SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. 170060, August 17, 2016
DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. CLARGES CORPORATION, REALTY Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
LEONEN, J.:
The admission of a third-party complaint lies within the sound discretion of the trial court. If leave to file a third-party complaint is denied, then the proper remedy is to file a separate case, not to insist on the admission of the third-party complaint all the way up to this Court.
This resolves a Petition for Review on Certiorari1 assailing the Court of Appeals Decision2 dated June 22, 2005 in CA-G.R. CV No. 56570. The Court of Appeals affirmed the Regional Trial Court Decision3 ordering the Development Bank of the Philippines to deliver to Clarges Realty Corporation a clean title of the property subject of the Deed of Absolute Sale dated November 23, 1987.4chanrobleslaw
The property is a 12,355-square-meter parcel of land located along Pasong Tamo Extension, Makati City.5 It was covered by Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) No. S-16279 and was registered under the name of Marinduque Mining and Industrial Corporation.6chanrobleslaw
To secure a loan, Marinduque Mining and Industrial Corporation first mortgaged the property to Caltex Philippines, Inc. A second mortgage was constituted over the property, this time in favor of the Development Bank of the Philippines and the Philippine National Bank.7chanrobleslaw
When Marinduque Mining and Industrial Corporation failed to pay its loan obligations, the Development Bank of the Philippines and the Philippine National Bank jointly instituted extrajudicial foreclosure proceedings over the property sometime in July and August 1984.8 The mortgagee banks emerged as the highest bidders during the public sale but were unable to redeem the property because of Caltex Philippines, Inc.'s first mortgage.
On January 20, 1986, first mortgagee Caltex Philippines, Inc. foreclosed its mortgage on the property.9 As second mortgagee, the Development Bank of the Philippines redeemed the property from Caltex Philippines, Inc.10 and the property formed part of the Development Bank of the Philippines' physical assets.
The Development Bank of the Philippines then offered the property for public sale, where Clarges Realty Corporation emerged as the highest bidder.11 Clarges Realty Corporation offered P24,070,000.00 as payment for the property.12chanrobleslaw
On November 23, 1987, the Development Bank of the Philippines (as vendor) and Clarges Realty Corporation (as vendee) executed a Deed of Absolute Sale13 for the property. The parties agreed that all expenses to be incurred in connection with the transfer of title to Clarges Realty Corporation would be borne by the Development Bank of the Philippines.14 Moreover, the Development Bank of the Philippines bound itself under Clause 6 of the Deed of Absolute Sale to deliver a title to the property "free from any and all liens and encumbrances on or before December 15, 1987."15chanrobleslaw
The Development Bank of the Philippines succeeded in having the property registered under its name. Marinduque Mining and Industrial Corporation's TCT No. S-16279 was cancelled and, in its place, TCT No. 151178 was issued.16chanrobleslaw
However, TCT No. 151178 contained annotations from the former TCT No. S-16279, specifically, the mortgage lien of the Philippine National Bank and a tax lien for unpaid taxes incurred by Marinduque Mining and Industrial Corporation. The annotations state:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
Entry No. 761 - MORTGAGE in favor of PHILIPPINE NATIONALDecember 15, 1987 passed, and the Development Bank of the Philippines delivered to Clarges Realty Corporation the owner's duplicate copy of TCT No. 151178 with the mortgage and tax liens still annotated on it.18 Clarges Realty Corporation demanded a clean title from the Development Bank of the Philippines, but the bank failed to deliver a clean title.19chanrobleslaw
BANK in the initial amount of PHILIPPINE PESOS: FOUR BILLION (P4,000,000,000.00) and to secure any and all obligations with PNB, whether contracted before, during or after the date of this instrument, acknowledged before Notary Public Manila, Norrna C. [illegible in rollo] Doc No. 284, Page No. 58, Book No. Ill, series of 1981.Date of instrument - July 13,1981
Date of inscription-June 10, 1982[sgd]
VICENTE N. COLOYAN, Register of Deedsx-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x
Entry No. 24513/3-16279 - NOTICE OF TAX LIEN -
The registered owner of this title is under obligation to pay the government of the Republic of the Philippines in the amount of SIXTY EIGHT MILLION SEVEN HUNDRED FIFTY EIGHT THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED FIFTY TWO & 51/100 (P68,758,852.51) PESOS in accordance with the letter of Rornulo M. Villa, deputy commissioner, BIR, QC.Date of instrument - Aug. 28, 1986
Date of inscription- Oct. 10, 1986[sgd]
MILA G. FLORES, Register of Deeds17
Entry No. 91584/S-16279 - PARTIAL CANCELLATION -By virtue of a Request of the Bureau of Internal Revenue, the Notice of Tax Lien inscribed under Entry No. 24513 is hereby PARTIALLY CANCELLED as to the amount of TWENTY FOUR MILLION THREE HUNDRED ELEVEN THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED NINETY SEVEN PESOS AND FORTY ONE CENTAVOS (F24,311,997.41) signed JOSE U. ONG, Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Date of Instrument-Oct. 16, 1989Clarges Realty Corporation had already rested its case when the Development Bank of the Philippines moved for leave of court to file a third-party complaint.28 The Development Bank of the Philippines sought to implead the Asset Privatization Trust as a third-party defendant and maintained that the Asset Privatization Trust had assumed the "direct and personal"29 obligation to pay for Marinduque Mining and Industrial Corporation's tax liability and to have the partially reduced tax lien cancelled.
Date of inscription - Jan. 19, 1990[sgd]
ANTONIO L. LEACHON III
DEPUTY REGISTER OF DEEDS II27
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing defendant Development Bank of the Philippines is ordered:The Development Bank of the Philippines filed an appeal before the Court of Appeals.
chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary1. To remove or cause the removal of Entry No. 94584[sic]/S- 16279 from TCT No. 162836 within thirty (30) days from finality of this Decision;
2. To pay plaintiff Clarges Realty Corporation the amount of F163,929 representing the fees incurred by the latter for the cancellation of Entry No. 761, and the amount of P632.90 representing miscellaneous and transportation expenses incurred by plaintiff's representative in connection with this case;
3. To pay P50,000.00 as attorney's fees; and cralawlawlibrary
4. To pay the costs of litigation.
SO ORDERED.42chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
WHEREFORE, the Decision of the RTC of Makati City, Branch 64 in Civil Case No. 89-2895 is MODIFIED in that the award of damages in the amount of P632.90 representing miscellaneous expenses and transportation expenses is hereby DELETED. In all other respects, the said judgment is AFFIRMED.The Development Bank of the Philippines moved for partial reconsideration, but the Motion was denied in the Resolution50 dated October 10, 2005.
SO ORDERED.49 (Emphasis in the original)
SEC. 11. Third, (fourth, etc.)-party complaint. - A third (fourth, etc.)-party complaint is a claim that a defending party may, with leave of court, file against a person not a party to the action, called the third (fourth, etc.)-party defendant, for contribution, indemnity, subrogation or any other relief, in respect of his opponent's claim.Based on this provision, the Asset Privatization Trust would have been a valid third-party defendant. As the trustee of the National Government to whom petitioner's assets were transferred under Proclamation No. 50,74 the Asset Privatization Trust acquired the liabilities attached to those assets.
[The Development Bank of the Philippines] is a government bank. To pay the taxes of a private corporation out of its coffers, and when such account was already transferred to a Government Liquidator, such as [the Asset Privatization Trust], would be a crime punishable under the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Law, at the very least not to mention the enormous amount of not less than P44 Mililion Pesos involved.80 (Underscoring in the original)This argument is wrong. A lien is a "legal claim or charge on property, either real or personal, as a collateral or security for the payment of some debt or obligation."81 A lien, until discharged, follows the property. Hence, when petitioner acquired the property, the bank also acquired the liabilities attached to it, among them being the tax liability to the Bureau of Internal Revenue. That the unpaid taxes were incurred by the defunct Marinduque Industrial and Mining Corporation is immaterial. In acquiring the property, petitioner assumed the obligation to pay for the unpaid taxes.
The third-party complaint, is therefore, a procedural device whereby a "third party" who is neither a party nor privy to the act or deed complained of by the plaintiff, may be brought into the case with leave of court, by the defendant, who acts as third party plaintiff to enforce against such third party defendant a right for contribution, indemnity, subrogation or any other relief, in respect of the plaintiff's claim. The third party complaint is actually independent of and separate and distinct from the plaintiff's complaint. Were it not for this provision of the Rules of Court, it would have to be filed independently and separately from the original complaint by the defendant against the third party. But the Rules permit defendant to bring in a third party defendant or so to speak, to litigate his separate cause of action in respect of plaintiff's claim against a third party in the original and principal case with the object of avoiding circuitry of action and unnecessary proliferation of lawsuits and of disposing expeditiously in one litigation the entire subject matter arising from one particular set of facts. Prior leave of Court is necessary, so that where the allowance of a third party complaint would delay the resolution of the original case, such as when the third-party defendant cannot be located or where matters extraneous to the issue of possession would unnecessarily clutter a case of forcible entry, or the effect would be to introduce a new and separate controversy into the action, the salutary object of the rule would not be defeated, and the court should in such cases require the defendant to institute a separate action. When leave to file the third party complaint is properly granted, the Court renders in effect two judgments in the same case, one on the plaintiff's complaint and the other on the third party complaint. When he finds favorably on both complaints, as in this case, he renders judgment on the principal complaint in favor of plaintiff against defendant and renders another judgment on the third party complaint in favor of defendant as third party plaintiff, ordering the third party defendant to reimburse the defendant whatever amount said defendant is ordered to pay plaintiff in the case. Failure of any of said parties in such a case to appeal the judgment as against him makes such judgment final and executory. By the same token, an appeal by one party from such judgment does not inure to the benefit of the other party who has not appealed nor can it be deemed to be an appeal of such other party from the judgment against him.83 (Citations omitted)There was no grave abuse of discretion in denying leave to admit the third-party complaint against the Asset Privatization Trust. As the Court of Appeals observed, the trial court would have wasted time and effort had it admitted the third-party complaint. Respondent, the original plaintiff, had already rested its case when the Motion for Leave was filed. The original case would have dragged on with the addition of a new party at a late stage of the trial. We agree with the following discussion of the Court of Appeals:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
While the Rules of Court does not provide a definite period in which a third-party complaint may be filed, Section 12, Rule 6 thereof requires leave of court before filing the same. Whether to grant such leave is entrusted to the discretion of the court.
We do not find any abuse of discretion on the part of the court a quo in denying the leave. It bears to emphasize that the rationale for permissive joinder of a third-party defendant who may be liable to the original defendant is judicial economy. This practice avoids multiplicity of actions and saves time and reduplication of effort by trying all issues together in one action. However, there is little economy in waiting to join the third-party defendant after the original plaintiff rested its case, as [the Development Bank of the Philippines] did in this case, especially when it tried to pass on its liability to [the Asset Privatization Trust] at the very first instance. Not only will the probable delay prejudice Clarges [Realty Corporation], there is also great possibility of prejudice to [the Asset Privatization Trust]. This is because the latter will be unable to defend against [Clarges Realty Corporation's] claim upon which its liability may depend.84chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Endnotes:
* On leave.
1Rollo, pp. 33-70.
2 Id. at 9—24. The Decision was penned by Associate Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and concurred in by Associate Justices Renato C. Dacudao (Chair) and Edgardo F. Sundiam of the Thirteenth Division, Court of Appeals, Manila.
3 Id. at 92-99. The Decision was penned by Judge Delia H. Panganiban of Branch 64 of the Regional Trial Court, Makati City.
4 Id. at 23.
5 Id. at 10.
6 Id.
7 Id. See Asset Privatization Trust v. Court of Appeals, 360 Phil. 768 (1998) [Per J. Kapunan, Third Division]; and Uniland Resources v. Development Bank of the Philippines, 277 Phil. 839 (1991) [Per J. Gancayco, First Division].
8See Development Bank of the Philippines v. The Honorable Court of Appeals, 415 Phil. 538, 541 (2001) [Per J. Kapunan, First Division].
9 Roth, p. 10.
14 Id.
11 Id.
12 Id. at 204.
13 Id. at 216-217.
14 Id. at 11.
15 Id.
16] Id. at 213.
17 Id. at 215.
18 Id. at 12.
19 Id.
20 Id. at 207-212.
21 Id. at218-225.
22Rollo, p. 221.
23 Proclaiming and Launching a Program for the Expeditious Disposition and Privatization of Certain Government Corporations and/or the Assets Thereof, and Creating the Committee on Privatization and the Asset Privatization Trust (1986).
24 Rollo,V. 13.
25cralawred Id.
26 Id.
27 RTC records, p. 318, Photocopy of TCT No. 162836, registered in the name of Clarges Realty Corporation.
28 Rollo, pp. 471^73.
29 Id. at 477.
30 RTC records, p. 369-372.
31 Id.
32Rollo, pp. 496^98.
33 Id. at 497.
34 Id. at 497-498.
35 Id. at 505.
36 Id. at 14.
37 Id. at 92-99. The Decision was penned by Presiding Judge Delia H. Panganiban.
38 Id. at 95-96.
39 Id. at 96.
40 Id. at 97.
41 Id. at 99.
42 Id. at 99.
43 Id. at 23.
44 Id. at 17-19.
45 Id.
46 Id.
47 Id. at 21.
48 Id. at 22.
49 Id. at 23.
50 Id. at 26-27.
51 Id. at 33-70.
52 Id. at 107-124.
53 Id. at 137-151.
54] Id. at 153-154, Resolution dated November 15,2006.
55 Id. at 298-342.
56 Id. at 383^17.
57 Id. at 318.
58 Id. at 332.
59 Id. at 333.
60 Id.
61 Id.
62 Id. at 334-336.
63] Id. at 336-338.
64] Id. at 394-396.
65 Id. at 397-398.
66 Id.
67 Id. at 403.
68 CIVIL CODE, art. 1266 provides:
chanRoblesvirtualLawlibraryArt. 1266. The debtor in obligations to do shall also be released when the prestation becomes legally or physically impossible without the fault of the obligor.
69Rollo, pp. 406-407.
70 Id. at 408-410.
71 Id.
72 CIVIL CODE, art. 2208(2) provides:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibraryArt. 2208. In the absence of stipulation, attorney's fees and expenses of litigation, other judicial costs, cannot be recovered, except:73Rollo, pp. 196-199.
chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary(2) When the defendant's act or omission has compelled the plaintiff to litigate with third persons or to incur expenses to protect his interest[.]
74 Proc. No. 50 (1986), sec. 24 provides:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrarySECTION 24. DEED OF ASSIGNMENT. Each government institution from which assets are to be transferred pursuant to this Proclamation shall and is hereby directed to execute, promptly and in no event later than thirty days after the issuance by the President of the relevant instrument referred to in Section 23 hereof, a deed of assignment in favor of the National Government, which shall, in annexes thereto, describe, account by account, the nature and extent of such assets and to deliver to the Committee such agreements, instruments, records and other papers in respect of such assets as may be deemed by the Committee to be reasonably necessary or appropriate. Each such deed of assignment shall constitute the Minister of Finance in representation of the National Government as attorney-in-fact of the government institution empowered to take such action and do such things as may be necessary on desirable to consolidate and perfect the title of the National Government to such assets, exercising for the purpose, any and all rights and privileges appertaining to the transferor-government institution, pursuant to the provisions of applicable law or contract.A copy of such deed of assignment, together with excerpts from its annexes describing particular property to be transferred, duly certified to be true by the appropriate official before a notary public or other official authorized by law to administer oaths, shall provide sufficient basis to registers of deeds, transfer agents of corporations and other persons authorized to issue certificates of titles, shares of stock and other evidence of title to issue new certificates, shares of stock or other instruments evidencing title to the assets so described to and in the name of the National Government or its duly authorized agent.The transfer of any asset of government directly to the national government as mandated herein shall be for the purpose of disposition, liquidation and/or privatization only, any import in the covering deed of assignment to the contrary notwithstanding. Such transfer, therefore, shall not operate to revert such assets automatically to the general fund or the national patrimony, and shall not require specific enabling legislation to authorize their subsequent disposition, but shall remain as duly appropriated public properties earmarked for assignment, transfer or conveyance under the signature of the Minister of Finance or his duly authorized representative, who is hereby authorized for this purpose, to any disposition entity approved by the Committee pursuant to the provisions of this Proclamation.75 TAX CODE, sec. 219 provides:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrarySec. 219. Nature and Extent of Tax Lien. - If any person, corporation, partnership, joint-account (cuentas en participacion), association or insurance company liable to pay an internal revenue tax, neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount shall be a lien in favor of the Government of the Philippines from the time when the assessment was made by the Commissioner until paid, with interests, penalties, and costs that may accrue in addition thereto upon all property and rights to property belonging to the taxpayer: Provided, That this lien shall not be valid against any mortgagee, purchaser or judgment creditor until notice of such lien shall be filed by the Commissioner in the office of the Register of Deeds of the province or city where the property of the taxpayer is situated or located.76 CIVIL CODE, art. 1266 provides:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibraryArt. 1266. The debtor in obligations to do shall also be released when the prestation becomes legally or physically impossible without the fault of the obligor.77 CIVIL CODE, art. 1267 provides:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibraryArt. 1267. When the service has become so difficult as to be manifestly beyond the contemplation of the parties, the obligor may also be released therefrom, in whole or in part.78See Philippine National Construction Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 338 Phil. 691, 700 (1997) [Per J. Davide, Jr., Third Division],
79 Id.
80Rollo, p. 331.
81People v. The Regional Trial Court of Manila, 258-A Phil. 68, 76 (1989) [Per J. Sarmiento, Second Division].
82 137 Phil. 239 (1969) [Per J. Teehankee, En Banc].
83 Id. at 243-244.
84 Rollo, p. 21.
85 CIVIL CODE, art. 2199 provides:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibraryArt. 2199. Except as provided by law or by stipulation, one is entitled to an adequate compensation only for such pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved. Such compensation is referred to as actual or compensatory damages.86 TSN, April 28, 1993, p. 19.
87Rollo, p. 23.
88 CIVIL CODE, art. 2208(2) provides:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibraryArt. 2208. In the absence of stipulation, attorney's fees and expenses of litigation, other judicial
costs, cannot be recovered, except:
chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary(2) When the defendant's act or omission has compelled the plaintiff to litigate with third persons or to incur expenses to protect his interest.[.]