered to pay a fine of Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (Php 500.000.00) for attempting to sell less than one gram of mcthamphetamine hydrochloride "shabu."
The penalty is harsh but that is the law on the matter. Less than one gram of "shabu" and wham! One has to spend one's life in prison.
But that is the reality. Not an illusion.
So it is best to avoid drugseverytime.
The drug subject of this case is confiscated in favor of the government.10chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Accused-appellant appealed his conviction before this Court. In a Resolution12 dated 04 December 2013, accused-appellant and the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) were asked to file their respective supplemental briefs if they so desired. Both parties manifested that they will no longer file supplemental briefs as their arguments in their respective briefs are already sufficient.13chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Upon review of the records, the Court affirms the conviction of accused-appellant.
The Court agrees with the CA finding that, contrary to the accused-appellant's assertion, the trial court sufficiently stated the factual and legal bases for its disposition of the case. In convicting accused-appellant, the trial court explained that it gave credence to the testimonies of the police officers pursuant to the presumption of regularity in the performance of their official duties and absent any showing of ill-motive to plant evidence against accused-appellant.14 The trial court also stated that it found accused-appellant's testimony partly incredulous.15chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
The Court, however, upholds the CA's ruling that the crime of sale of a dangerous drug, in this case shabu, was consummated; different from the trial court's ruling that the crime had been committed only at its attempted stage. In so holding, the trial court stated that "[w]hen he realized the trap he was about: to backout in the sale. Nevertheless, the penalty is the same."16 This Court disagrees.
In every prosecution for illegal sale of shabu, the following elements must be sufficiently proved: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment therefor.17chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
The Court finds that all elements for illegal sale were duly established with accused-appellant having been caught inflagrante delicto selling shabu through a buy-bust operation conducted by the buy-bust team of PO3 Palabay.
PO3 Palabay, who acted as the poseur buyer, testified that accused-appellant handed to him the plastic sachet containing the prohibited drug in exchange for Three Hundred Pesos (P300.00), thus:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
This testimony was corroborated by PSI Gagaoin who was strategically posted within the perimeter of the target area.19 The result of the laboratory examination confirmed the presence of methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu on the white crystalline substance inside the plastic sachet received from the accused-appellant. The delivery of the illicit drug to the poseur-buyer and the receipt by the seller of the marked money successfully consummated the buy-bust transaction.20chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Accused-appellant's denial of the charges and assertion of a frame-up, uncorroborated by any positive testimony of the people who were allegedly with him during the incident, are indeed incredulous juxtaposed with the positive evidence for his prosecution. Besides, as adequately explained by PSI Antonio, the absence of ultraviolet (UV) powder on accused-appellant's palms (although the dorsal parts of accused-appellant's hands tested positive for UV powder presence) may have been a result of perspiration, wiping or rubbing the hand on a hard object.21 Thus, this matter does not completely negate accused-appellant's culpability as he so asserts.
This Court has, time and again, deferred to the trial court's factual findings and evaluation of the credibility of witnesses, especially when affirmed by the CA, in the absence of any clear showing that the trial court overlooked or misconstrued cogent facts and circumstances that would justify altering or revising such findings and evaluation. The trial court's determination proceeds from its first-hand opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses, their conduct and attitude under grilling examination; the trial court is in a unique position to assess the witnesses' Credibility and to appreciate their truthfulness, honesty and candor.22 And in the instant case, accused-appellant has not projected any strong and compelling reasons to sway the Court into rejecting or revising such factual findings and evaluation in his favor.
We now come to accused-appellant's contention that the procedure for the custody and disposition of confiscated drugs as provided in Section 21 of R.A. No. 0165, was not complied with as the police officers had not conducted an inventory of the plastic sachet of shabu and the same had not been photographed in the presence of accused-appellant and representatives from, the media and the Department of Justice.23chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
First, it must be underscored that this issue was only brought up on appeal and was never raised before the trial court. Nevertheless, a review of PO3 Palaba/s testimony shows that the inventory and photograph requirements had been met, thus:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
More importantly, the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items were duly preserved as the chain of custody remained intact.
The Court has ruled in People v. Enriquez,25 that the links that must be established in the chain of custody in a buy-bust situation are: first, the seizure and marking, if practicable, of the illegal drug recovered from the accused by the apprehending officer; second, the turnover of the illegal drug seized by the apprehending officer to the investigating officer; third, the turnover by the investigating officer of the illegal drug to the forensic chemist for laboratory examination; and fourth, the turnover and submission of the marked illegal drug seized from the forensic chemist to the court.
In the case at bar, PO3 Palabay, the poseur buyer, positively testified that he placed in his pocket the plastic sachet of shabu handed to him by accused-appellant. At the time of arrest, he photographed accused-appellant, the area and the sachet of shabu, marked the same and conducted the inventory before the Barangay Chairman and another witness. PO3 Palabay further testified that he brought accused-appellant and the sachet of shabu to the police station, and there, executed affidavits of arrest and of the poseur buyer and made a request for laboratory examination. PO3 Palabay then took accused-appellant and the sachet of shabu to the crime laboratory and the latter was received by PSI Antonio. Chemistry Report No. D-030-2011 signed by PI Manuel as Forensic Chemist and PSI Antonio as Administering Officer confirmed that the sachet is positive for the presence of methamphetamine hydrochloride.26 And finally, in open court, PO3 Palabay opened the envelope from the Forensic Chemist and identified its contents as the same sachet of shabu he had purchased from accused-appellant.27 The same was offered in evidence and marked as Exhibit "A."28chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
All told, it has been established by proof beyond reasonable doubt that accused-appellant sold shabu. Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165, states that the penalty of life imprisonment to death and fine ranging from P500,000.00 to P1,000,000.00 shall be imposed upon any person who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved. Thus, the CA correctly imposed the penalty of life imprisonment and the line of P500,000.00.
WHEREFORE, the Decision dated 19 February 2013 of the Court of Appeals in CA G.R. CR.-H.C. No. 05186, affirming with modification the conviction of accused-appellant Romel Sapitula y Paculan by the Regional Trial Court of Agoo, La Union, Branch 31, for violation of Section 5, Article II of Republic Act No. 9165 and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of life imprisonment and to pay a fine of P500,000.00 is hereby AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Velasco, Jr., (Chairperson), Mendoza,*Reyes, and Perlas-Bernabe,**JJ., concur.cralawlawlibrary
Endnotes:
* Additional Member per Raffle dated 25 January 2016.
** Additional Member per Raffle dated 25 January 2016.
1Rollo, pp. 2-25; Penned by Associate Justice Fernanda Lampas Peralta with Associate Justices Francisco P. Acosla and Angelita A. Gacutan concurring.
2 Records, pp. 76-122; Presided by Presiding Judge Clifton U. Ganay.
3 Id. at 1.
4 TSN, 20 July 2011, pp. 4-13; TSN, 21 July 2011, pp. 3-13; TSN, 26 July 2011, p. 4.
5 TSN, 21 July 2011, pp. 13-18.
6 Id. at 18-28.
7 Id. at 29-30; TSN, 26 July 2011, p. 8; Records, pp. 1 and 8; Exhibit "I-1" and "B-1."
8 Records, p. 49; Exhibit "B."
9 TSN, 2 August 2011, pp. 3-9.
10 Records, pp. 120-122.
11 Id. at 123-124.
12Rollo, p. 31.
13 Id. at 104.
14 Records, pp. 116-117.
15 Id. at 99.
16 Id. at 117.
17People v. Buenaventura, 677 Phil. 230, 238 (2011).
18 TSN, 21 July 2011, pp. 19-20.
19 TSN, 20 July 2011, pp. 15-22.
20People v. Montevirgen, G.R. No. 189840, 11 December 2013, 712 SCRA 459, 468.
21 TSN, 26 July 2011, pp. 4-6.
22Medina, Jr. v. People, G.R. No. 161308, 15 January 2014, 713 SCRA 311, 320.
23 CA rollo, pp. 96-97.
24 TSN, 21 July 2011, p. 22.
25 G.R. No. 197550, 25 September 2013, 706 SCRA 337, 353 citing People v. Magno, 20 October, 2010, 634 SCRA 441,451.
26 Records, p. 9.
27 TSN, 21 July 2011, pp. 25-26.
28 Records, p. 48.
