SPECIAL EN BANC
G.R. No. 214183, February 20, 2017
E. GANZON, INC. (EGI)AND EULALIO GANZON, Petitioners, v. FORTUNATO B. ANDO, JR., Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
PERALTA, J.:
This petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Civil Procedure (Rules) seeks to reverse the February 28, 2014 Decision1 and September 4, 2014 Resolution2 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA G.R. SP No. 126624, which annulled the Resolutions dated May 25, 20123 and July 17, 20124 of the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) which affirmed in toto the December 29, 2011 Decision5 of the Labor Arbiter.
On May 16, 2011, respondent Fortunato B. Ando, Jr. (Ando) filed a complaint6 against petitioner E. Ganzon, Inc. (EGI) and its President, Eulalio Ganzon, for illegal dismissal and money claims for: underpayment of salary, overtime pay, and 13th month pay; non-payment of holiday pay and service incentive leave; illegal deduction; and attorneys fees. He alleged that he was a regular employee working as a finishing carpenter in the construction business of EGI; he was repeatedly hired from January 21, 2010 until April 30, 2011 when he was terminated without prior notice and hearing; his daily salary of 292.00 was below the amount required by law; and wage deductions were made without his consent, such as rent for the barracks located in the job site and payment for insurance premium.
EGI countered that, as proven by the three (3) project employment contract, Ando was engaged as a project worker (Formworker-2) in Bahay Pamulinawen Project in Laoag, Ilocos Norte from June 1, 2010 to September 30,20107 and from January 3, 2011 to February 28,20118 as well as in EGI West Insula Project in Quezon City, Metro Manila from February 22, 2011 to March 31, 2011;9 he was paid the correct salary based on the Wage Order applicable in the region; he already received the 13th month pay for 2010 but the claim for 2011 was not yet processed at the time the complaint was filed; and he voluntarily agreed to pay 500.00 monthly for the cost of the barracks, beds, water, electricity, and other expenses of his stay at the job site.
The Labor Arbiter declared Ando a project employee of EGI but granted some of his money claims. The dispositive portion of the Decision reads:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered Dismissing the complaint for illegal dismissal for lack of merit.Both parties elevated the case to the NLRC,11 which dismissed the appeals filed and affirmed in toto the Decision of the Labor Arbiter. Ando filed a motion for reconsideration,12 but it was denied. Still aggrieved, he filed a Rule 65 petition before the CA,13 which granted the same. The fallo of the Decision ordered:
However, respondents are ordered to pay jointly and severally complainant Fortunato Ando, Jr.The computation of the Computation and Examination Unit of this Office is made part of this Decision.
a.) underpayment of salary: From 2/22/11- 4/30/11 b.) Holiday pay: From 1/21/10 - 4/30/11 c.) Service incentive leave pay: From 1/21/10 - 4/30/11 d.) Proportionate 13th month pay From 1/1/11 - 4/30/11
SO ORDERED.10
WHEREFORE, finding the petition to be impressed with merit, the same is hereby GRANTED. The assailed NLRC resolutions dated May 25, 2012 and July 17, 2012, are hereby ANNULLED insofar as the matter of illegal dismissal is concerned and a new judgment is hereby ENTERED declaring petitioner Fortunato Ando, Jr. illegally dismissed from work. Private respondent E. Ganzon, Inc. (EGI) is hereby ORDERED to pay petitioner Ando, Jr. his full backwages inclusive of his allowances and other benefits computed from April 30, 2011 (the date of his dismissal) until finality of this decision. EGI is further ordered to pay petitioner Ando, Jr. separation pay equivalent to one month salary.EGI's motion for reconsideration15 was denied; hence, this case. The petition is meritorious.
The award of petitioner Ando, Jr.'s money claims granted by the Labor Arbiter and affirmed by the NLRC is SUSTAINED.
SO ORDERED.14
x x x In a Rule 45 review, we consider the correctness of the assailed CA decision, in contrast with the review for jurisdictional error that we undertake under Rule 65. Furthermore, Rule 45 limits us to the review of questions of law raised against the assailed CA decision. In ruling for legal correctness, we have to view the CA decision in the same context that the petition for certiorari it ruled upon was presented to it; we have to examine the CA decision from the prism of whether it correctly determined the presence or absence of grave abuse of discretion in the NLRC decision before it, not on the basis of whether the NLRC decision on the merits of the case was correct. In other words, we have to be keenly aware that the CA undertook a Rule 65 review, not a review on appeal, of the NLRC decision challenged before it This is the approach that should be basic in a Rule 45 review of a CA ruling in a labor case. In question form, the question to ask is: Did the CA correctly determine whether the NLRC committed grave abuse of discretion in ruling on the case?17Errors of judgment are not within the province of a special civil action for certiorari under Rule 65, which is merely confined to issues of jurisdiction or grave abuse of discretion.18 Grave abuse of discretion connotes judgment exercised in a capricious and whimsical manner that is tantamount to lack of jurisdiction.19 To be considered "grave," discretion must be exercised in a despotic manner by reason of passion or personal hostility, and must be so patent and gross as to amount to an evasion of positive duty or to a virtual refusal to perform the duty enjoined by or to act at all in contemplation of law.20] In labor disputes, grave abuse of discretion may be ascribed to the NLRC when its findings and conclusions reached are not supported by substantial evidence or are in total disregard of evidence material to or even decisive of the controversy; when it is necessary to prevent a substantial wrong or to do substantial justice; when the findings of the NLRC contradict those of the LA; and when necessary to arrive at a just decision of the case.21
In the realm of business and industry, we note that "project" could refer to one or the other of at least two (2) distinguishable types of activities. Firstly, a project could refer to a particular job or undertaking that is within the regular or usual business of the employer company, but which is distinct and separate, and identifiable as such, from the other undertakings of the company. Such job or undertaking begins and ends at determined or determinable times. The typical example of this first type of project is a particular construction job or project of a construction company. x x x. Employees who are hired for the carrying out of one of these separate projects, the scope and duration of which has been determined and made known to the employees at the time of employment, are properly treated as "project employees," and their services may be lawfully terminated at completion of the project.As the assigned project or phase begins and ends at determined or determinable times, the services of the project employee may be lawfully terminated at its completion.29
The term "project" could also refer to, secondly, a particular job or undertaking that is not within the regular business of the corporation. Such a job or undertaking must also be identifiably separate and distinct from the ordinary or regular business operations of the employer. The job or undertaking also begins and ends at determined or determinable times. x x x28
5. [His] services with the Project will end upon completion of the phase of work for which [he was] hired for and is tentatively set on (written date). However, this could be extended or shortened depending on the work phasing.31The CA opined that Ando's contracts do not bear the essential element of a project employment because while his contracts stated the period by which he was engaged, his tenure remained indefinite. The appellate court ruled that the stipulation that his services "could be extended or shortened depending on the work phasing" runs counter to the very essence of project employment since the certainty of the completion or termination of the projects is in question. It was noted that, based on Ando's payslips, his services were still engaged by EGI even after his contracts expired. These extensions as well as his repeated rehiring manifested that the work he rendered are necessary and desirable to EGI's construction business, thereby removing him from the scope of project employment contemplated under Article 280.
x x x By entering into such a contract, an employee is deemed to understand that his employment is coterminous with the project. He may not expect to be employed continuously beyond the completion of the project. It is of judicial notice that project employees engaged for manual services or those for special skills like those of carpenters or masons, are, as a rule, unschooled. However, this fact alone is not a valid reason for bestowing special treatment on them or for invalidating a contract of employment. Project employment contracts are not lopsided agreements in favor of only one party thereto. The employer's interest is equally important as that of the employee's for theirs is the interest that propels economic activity. While it may be true that it is the employer who drafts project employment contracts with its business interest as overriding consideration, such contracts do not, of necessity, prejudice the employee. Neither is the employee left helpless by a prejudicial employment contract. After all, under the law, the interest of the worker is paramount.35The Court has upheld the validity of a project-based contract of employment provided that the period was agreed upon knowingly and voluntarily by the parties, without any force, duress or improper pressure being brought to bear upon the employee and absent any other circumstances vitiating his consent; or where it satisfactorily appears that the employer and employee dealt with each other on more or less equal terms with no moral dominance whatever being exercised by the former over the latter; and it is apparent from the circumstances that the period was not imposed to preclude the acquisition of tenurial security by the employee.36 Otherwise, such contract should be struck down as contrary to public policy, morals, good custom or public order.37
x x x While the former requires a project as restrictively defined above, the duration of a fixed-term employment agreed upon by the parties may be any day certain. which is understood to be "that which must necessarily come although it may not be known when." The decisive determinant in fixed-term employment is not the activity that the employee is called upon to perform but the day certain agreed upon by the parties for the commencement and termination of the employment relationship.40
A "day" x x x is understood to be that which must necessarily come, although is may not be known exactly when. This means that where the final completion of a project or phase thereof is in fact determinable and the expected completion is made known to the employee, such project employee may not be considered regular, notwithstanding the one-year duration of employment in the project or phase thereof or the one-year duration of two or more employments in the same project or phase of the project.Ando's tenure as a project employee remained definite because there was certainty of completion or termination of the Bahay Pamulinawen and the West Insula Projects. The project employment contracts sufficiently apprised him that his security of tenure with EGI would only last as long as the specific projects he was assigned to were subsisting. When the projects were completed, he was validly terminated from employment since his engagement was coterminous thereto.
The completion of the project or any phase thereof is determined on the date originally agreed upon or the date indicated in the contract, or if the same is extended, the date of termination of project extension.43
x x x It is widely known that in the construction industry, a project employee's work depends on the availability of projects, necessarily the. duration of his employment. It is not permanent but coterminous with the work to which he is assigned. It would be extremely burdensome for the employer, who depends on the availability of projects, to carry him as a permanent employee and pay him wages even if there are no projects for him to work on. The rationale behind this is that once the project is completed it would be unjust to require the employer to maintain these employees in their payroll. To do so would make the employee a privileged retainer who collects payment from his employer for work not done. This is extremely unfair to the employers and amounts to labor coddling at the expense of management.46Finally, the second paragraph of Article 280, stating that an employee who has rendered service for at least one (1) year shall be considered a regular employee, is applicable only to a casual employee and not to a project or a regular employee referred to in paragraph one thereof.47
Endnotes:
1 Penned by Associate Justice Romeo F. Barza, with Associate Justices Hakim S. Abdulwahid and Ramon A. Cruz concurring; rollo, pp. 24-34.
2Rollo, pp. 36-37.
3Id. at 77-84, 203-210; CA rollo, pp. 122-129.
4Id. at 224; id. at 144-145.
5Id. at 51-60, 167-176.
6Id. at 97-98.
7Id. at 145.
8Id. at 146.
9Id. at 125.
l0Id. at 59, 175.
11Id. at 62-75, 177-190, 192-200.
12Id. at 211-223.
13Id. at 85-94.
l4Id. at 33. (Emphasis in the original)
15Id. at 238-250.
16 613 Phil. 696 (2009).
17Montoya v. Transmed Manila Corporation, supra, at 707. (Citations omitted; emphasis supplied). See also Holy Child Catholic School v. Sto. Tomas, G.R. No. 179146, July 23, 2013; Nina Jewelry Manufacturing of Metal Arts, fnc. v. Montecillo, 677 Phil. 447, 464 (2011 ); Kaisahan at Kapatiran ng mga Manggagawa at Kawani sa MWC-East Zone Union v. Manila Water Company, Inc., 676 Phil. 262, 273-274 (2011 ); Phimco Tndustries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PTLA<), 642 Phil. 275, 288 (2010); and Mercado v. AMA Computer College-ParaPiaque City, Inc., 632 Phil. 228,248 (2010).
18Cocomangas Hotel Beach Resort and/or Munro v. Visca, et al., 585 Phil. 696, 704 (2008).
19Quebral v. Angbus Construction, Inc., G.R. No. 221897, November 7, 2016; Dacles v. Mi!lenium Erectors Corp., G.R. No. 209822, July 8, 20 15; and Omni Hauling Services, Inc. v. Bon, G.R. No. 199388, September 3, 2014, 734 SCRA 270, 277.
20Quebral v. Angbus Construction, Inc., G.R. No. 221897, November 7, 2016; Dacles v. Millenium Erectors Corp., G.R. No. 209822, July 8, 20 15; and Omni Hauling Services, Inc. v. Bon, supra.
21 See Quebral v. Angbus Construction. Inc.. G.R. No. 221897, November 7, 2016: Dacles v. Millenium Erectors Corp., G.R. No. 209822, July 8, 20 15; Omni Hauling Services, Inc. v. Bon. supra; and Cocomangas Hotel Beach Resort and/or Monro v. Visca. et al., 585 Ph;l. 696, 705-706 (2008).
22 ARTICLE 280. Regular and casual employment. - The provisions of written agreement to the contrary notwithstanding and regardless of the oral agreement of the parties, an employment shall be deemed to be regular where the employee has been engaged to perform activities which are usually necessary or desirable in the usual business or trade of the employer, except where the employment has been fixed for a specific project or undettaking the completion or termination of which has been determined at the time of the engagement of the employee or where the work or services to be performed is seasonal in nature and employment is for the duration of the season.
An employment shall be deemed to be casual if it is not covered by the preceding paragraph:
Provided, That, any employee who has rendered at least one year of service, whether such service is continuous or broken, shall be considered a regular employee with respect to the activity in which he is employed and his employment shall continue while such activity actually exist.
23 260 PhiL 747 (1990).
24GMA Network, Inc. v. Pabriga, et al., 722 Phil. 161, 170 (2013) and Leyte Geothermal Power Progressive Employees Union-ALU-TUCP v. PNOC-Energy Dev't Corp, 662 Phil. 225,233 (2011).
25Felipe v. Danilo Divina Tamayo Konstract, Inc. (DDTKI) and/or Tamayo, G.R. No. 218009, September 21, 2016; Dacles v. Millenium Erectors Corp., G.R. No. 209822, July 8, 2015; Omni Hauling Services, Inc. v. Bon, supra note 19, at 279; Alcatel Phils., Inc., et at. v. Relos, 609 Phil. 307, 314 (2009); and Abesco Construction and Dev't Corp. v. Ramirez, 521 Phil. 160, 165 (2006).
26 See Caseres v. Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corp. (URSUMCO) and/or Cabate, 560 Phil. 615, 620 (2007) and Abesco Construction and Dev't Corp. v. Ramirez, 521 Phil. 160, 165 (2006).
27 G.R. No. 109902, August 2, 1994, 234 SCRA 678.
28ALU-TUCP v. National Labor Relations Commission, supra, at 685-686. See also Felipe v Danilo Divina Tamayo Konstract, Inc. (DDTKI) and/or Tamayo, G.R. No. 218009, September 21, 2016; Omni Hauling Sef!Jices, lnc. v. Bon, supra note 19, at 279; GMA Network, Inc. v. Pabriga, et al., supra note 24, at 171-172; Leyte Geothermal Power Progressive Employees Union-ALU-TUCP v. PNOC-Energy Dev't Corp, 662 Phil. 225,237 (2011); and Villa v. NLRC, 348 Phil. 116, 143 (1998).
29 See Felipe v. Danilo Divina Tamayo Konstract, Inc. (DDTKI) and/or Tamayo, G.R. No. 218009, September 21, 2016; Dacles v. Millenium Erectors Corp., G.R. No. 209822, July 8, 2015; Omni Hauling Services, Inc. v. Bon, supra note 19, at 278-279; Alcatel Phils., Inc., et al. v. Relos, 609 Phil. 307, 314 (2009); and Caseres v. Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corp. (URSUMCO) and/or Cabate, supra note 26, at620.
30Rollo, pp. 125, 145-146.
31Id.
32Id. at 106-108, 1ll.
33Id. at 43, 46, 110, 137, 140, 230-231, 242, 245-246, 248-249.
34Id.at 44, 109,111,138,231,242,245,249.
35Villa v. NLRC, supra note 28, at 141, as cited in Caseres v. Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corp. (URSUMCO) and/or Cabate, supra note 26, at 622 and Leyte Geothermal Power Progressive Employees Union-ALU-TUCP v. PNOC-Energy Dev't Carp, supra note 28, at 234.
36 See Salinas, Jr. v. NLRC. 317 Phil. 55, 63-64 (1999), citing Caramol v. National Labar Relations Commission, G.R. No. 102973, August 24, 1993, 225 SCRA 582, 586. See also Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction Co. Ltd., et al. v. Ibañez, et al., 578 Phil. 497, 511 (2008).
37 See Salinas, Jr. v. NLRC, supra, citing Caramol v. National Labor Relations Commission, supra, at 586.
38 See Caseres v. Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corp. (URSUMCO) and/or Cabate, supra note 26, at 622-623 and Cartagenas v. Romago Electric Co., Inc., 258 Phil. 445, 449-450 (1989).
39 See Caseres v. Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corp. (URSUMCO) and/or Cabate, supra note 26, at 622-623 and Cartagenas v. Romago Electric Co., Inc., supra, at 449-450.
40GMA Network, Inc. v. Pabriga, et al., supra note 24, at 177-178. (Citations omitted).
41 493 Phil. 923 (2005).
42Rollo, pp. 125, 145-146.
43Section 3.3 (a) of DOLE Department Order No. 19, Series of 1993 (Guidelines Governing the Employment of Workers in the Construction Industry).
44 See Dacles v. Millenium Erectors Corp., G.R. No. 209822, July 8, 2015; Alcatel Phils., Inc., et al. v. Relos, supra note 25, at 314; Caseres v. Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corp. (URSUMCO) and/or Cabate, supra note 26, at 622-623; Abesco Construction and Dev't Corp. v. Ramirez, 521 Phil. 160, 164 (2006); and Cioco, Jr. v. C. E. Construction Corp., 481 Phil. 270, 276 (2004).
45 See Felipe v. Danilo Divina Tamayo Konstract, Inc (DDTI G.R. No. 218009, September 21, 2016)>; Fihystems, Inc. v. Puente, s)>upra note 41, at 934;)>)>and )>Cioco, Jr. v. CE. Construction Corp., )>supra.)>
)>46Malicdem v. Marulas Industrial Corporation, G.R. No. 204406, February 26, 2014, 717 SCRA 563, 574-575 (Citations omitted).
47 See also Dacles v. Millenium Erectors Corp., G.R. No. 209822, July 8,2015.
47Mercado, Sr. v. NLRC, 3rd Div., 278 Phil. 345, 357 (1991), as cited in Leyte Geothermal Power Progressive Employees Union-ALU-TUCP v. PNOC-Energy Dev't Corp, supra note 28, at 238; Fabela v. San Miguel Corp., 544 Phil. 223, 231 (2007); Benares v. Pancho, 497 Phil. 181, 190 (2005); Phil. Fruit & Vegetable Industries, Inc. v. NLRC, 369 Phil. 929, 938 (1999); Palomares v. NLRC, 343 Phil. 213, 224 (1997); Raycor Aircontrol Systems, Inc. v. NLRC, 330 Phil. 306, 326-327 (1996); Cosmos Bottling Corporation v. NLRC, 325 Phil. 663, 672 (1996); ALU-TUCP v. National Labor Relations Commission, supra note 27, at 688; and Fernandez v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 106090, February 28, 1994, 230 SCRA 460, 466.
48D.M. Consunji, Inc. v. Gorres, et al., 641 Phil. 267, 280 (2010).
49Id. at 279, citing Cioco, Jr. v. C.E. Construction Corp., supra note 44, at 277-278.
50Rollo, pp. 147-151.