EN BANC
G.R. No. 229781, October 10, 2017
SENATOR LEILA M. DE LIMA, Petitioner, v. HON. JUANITA GUERRERO, IN HER CAPACITY AS PRESIDING JUDGE, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT OF MUNTINLUPA CITY, BRANCH 204, PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, P/DIR. GEN. RONALD M. DELA ROSA, IN HIS CAPACITY AS CHIEF OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE, PSUPT. PHILIP GIL M. PHILIPPS, IN HIS CAPACITY AS DIRECTOR, HEADQUARTERS SUPPORT SERVICE, SUPT. ARNEL JAMANDRON APUD, IN HIS CAPACITY AS CHIEF, PNP CUSTODIAL SERVICE UNIT, AND ALL PERSONS ACTING UNDER THEIR CONTROL, SUPERVISION, INSTRUCTION OR DIRECTION IN RELATION TO THE ORDERS THAT MAY BE ISSUED BY THE COURT, Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
VELASCO JR., J.:
For consideration is the Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition with Application for a Writ of Preliminary Injunction, and Urgent Prayer for Temporary Restraining Order and Status Quo Ante Order1 under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court filed by petitioner Senator Leila De Lima. In it, petitioner assails the following orders and warrant issued by respondent judge Hon. Juanita Guerrero of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Muntinlupa City, Branch 204, in Criminal Case No. 17-165, entitled "People vs. Leila De Lima, et al.:" (1) the Order dated February 23, 2017 finding probable cause for the issuance of warrant of arrest against petitioner De Lima; (2) the Warrant of Arrest against De Lima also dated February 23, 2017; (3) the Order dated February 24, 2017 committing the petitioner to the custody of the PNP Custodial Center; and finally, (4) the supposed omission of the respondent judge to act on petitioner's Motion to Quash, through which she questioned the jurisdiction of the RTC.2
a) | NPS No. XVI INV-16J-00313, entitled "Volunteers against Crime and Corruption (VACC), represented by Dante Jimenez vs. Senator Leila M De Lima, et al.;" |
b) | NPS No. XVI-INV-16J-00315, entitled "Reynaldo Esmeralda and Ruel Lasala vs. Senator Leila De Lima, et al.;" |
c) | NPS No. XVI-INV-16K-00331, entitled "Jaybee Nino Sebastian, represented by his wife Roxanne Sebastian, vs. Senator Leila M. De Lima, et al.;" and |
d) | NPS No. XVI-INV-16K-00336, entitled "National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) vs. Senator Leila M. De Lima, et al."4 |
That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragas, with the use of their power, position, and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragas and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.19On February 20, 2017, petitioner filed a Motion to Quash,20 mainly raising the following: the RTC lacks jurisdiction over the offense charged against petitioner; the DOJ Panel lacks authority to file the Information the Information charges more than one offense; the allegations and the recitals of facts do not allege the corpus delicti of the charge; the Information is based on testimonies of witnesses who are not qualified to be discharged as state witnesses; and the testimonies of these witnesses are hearsay.21
After a careful evaluation of the herein Information and all the evidence presented during the preliminary investigation conducted in this case by the Department of Justice, Manila, the Court finds sufficient probable cause for the issuance of Warrants of Arrest against all the accused LEILA M. DE LIMA, RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN.Accordingly, the questioned Warrant of Arrest dated February 23, 2017,24 which contained no recommendation for bail, was issued against petitioner.
WHEREFORE, let Warrants of Arrest be issued against the above mentioned accused.
SO ORDERED.23
On March 9, 2017, the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), on behalf of the respondents, interposed its Comment to the petition.27 The OSG argued that the petition should be dismissed as De Lima failed to show that she has no other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy. Further, the OSG posited that the petitioner did not observe the hierarchy of courts and violated the rule against forum shopping. On substantive grounds, the OSG asserted inter alia that the RTC has jurisdiction over the offense charged against the petitioner, that the respondent judge observed the constitutional and procedural rules, and so did not commit grave abuse of discretion, in the issuance of the assailed orders and warrant.28
- Granting a writ of certiorari annulling and setting aside the Order dated 23 February 2017, the Warrant of Arrest dated the same date, and the Order dated 24 February 2017 of the Regional Trial Court Branch 204, Muntinlupa City, in Criminal Case No. 17-165 entitled People of the Philippines versus Leila M. De Lima, et al.;
- Granting a writ of prohibition enjoining and prohibiting respondent judge from conducting further proceedings until and unless the Motion to Quash is resolved with finality;
- Issuing an order granting the application for the issuance of temporary restraining order (TRO) and a writ of preliminary injunction to the proceedings; and
- Issuing a Status Quo Ante Order restoring the parties to the status prior to the issuance of the Order and Warrant of Arrest, both dated February 23, 2017, thereby recalling both processes and restoring petitioner to her liberty and freedom.26
Procedural Issues:Substantive Issues:
- Whether or not petitioner is excused from compliance with the doctrine on hierarchy of courts considering that the petition should first be filed with the Court of Appeals.
- Whether or not the pendency of the Motion to Quash the Information before the trial court renders the instant petition premature.
- Whether or not petitioner, in filing the present petition, violated the rule against forum shopping given the pendency of the Motion to Quash the Information before the Regional Trial Court of Muntinlupa City in Criminal Case No. 17-165 and the Petition for Certiorari filed before the Court of Appeals in C.A. G.R. SP No. 149097, assailing the preliminary investigation conducted by the DOJ Panel.
- Whether the Regional Trial Court or the Sandiganbayan has the jurisdiction over the violation of Republic Act No. 9165 averred in the assailed Information.
- Whether or not the respondent gravely abused her discretion in finding probable cause to issue the Warrant of Arrest against petitioner.
- Whether or not petitioner is entitled to a Temporary Restraining Order and/or Status Quo Ante Order in the interim until the instant petition is resolved or until the trial court rules on the Motion to Quash.
4. On February 24, 2017 at or around nine in the morning (9:00 AM), I went to PNP, CIDG, Camp Crame, Quezon City to notarize the Petition as discussed the previous night.At first glance, it is curious that Atty. Tresvalles-Cabalo who claims to have "stamped and signed the [Verification and Certification and Affidavit of Merit]" inside Camp Crame, presumably in De Lima's presence, still found it necessary to, hours later, "confirm with Senator De Lima that [she had] already notarized the Petition." Nonetheless, assuming the veracity of the allegations narrated in the Affidavit, it is immediately clear that petitioner De Lima did not sign the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping and Affidavit of Merit in front of the notary public. This is contrary to the jurats (i.e., the certifications of the notary public at the end of the instruments) signed by Atty. Tresvalles-Cabalo that the documents were "SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me."
5. I met Senator De Lima when she was brought to the CIDG at Camp Crame and I was informed that the Petition was already signed and ready for notarization.
6. I was then provided the Petition by her staff. I examined the signature of Senator De Lima and confirmed that it was signed by her. I have known the signature of the senator given our personal relationship. Nonetheless, I still requested from her staff a photocopy of any of her government-issued valid Identification Cards (ID) bearing her signature. A photocopy of her passport was presented to me. I compared the signatures on the Petition and the Passport and I was able to verify that the Petition was in fact signed by her. Afterwards, I attached the photocopy of her Passport to the Petition which I appended to my Notarial Report/Record.
7. Since I already know that Sen. De Lima caused the preparation of the Petition and that it was her who signed the same, I stamped and signed the same.
8. To confirm with Senator De Lima that I have already notarized the Petition, I sought entry to the detention facility at or around three in the afternoon (3:00 PM). x x x
x x x x
11. Since I was never cleared after hours of waiting, I was not able to talk again to Senator De Lima to confirm the notarization of the Petition. I then decided to leave Camp Crame.35
SECTION 6. Jurat. - "Jurat" refers to an act in which an individual on a single occasion:While there is jurisprudence to the effect that "an irregular notarization merely reduces the evidentiary value of a document to that of a private document, which requires proof of its due execution and authenticity to be admissible as evidence,"37 the same cannot be considered controlling in determining compliance with the requirements of Sections 1 and 2, Rule 65 of the Rules of Court. Both Sections 1 and 2 of Rule 6538 require that the petitions for certiorari and prohibition must be verified and accompanied by a "sworn certificate of non-forum shopping."
(a) appears in person before the notary public and presents an instrument or document;
(b) is personally known to the notary public or identified by the notary public through competent evidence of identity as defined by these Rules;
(c) signs the instrument or document in the presence of the notary; and
(d) takes an oath or affirmation before the notary public as to such instrument or document.(Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
In this case, when petitioner De Lima failed to sign the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping in the presence of the notary, she has likewise failed to properly swear under oath the contents thereof, thereby rendering false and null the jurat and invalidating the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping. The significance of a proper jurat and the effect of its invalidity was elucidated in William Go Que Construction v. Court of Appeals,39 where this Court held that:Without the presence of the notary upon the signing of the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping, there is no assurance that the petitioner swore under oath that the allegations in the petition have been made in good faith or are true and correct, and not merely speculative. It must be noted that verification is not an empty ritual or a meaningless formality. Its import must never be sacrificed in the name of mere expedience or sheer caprice,41 as what apparently happened in the present case. Similarly, the absence of the notary public when petitioner allegedly affixed her signature also negates a proper attestation that forum shopping has not been committed by the filing of the petition. Thus, the petition is, for all intents and purposes, an unsigned pleading that does not deserve the cognizance of this Court.42 In Salumbides, Jr. v. Office of the Ombudsman,43 the Court held thus:
In this case, it is undisputed that the Verification/Certification against Forum Shopping attached to the petition for certiorari in CA-G.R. SP No. 109427 was not accompanied with a valid affidavit/properly certified under oath. This was because the jurat thereof was defective in that it did not indicate the pertinent details regarding the affiants' (i.e., private respondents) competent evidence of identities.
Under Section 6, Rule II of A.M. No. 02-8-13-SC 63 dated July 6, 2004, entitled the "2004 Rules on Notarial Practice" (2004 Rules on Notarial Practice), a jurat refers to an act in which an individual on a single occasion:
x x x x
In Fernandez v. Villegas (Fernandez), the Court pronounced that non compliance with the verification requirement or a defect therein "does not necessarily render the pleading fatally defective. The court may order its submission or correction or act on the pleading if the attending circumstances are such that strict compliance with the Rule may be dispensed with in order that the ends of justice may be served thereby." "Verification is deemed substantially complied with when one who has ample knowledge to swear to the truth of the allegations in the complaint or petition signs the verification, and when matters alleged in the petition have been made in good faith or are true and correct." Here, there was no substantial compliance with the verification requirement as it cannot be ascertained that any of the private respondents actually swore to the truth of the allegations in the petition for certiorari in CA-G.R. SP No. 109427 given the lack of competent evidence of any of their identities. Because of this, the fact that even one of the private respondents swore that the allegations in the pleading are true and correct of his knowledge and belief is shrouded in doubt.
For the same reason, neither was there substantial compliance with the certification against forum shopping requirement. In Fernandez, the Court explained that "non-compliance therewith or a defect therein, unlike in verification, is generally not curable by its subsequent submission or correction thereof, unless there is a need to relax the Rule on the ground of 'substantial compliance' or presence of 'special circumstances or compelling reasons.'" Here, the CA did not mention nor does there exist - any perceivable special circumstance or compelling reason which justifies the rules' relaxation. At all events, it is uncertain if any of the private respondents certified under oath that no similar action has been filed or is pending in another forum.
x x x x
Case law states that "[v]erification is required to secure an assurance that the allegations in the petition have been made in good faith or are true and correct, and not merely speculative." On the other hand, "[t]he certification against forum shopping is required based on the principle that a party-litigant should not be allowed to pursue simultaneous remedies in different fora." The important purposes behind these requirements cannot be simply brushed aside absent any sustainable explanation justifying their relaxation. In this case, proper justification is especially called for in light of the serious allegations of forgery as to the signatures of the remaining private respondents, i.e., Lominiqui and Andales. Thus, by simply treating the insufficient submissions before it as compliance with its Resolution dated August 13, 2009 requiring anew the submission of a proper verification/certification against forum shopping, the CA patently and grossly ignored settled procedural rules and, hence, gravely abused its discretion. All things considered, the proper course of action was for it to dismiss the petition.40 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
The Court has distinguished the effects of non-compliance with the requirement of verification and that of certification against forum shopping. A defective verification shall be treated as an unsigned pleading and thus produces no legal effect, subject to the discretion of the court to allow the deficiency to be remedied, while the failure to certify against forum shopping shall be cause for dismissal without prejudice, unless otherwise provided, and is not curable by amendment of the initiatory pleading. (Emphasis and italicization from the original.)Notably, petitioner has not proffered any reason to justify her failure to sign the Verification and Certification Against Forum Shopping in the presence of the notary. There is, therefore, no justification to relax the rules and excuse the petitioner's non-compliance therewith. This Court had reminded parties seeking the ultimate relief of certiorari to observe the rules, since nonobservance thereof cannot be brushed aside as a "mere technicality."44 Procedural rules are not to be belittled or simply disregarded, for these prescribed procedures ensure an orderly and speedy administration of justice.45 Thus, as in William Go Que Construction, the proper course of action is to dismiss outright the present petition.
The Court must enjoin the observance of the policy on the hierarchy of courts, and now affirms that the policy is not to be ignored without serious consequences. The strictness of the policy is designed to shield the Court from having to deal with causes that are also well within the competence of the lower courts, and thus leave time for the Court to deal with the more fundamental and more essential tasks that the Constitution has assigned to it.The Court may act on petitions for the extraordinary writs of certiorari, prohibition and mandamus only when absolutely necessary or when serious and important reasons exist to justify an exception to the policy.
In a fairly recent case, we summarized other well-defined exceptions to the doctrine on hierarchy of courts. Immediate resort to this Court may be allowed when any of the following grounds are present: (1) when genuine issues of constitutionality are raised that must be addressed immediately; (2) when the case involves transcendental importance; (3) when the case is novel; (4) when the constitutional issues raised are better decided by this Court; (5) when time is of the essence; (6) when the subject of review involves acts of a constitutional organ; (7) when there is no other plain, speedy, adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law; (8) when the petition includes questions that may affect public welfare, public policy, or demanded by the broader interest of justice; (9) when the order complained of was a patent nullity; and (10) when the appeal was considered as an inappropriate remedy.51Unfortunately, none of these exceptions were sufficiently established in the present petition so as to convince this court to brush aside the rules on the hierarchy of courts.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, and in the interest of substantial justice and fair play, Petitioner respectfully prays the Honorable Court that judgment be rendered:Under paragraph (a), petitioner asks for a writ of certiorari annulling the Order dated February 23, 2017 finding probable cause, the warrant of arrest and the Order dated February 24, 2017 committing petitioner to the custody of the PNP Custodial Center. Clearly petitioner seeks the recall of said orders to effectuate her release from detention and restore her liberty. She did not ask for the dismissal of the subject criminal case.(Emphasis supplied)
- Granting a writ of certiorari annulling and setting aside the Order dated 23 February 2017, the Warrant of Arrest dated the same date, and the Order dated 24 February 2017 of the Regional Trial Court Branch 204, Muntinlupa City, in Criminal Case No. 17-165 entitled People of the Philippines versus Leila M. De Lima et al.;
- Granting a writ of prohibition enjoining and prohibiting respondent judge from conducting further proceedings until and unless the Motion to Quash is resolved with finality;
- Issuing an order granting the application for the issuance of temporary restraining order (TRO) and a writ of preliminary injunction to the proceedings; and
- Issuing a Status Quo Ante Order restoring the parties to the status prior to the issuance of the Order and Warrant of Arrest, both dated February 23, 2017, thereby recalling both processes and restoring petitioner to her liberty and freedom.55
Even Article 1229 of the Civil Code, which SBI and MFII invoke, works against them. Under that provision, the equitable reduction of the penalty stipulated by the parties in their contract will be based on a finding by the court that such penalty is iniquitous or unconscionable. Here, the trial court has not yet made a ruling as to whether the penalty agreed upon by CBC with SBI and MFII is unconscionable. Such finding will be made by the trial court only after it has heard both parties and weighed their respective evidence in light of all relevant circumstances. Hence, for SBI and MFII to claim any right or benefit under that provision at this point is premature.59 (Emphasis supplied)In State of Investment House, Inc. v. Court of Appeals,60 the Court likewise held that a petition for certiorari can be resorted to only after the court a quo has already and actually rendered its decision. It held, viz.:
We note, however, that the appellate court never actually ruled on whether or not petitioner's right had prescribed. It merely declared that it was in a position to so rule and thereafter required the parties to submit memoranda. In making such a declaration, did the CA commit grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction? It did not.An analogous ruling was made by this Court in Diaz v. Nora, where it ruled in this wise:
x x x x
All things considered, this petition is premature. The CA has decided nothing and whatever petitioner's vehement objections may be (to any eventual ruling on the issue of prescription) should be raised only after such ruling shall have actually been promulgated.
The situation evidently does not yet call for a recourse to a petition for certiorari under Rule 65.61 (Italicization from the original. Emphasis supplied.)
x x x In the case of the respondent labor arbiter, he has not denied the motion for execution filed by the petitioner. He merely did not act on the same. Neither had petitioner urged the immediate resolution of his motion for execution by said arbiter. In the case of the respondent NLRC, it was not even given the opportunity to pass upon the question raised by petitioner as to whether or not it has jurisdiction over the appeal, so the records of the case can be remanded to the respondent labor arbiter for execution of the decision.The dissents would deny the applicability of the foregoing on the ground that these were not criminal cases that involved a pending motion to quash. However, it should be obvious from the afore-quoted excerpts that the nature of the cases had nothing to do with this Court's finding of prematurity in those cases. Instead, what was stressed therein was that the lower courts had not yet made, nor was not given the opportunity to make, a ruling before the parties came before this forum.
Obviously, petitioner had a plain, speedy and adequate remedy to seek relief from public respondents but he failed to avail himself of the same before coming to this Court. To say the least, the petition is premature and must be struck down.62 (Emphasis supplied.)
SECTION 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:In the palpable absence of a ruling on the Motion to Quash - which puts the jurisdiction of the lower court in issue - there is no controversy for this Court to resolve; there is simply no final judgment or order of the lower court to review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm. As per the block letter provision of the Constitution, this Court cannot exercise its jurisdiction m a vacuum nor issue a definitive ruling on mere suppositions.
(1) Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus.
(2) Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law or the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and orders of lower courts in:(a) All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation is in question.(b) All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in relation thereto.(c) All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue.(d) All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher.(e) All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved. (Emphasis supplied.)
Forum shopping is the act of litigants who repetitively avail themselves of multiple judicial remedies in different fora, simultaneously or successively, all substantially founded on the same transactions and the same essential facts and circumstances; and raising substantially similar issues either pending in or already resolved adversely by some other court; or for the purpose of increasing their chances of obtaining a favorable decision, if not in one court, then in another. The rationale against forum-shopping is that a party should not be allowed to pursue simultaneous remedies in two different courts, for to do so would constitute abuse of court processes which tends to degrade the administration of justice, wreaks havoc upon orderly judicial procedure, and adds to the congestion of the heavily burdened dockets of the courts.This policy echoes the last sentence of Section 5, Rule 7 of the Rules of Court, which states that "[i]f the acts of the party or his counsel clearly constitute willful and deliberate forum shopping, the same shall be ground for summary dismissal with prejudice and shall constitute direct contempt as well as a cause for administrative sanctions."
x x x x
What is essential in determining the existence of forum-shopping is the vexation caused the courts and litigants by a party who asks different courts and/or administrative agencies to rule on similar or related causes and/or grant the same or substantially similar reliefs, in the process creating the possibility of conflicting decisions being rendered upon the same issues.
x x x x
We emphasize that the grave evil sought to be avoided by the rule against forum-shopping is the rendition by two competent tribunals of two separate and contradictory decisions. To avoid any confusion, this Court adheres strictly to the rules against forum shopping, and any violation of these rules results in the dismissal of a case. The acts committed and described herein can possibly constitute direct contempt.70
Notably, the designation, the prefatory statements and the accusatory portions of the Information repeatedly provide that the petitioner is charged with "Violation of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b), and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165." From the very designation of the crime in the Information itself, it should be plain that the crime with which the petitioner is charged is a violation of RA 9165. As this Court clarified in Quimvel v. People,77 the designation of the offense in the Information is a critical element required under Section 6, Rule 110 of the Rules of Court in apprising the accused of the offense being charged, viz.:x-------------------------------------------------------x
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff, Versus Criminal Case No. 17-165 (NPS No. XVI-INV-16J-00315 and NPS No. XVI-INV-16K-00336) LEILA M. DE LIMA For: Violation of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26 (b), and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165 (Illegal Drug Trading) (66 Laguna de Bay corner Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Parañaque City and/or Room 502, GSIS Building, Financial Center, Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City), RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS (c/o National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue, Manila) and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN, (Barangay Galarin, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan), Accused. INFORMATION
The undersigned Prosecutors, constituted as a Panel pursuant to Department Orders 706 and 790 dated October 14, 2016 and November 11, 2016, respectively, accuse LEILA M. DE LIMA, RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN, for violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 3 (jj), Section 26 (b) and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Act of 2002, committed as follows:That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then the employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position, and authority demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.
CONTRARY TO LAW.76
The offense charged can also be elucidated by consulting the designation of the offense as appearing in the Information. The designation of the offense is a critical element required under Sec. 6, Rule 110 of the Rules of Court for it assists in apprising the accused of the offense being charged. Its inclusion in the Information is imperative to avoid surprise on the accused and to afford him of the opportunity to prepare his defense accordingly. Its import is underscored in this case where the preamble states that the crime charged is of "Acts of Lasciviousness in relation to Section 5(b) of R.A. No. 7610."78 (Emphasis supplied.)Further, a reading of the provisions of RA 9165 under which the petitioner is prosecuted would convey that De Lima is being charged as a conspirator in the crime of Illegal Drug Trading. The pertinent provisions of RA 9165 read:
SECTION 3. Definitions. - As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:While it may be argued that some facts may be taken as constitutive of some elements of Direct Bribery under the Revised Penal Code (RPC), these facts taken together with the other allegations in the Information portray a much bigger picture, Illegal Drug Trading. The latter crime, described by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) as "a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances,"79 necessarily involves various component crimes, not the least of which is the bribery and corruption of government officials. An example would be reports of recent vintage regarding billions of pesos' worth of illegal drugs allowed to enter Philippine ports without the scrutiny of Customs officials. Any money and bribery that may have changed hands to allow the importation of the confiscated drugs are certainly but trivial contributions in the furtherance of the transnational illegal drug trading - the offense for which the persons involved should be penalized.
x x x x
(jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.
x x x x
SECTION 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
x x x x
SECTION 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. - Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:
x x x x
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
x x x x
SECTION 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees.
SECTION 3. Definitions. - As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:It is obvious from the foregoing that the crime of illegal trading has been written in strokes much broader than that for illegal sale. In fact, an illegal sale of drugs may be considered as only one of the possible component acts of illegal trading which may be committed through two modes: (1) illegal trafficking using electronic devices; or (2) acting as a broker in any transactions involved in the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs.
x x x x
(ii) Sell. - Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration.
(jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.
(r) Illegal Trafficking. - The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.In turn, the crimes included in the definition of Illegal Trafficking of drugs are defined as follows:
(a) Administer. - Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means, or of committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person in administering a dangerous drug to himself/herself unless administered by a duly licensed practitioner for purposes of medication.With the complexity of the operations involved in Illegal Trading of drugs, as recognized and defined in RA 9165, it will be quite myopic and restrictive to require the elements of Illegal Sale-a mere component act-in the prosecution for Illegal Trading.
x x x x
(d) Chemical Diversion. - The sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, in-transit, manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug, and shall include packaging, repackaging, labeling, relabeling or concealment of such transaction through fraud, destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits, misdeclaration, use of front companies or mail fraud.
x x x x
(i) Cultivate or Culture. - Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug.
x x x x
(k) Deliver. - Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any means, with or without consideration.
x x x x
(m) Dispense. - Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription.
x x x x
(u) Manufacture. - The production, preparation, compounding or processing of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis, and shall include any packaging or repackaging of such substances, design or configuration of its form, or labeling or relabeling of its container; except that such terms do not include the preparation, compounding, packaging or labeling of a drug or other substances by a duly authorized practitioner as an incident to his/her administration or dispensation of such drug or substance in the course of his/her professional practice including research, teaching and chemical analysis of dangerous drugs or such substances that are not intended for sale or for any other purpose.
x x x x
(kk) Use. - Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body, any of the dangerous drugs.
A broker is generally defined as one who is engaged, for others, on a commission, negotiating contracts relative to property with the custody of which he has no concern; the negotiator between other parties, never acting in his own name, but in the name of those who employed him; he is strictly a middleman and for some purposes the agent of both parties.84 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)In some cases, this Court even acknowledged persons as brokers even "where they actually took no part in the negotiations, never saw the customer."85 For the Court, the primary occupation of a broker is simply bringing "the buyer and the seller together, even if no sale is eventually made."86 Hence, in indictments for Illegal Trading, it is illogical to require the elements of Illegal Sale of drugs, such as the identities of the buyer and the seller, the object and consideration.87 For the prosecution of Illegal Trading of drugs to prosper, proof that the accused "act[ed] as a broker" or brought together the buyer and seller of illegal drugs "using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms" is sufficient.
SECTION 14. Amendment or Substitution. - A complaint or information may be amended, in form or in substance, without leave of court, at any time before the accused enters his plea. After the plea and during the trial, a formal amendment may only be made with leave of court and when it can be done without causing prejudice to the rights of the accused.Now the question that irresistibly demands an answer is whether it is the Sandiganbayan or the RTC that has jurisdiction over the subject matter of Criminal Case No. 17-165, i.e., violation of RA 9165.
Section 20. Confiscation and Forfeiture of the Proceeds or Instruments of the Unlawful Act, Including the Properties or Proceeds Derived from the Illegal Trafficking of Dangerous Drugs and/or Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - x x x xNotably, no other trial court was mentioned in RA 9165 as having the authority to take cognizance of drug-related cases. Thus, in Morales v. Court of Appeals,93 this Court categorically named the RTC as the court with jurisdiction over drug related-cases, as follows:
After conviction in the Regional Trial Court in the appropriate criminal case filed, the Court shall immediately schedule a hearing for the confiscation and forfeiture of all the proceeds of the offense and all the assets and properties of the accused either owned or held by him or in the name of some other persons if the same shall be found to be manifestly out of proportion to his/her lawful income:
x x x x
During the pendency of the case in the Regional Trial Court, no property, or income derived therefrom, which may be confiscated and forfeited, shall be disposed, alienated or transferred and the same shall be in custodia legis and no bond shall be admitted for the release of the same.
x x x x
Section 61. Compulsory Confinement of a Drug Dependent Who Refuses to Apply Under the Voluntary Submission Program. - x x x
A petition for the confinement of a person alleged to be dependent on dangerous drugs to a Center may be filed by any person authorized by the Board with the Regional Trial Court of the province or city where such person is found.
x x x x
Section 62. Compulsory Submission of a Drug Dependent Charged with an Offense to Treatment and Rehabilitation. - If a person charged with an offense where the imposable penalty is imprisonment of less than six (6) years and one (1) day, and is found by the prosecutor or by the court, at any stage of the proceedings, to be a drug dependent, the prosecutor or the court as the case may be, shall suspend all further proceedings and transmit copies of the record of the case to the Board.
In the event the Board determines, after medical examination, that public interest requires that such drug dependent be committed to a center for treatment and rehabilitation, it shall file a petition for his/her commitment with the regional trial court of the province or city where he/she is being investigated or tried: x x x
x x x x
Section 90. Jurisdiction. -The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of courts designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in their respective jurisdiction.
The DOJ shall designate special prosecutors to exclusively handle cases involving violations of this Act.
Applying by analogy the ruling in People v. Simon, People v. De Lara, People v. Santos, and Ordonez v. Vinarao, the imposable penalty in this case which involves 0.4587 grams of shabu should not exceed prision correccional. We say by analogy because these cases involved marijuana, not methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu). In Section 20 of RA. No. 6425, as amended by Section 17 of R.A. No. 7659, the maximum quantities of marijuana and methamphetamine hydrochloride for purposes of imposing the maximum penalties are not the same. For the latter, if the quantity involved is 200 grams or more, the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death and a fine ranging from P500,000 to P10 million shall be imposed. Accordingly, if the quantity involved is below 200 grams, the imposable penalties should be as follows:Yet, much has been made of the terminology used in Section 90 of RA 9165. The dissents would highlight the provision's departure from Section 39 of RA 6425 - the erstwhile drugs law, which provides:
x x x x
Clearly, the penalty which may be imposed for the offense charged in Criminal Case No. 96-8443 would at most be only prision correccional duration is from six (6) months and one (1) day to six (6) years. Does it follow then that, as the petitioner insists, the RTC has no jurisdiction thereon in view of the amendment of Section 32 of B.P. Blg. 129 by R.A. No. 7691, which vested upon Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts exclusive original jurisdiction over all offenses punishable with imprisonment not exceeding six (6) years irrespective of the amount of fine and regardless of other imposable accessory or other penalties? This Section 32 as thus amended now reads:
x x x x
The exception in the opening sentence is of special significance which we cannot disregard. x x x The aforementioned exception refers not only to Section 20 of B.P. Blg. 129 providing for the jurisdiction of Regional Trial Courts in criminal cases, but also to other laws which specifically lodge in Regional Trial Courts exclusive jurisdiction over specific criminal cases, e. g., (a) Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by R.A Nos. 1289 and 4363 on written defamation or libel; (b) Decree on Intellectual Property (P. D. No. 49, as amended), which vests upon Courts of First Instance exclusive jurisdiction over the cases therein mentioned regardless of the imposable penalty and (c) more appropriately for the case at bar, Section 39 of R.A. No. 6425, as amended by P.D. No. 44, which vests on Courts of First Instance, Circuit Criminal Courts, and the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts concurrent exclusive original jurisdiction over all cases involving violations of said Act.
x x x x
That Congress indeed did not intend to repeal these special laws vesting exclusive jurisdiction in the Regional Trial Courts over certain cases is clearly evident from the exception provided for in the opening sentence of Section 32 of B.P. Blg. 129, as amended by R.A No. 7691. These special laws are not, therefore, covered by the repealing clause (Section 6) of R.A. No. 7691.
Neither can it be successfully argued that Section 39 of RA. No. 6425, as amended by P.D. No. 44, is no longer operative because Section 44 of B.P. Blg. 129 abolished the Courts of First Instance, Circuit Criminal Courts, and Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts. While, indeed, Section 44 provides that these courts were to be "deemed automatically abolished" upon the declaration by the President that the reorganization provided in B.P. Blg. 129 had been completed, this Court should not lose sight of the fact that the Regional Trial Courts merely replaced the Courts of First Instance as clearly borne out by the last two sentences of Section 44, to wit:
x x x x
Consequently, it is not accurate to state that the "abolition" of the Courts of First Instance carried with it the abolition of their exclusive original jurisdiction in drug cases vested by Section 39 of R.A. No. 6425, as amended by P. D. No. 44. If that were so, then so must it be with respect to Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code and Section 57 of the Decree on Intellectual Property. On the contrary, in the resolution of 19 June 1996 in Caro v. Court of Appeals and in the resolution of 26 February 1997 in Villalon v. Baldado, this Court expressly ruled that Regional Trial Courts have the exclusive original jurisdiction over libel cases pursuant to Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code. In Administrative Order No. 104-96 this Court mandates that:
x x x x
The same Administrative Order recognizes that violations of R.A. No. 6425, as amended, regardless of the quantity involved, are to be tried and decided by the Regional Trial Courts therein designated as special courts.94 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
SECTION 39. Jurisdiction of the Circuit Criminal Court. - The Circuit Criminal Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over all cases involving offenses punishable under this Act.For those in the dissent, the failure to reproduce the phrase "exclusive original jurisdiction" is a clear indication that no court, least of all the RTC, has been vested with such "exclusive original jurisdiction" so that even the Sandiganbayan can take cognizance and resolve a criminal prosecution for violation of RA 9165.
Initially, Rep. Dilangalen referred to the fact sheet attached to the Bill which states that the measure will undertake a comprehensive amendment to the existing law on dangerous drugs - RA No. 6425, as amended. Adverting to Section 64 of the Bill on the repealing clause, he then asked whether the Committee is in effect amending or repealing the aforecited law.Per the "Records of the Bilateral Conference Committee on the Disagreeing Provisions of Senate Bill No. 1858 and House Bill No. 4433," the term "designation" of RTCs that will exclusively handle drug-related offenses was used to skirt the budgetary requirements that might accrue by the "creation" of exclusive drugs courts. It was never intended to divest the RTCs of their exclusive original jurisdiction over drug-related cases. The Records are clear:
Rep. Cuenco replied that any provision of law which is in conflict with the provisions of the Bill is repealed and/or modified accordingly.
In this regard, Rep. Dilangalen suggested that if the Committee's intention was only to amend RA No. 6425, then the wording used should be "to amend" and not "to repeal" with regard to the provisions that are contrary to the provisions of the Bill.
Adverting to Article VIII, Section 60, on Jurisdiction Over Dangerous Drugs Case, which provides that "the Supreme Court shall designate regional trial courts to have original jurisdiction over all offenses punishable by this Act," Rep. Dilangalen inquired whether it is the Committee's intention that certain RTC salas will be designated by the Supreme Court to try drug-related offenses, although all RTCs have original jurisdiction over those offenses.
Rep. Cuenco replied in the affirmative. He pointed that at present, the Supreme Court's assignment of drug cases to certain judges is not exclusive because the latter can still handle cases other than drug-related cases. He added that the Committee's intention is to assign drug-related cases to judges who will handle exclusively these cases assigned to them.
In this regard, Rep. Dilangalen stated that, at the appropriate time, he would like to propose the following amendment; "The Supreme Court shall designate specific salas of the RTC to try exclusively offenses related to drugs."
Rep. Cuenco agreed therewith, adding that the Body is proposing the creation of exclusive drug courts because at present, almost all of the judges are besieged by a lot of drug cases some of which have been pending for almost 20 years.95 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
THE CHAIRMAN (REP. CUENCO). x x x [W]e would like to propose the creation of drug courts to handle exclusively drug cases; the imposition of a 60-day deadline on courts within which to decide drug cases; and No. 3, provide penalties on officers of the law and government prosecutors for mishandling and delaying drugs cases.The exclusive original jurisdiction over violations of RA 9165 is not transferred to the Sandiganbayan whenever the accused occupies a position classified as Grade 27 or higher, regardless of whether the violation is alleged as committed in relation to office. The power of the Sandiganbayan to sit in judgment of high-ranking government officials is not omnipotent. The Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction is circumscribed by law and its limits are currently defined and prescribed by RA 10660,97 which amended Presidential Decree No. (PD) 1606.98 As it now stands, the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over the following:
We will address these concerns one by one.
1. The possible creation of drugs courts to handle exclusively drug cases. Any comments?
x x x x
THE CHAIRMAN (SEN. BARBERS). We have no objection to this proposal, Mr. Chairman. As a matter of fact, this is one of the areas where we come into an agreement when we were in Japan. However, I just would like to add a paragraph after the word "Act" in Section 86 of the Senate versions, Mr. Chairman. And this is in connection with the designation of special courts by "The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of court designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of pending cases in their respective jurisdiction." That is my proposal, Mr. Chairman.
THE CHAIRMAN (REP. CUENCO). We adopt the same proposal.
x x x x
THE CHAIRMAN (SEN. BARBERS). I have no problem with that, Mr. Chairman, but I'd like to call your attention to the fact that my proposal is only for designation because if it is for a creation that would entail another budget, Mr. Chairman. And almost always, the Department of Budget would tell us at the budget hearing that we lack funds, we do not have money. So that might delay the very purpose why we want the RTC or the municipal courts to handle exclusively the drug cases. That's why my proposal is designation not creation.
THE CHAIRMAN (REP. CUENCO). Areglado. No problem, designation. Approved.96
SEC. 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:The foregoing immediately betrays that the Sandiganbayan primarily sits as a special anti-graft court pursuant to a specific injunction in the 1973 Constitution.99 Its characterization and continuation as such was expressly given a constitutional fiat under Section 4, Article XI of the 1987 Constitution, which states:
a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade '27' and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:x x x x(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;(3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;(4) Chairmen and members of the Constitutional Commissions, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.
b. Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a. of this section in relation to their office.
c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One Million pesos (P1,000,000.00).
SECTION 4. The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.It should occasion no surprise, therefore, that the Sandiganbayan is without jurisdiction to hear drug-related cases. Even Section 4(b) of PD 1606, as amended by RA 10660, touted by the petitioner and the dissents as a catch all provision, does not operate to strip the RTCs of its exclusive original jurisdiction over violations of RA 9165. As pointed out by Justices Tijam and Martires, a perusal of the drugs law will reveal that public officials were never considered excluded from its scope. Hence, Section 27 of RA 9165 punishes government officials found to have benefited from the trafficking of dangerous drugs, while Section 28 of the law imposes the maximum penalty on such government officials and employees. The adverted sections read:
SECTION 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for the Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from the Unlawful Act Committed. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00), in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who misappropriates, misapplies or fails to account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts as provided for in this Act.Section 4(b) of PD 1606, as amended by RA 10660, provides but the general rule, couched in a "broad and general phraseology."100Exceptions abound. Besides the jurisdiction on written defamations and libel, as illustrated in Morales101 and People v. Benipayo,102 the RTC is likewise given "exclusive original jurisdiction to try and decide any criminal action or proceedings for violation of the Omnibus Election Code,"103 regardless of whether such violation was committed by public officers occupying positions classified as Grade 27 or higher in relation to their offices. In fact, offenses committed by members of the Armed Forces in relation to their office, i.e., in the words of RA 7055,104 "service-connected crimes or offenses," are not cognizable by the Sandiganbayan but by court-martial.
Any elective local or national official found to have benefited from the proceeds of the trafficking of dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, or have received any financial or material contributions or donations from natural or juridical persons found guilty of trafficking dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, shall be removed from office and perpetually disqualified from holding any elective or appointive positions in the government, its divisions, subdivisions, and intermediaries, including government-owned or -controlled corporations.
SECTION 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees. (Emphasis supplied)
x x x [I]t is a canon of statutory construction that a special law prevails over a general law regardless of their dates of passage-and the special is to be considered as remaining an exception to the general.To reiterate for emphasis, Section 4(b) of PD 1606, as amended by RA 10660, is the general law on jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan over crimes and offenses committed by high-ranking public officers in relation to their office; Section 90, RA 9165 is the special law excluding from the Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction violations of RA 9165 committed by such public officers. In the latter case, jurisdiction is vested upon the RTCs designated by the Supreme Court as drugs court, regardless of whether the violation of RA 9165 was committed in relation to the public officials' office.
So also, every effort must be exerted to avoid a conflict between statutes. If reasonable construction is possible, the laws must be reconciled in that manner.
Repeals of laws by implication moreover are not favored, and the mere repugnancy between two statutes should be very clear to warrant the court in holding that the later in time repeals the other.108
Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).The clear import of the new paragraph introduced by RA 10660 is to streamline the cases handled by the Sandiganbayan by delegating to the RTCs some cases involving high-ranking public officials. With the dissents' proposition, opening the Sandiganbayan to the influx of drug-related cases, RA 10660 which was intended to unclog the dockets of the Sandiganbayan would all be for naught. Hence, sustaining the RTC's jurisdiction over drug-related cases despite the accused's high-ranking position, as in this case, is all the more proper.
SECTION 4. Amendment of Complaint or Information. - If the motion to quash is based on an alleged defect of the complaint or information which can be cured by amendment, the court shall order that an amendment be made.The failure of the trial court to order the correction of a defect in the Information curable by an amendment amounts to an arbitrary exercise of power. So, this Court held in Dio v. People:
If it is based on the ground that the facts charged do not constitute an offense, the prosecution shall be given by the court an opportunity to correct the defect by amendment. The motion shall be granted if the prosecution fails to make the amendment, or the complaint or information still suffers from the same defect despite the amendment.
This Court has held that failure to provide the prosecution with the opportunity to amend is an arbitrary exercise of power. In People v. Sandiganbayan (Fourth Division):Notably, the defect involved in Dio was the Information's failure to establish the venue - a matter of jurisdiction in criminal cases. Thus, in the case at bar where petitioner has not yet been arraigned, the court a quo has the power to order the amendment of the February 17, 2017 Information filed against the petitioner. This power to order the amendment is not reposed with this Court in the exercise of its certiorari powers.
When a motion to quash is filed challenging the validity and sufficiency of an Information, and the defect may be cured by amendment, courts must deny the motion to quash and order the prosecution to file an amended Information. Generally, a defect pertaining to the failure of an Information to charge facts constituting an offense is one that may be corrected by an amendment. In such instances, courts are mandated not to automatically quash the Information; rather, it should grant the prosecution the opportunity to cure the defect through an amendment. This rule allows a case to proceed without undue delay. By allowing the defect to be cured by simple amendment, unnecessary appeals based on technical grounds, which only result to prolonging the proceedings, are avoided.
More than this practical consideration, however, is the due process underpinnings of this rule. As explained by this Court in People v. Andrade, the State, just like any other litigant, is entitled to its day in court. Thus, a court's refusal to grant the prosecution the opportunity to amend an Information, where such right is expressly granted under the Rules of Court and affirmed time and again in a string of Supreme Court decisions, effectively curtails the State's right to due process.112
Section 5. Effect of sustaining the motion to quash. - If the motion to quash is sustained, the court may order that another complaint or information be filed except as provided in Section 6 of this rule. If the order is made, the accused, if in custody, shall not be discharged unless admitted to bail. If no order is made or if having been made, no new information is filed within the time specified in the order or within such further time as the court may allow for good cause, the accused, if in custody, shall be discharged unless he is also in custody for another charge.Section 6, Rule 117, adverted to in the foregoing provision, prevents the re-filing of an information on only two grounds: that the criminal action or liability has already been extinguished, and that of double jeopardy. Neither was invoked in petitioner's Motion to Quash filed before the court a quo.
A preliminary consideration in this case relates to the propriety of the chosen legal remedies availed of by the petitioner in the lower courts to question the denial of his motion to quash. In the usual course of procedure, a denial of a motion to gnash filed by the accused results in the continuation of the trial and the determination of the guilt or innocence of the accused. If a judgment of conviction is rendered and the lower court's decision of conviction is appealed, the accused can then raise the denial of his motion to quash not only as an error committed by the trial court but as an added ground to overturn the latter's ruling.At this juncture, it must be stressed yet again that the trial court has been denied the opportunity to act and rule on petitioner's motion when the latter jumped the grin and prematurely repaired posthaste to this Court, thereby immobilizing the trial court in its tracks. Verily, De Lima should have waited for the decision on her motion to quash instead of prematurely filing the instant recourse.
In this case, the petitioner did not proceed to trial but opted to immediately question the denial of his motion to quash via a special civil action for certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court.
As a rule, the denial of a motion to quash is an interlocutory order and is not appealable; an appeal from an interlocutory order is not allowed under Section 1 (b), Rule 41 of the Rules of Court. Neither can it be a proper subject of a petition for certiorari which can be used only in the absence of an appeal or any other adequate, plain and speedy remedy. The plain and speedy remedy upon denial of an interlocutory order is to proceed to trial as discussed above.114 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
SEC. 5. When warrant of arrest may issue.- (a) By the Regional Trial Court. - Within ten (10) days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge shall personally evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its supporting evidence. He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence on record clearly fails to establish probable cause. If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order when the complaint or information was filed pursuant to Section 6 of this Rule. In case of doubt on the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to present additional evidence within five (5) days from notice and the issue must be resolved by the court within thirty (30) days from the filing of the complaint or information.It is not far-fetched to conclude, therefore, that had the respondent judge waited longer and first attended to the petitioner's Motion to Quash, she would have exposed herself to a possible administrative liability for failure to observe Sec. 5(a), Rule 112 of the Rules of Court. Her exercise of discretion was sound and in conformity with the provisions of the Rules of Court considering that a Motion to Quash may be filed and, thus resolved by a trial court judge, at any time before the accused petitioner enters her plea.118 What is more, it is in accord with this Court's ruling in Marcos v. Cabrera-Faller119 that "[a]s the presiding judge, it was her task, upon the filing of the Information, to first and foremost determine the existence or non-existence of probable cause for the arrest of the accused."
What the Constitution underscores is the exclusive and personal responsibility of the issuing judge to satisfy himself the existence of probable cause. In satisfying himself of the existence of probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest, the judge is not required to personally examine the complainant and his witnesses. Following established doctrine and procedure, he shall: (1) personally evaluate the report and the supporting documents submitted by the fiscal regarding the existence of probable cause and, on the basis thereof, issue a warrant of arrest; or (2) if on the basis thereof he finds no probable cause, he may disregard the fiscal's report and require the submission of supporting affidavits of witnesses to aid him in arriving at a conclusion as to the existence of probable cause.126It must be emphasized, however, that in determining the probable cause to issue the warrant of arrest against the petitioner, respondent judge evaluated the Information and "all the evidence presented during the preliminary investigation conducted in this case." The assailed February 23, 2017 Order is here restated for easy reference and provides, thusly:
After a careful evaluation of the herein Information and all the evidence presented during the preliminary investigation conducted in this case by the Department of Justice, Manila, the Court finds sufficient probable cause for the issuance of Warrants of Arrest against all the accused LEILA M. DE LIMA x x x.127 (Emphasis supplied.)As the prosecutor's report/resolution precisely finds support from the evidence presented during the preliminary investigation, this Court cannot consider the respondent judge to have evaded her duty or refused to perform her obligation to satisfy herself that substantial basis exists for the petitioner's arrest. "All the evidence presented during the preliminary investigation" encompasses a broader category than the "supporting evidence" required to be evaluated in Soliven. It may perhaps even be stated that respondent judge performed her duty in a manner that far exceeds what is required of her by the rules when she reviewed all the evidence, not just the supporting documents. At the very least, she certainly discharged a judge's duty in finding probable cause for the issuance of a warrant, as described in Ho v. People:
The above rulings in Soliven, Inting and Lim, Sr. were iterated in Allado v. Diokno, where we explained again what probable cause means. Probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest is the existence of such facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonably discreet and prudent person to believe that an offense has been committed by the person sought to be arrested. Hence, the judge, before issuing a warrant of arrest, must satisfy himself that based on the evidence submitted, there is sufficient proof that a crime has been committed and that the person to be arrested is probably guilty thereof' At this stage of the criminal proceeding, the judge is not yet tasked to review in detail the evidence submitted during the preliminary investigation. It is sufficient that he personally evaluates such evidence in determining probable cause. In Webb v. De Leon we stressed that the judge merely determines the probability, not the certainty, of guilt of the accused and, in doing so, he need not conduct a de novo hearing. He simply personally reviews the prosecutor's initial determination finding probable cause to see if it is supported by substantial evidence.Notably, for purposes of detennining the propriety of the issuance of a warrant of arrest, the judge is tasked to merely detennine the probability, not the certainty, of the guilt of the accused.129 She is given wide latitude of discretion in the detennination of probable cause for the issuance of warrants of arrest.130 A finding of probable cause to order the accused's arrest does not require an inquiry into whether there is sufficient evidence to procure a conviction.131 It is enough that it is believed that the act or omission complained of constitutes the offense charged.132
x x x x
x x x [T]he judge cannot rely solely on the report of the prosecutor in finding probable cause to justify the issuance of a warrant of arrest. Obviously and understandably, the contents of the prosecutor's report will support his own conclusion that there is reason to charge the accused for an offense and hold him for trial. However, the judge must decide independently. Hence, he must have supporting evidence, other than the prosecutor's bare report, upon which to legally sustain his own findings on the existence (or non-existence) of probable cause to issue an arrest order. This responsibility of determining personally and independently the existence or nonexistence of probable cause is lodged in him by no less than the most basic law of the land. Parenthetically, the prosecutor could ease the burden of the judge and speed up the litigation process by forwarding to the latter not only the information and his bare resolution finding probable cause, but also so much of the records and the evidence on hand as to enable His Honor to make his personal and separate judicial finding on whether to issue a warrant of arrest.
Lastly, it is not required that the complete or entire records of the case during the preliminary investigation be submitted to and examined by the judge. We do not intend to unduly burden trial courts by obliging them to examine the complete records of every case all the time simply for the purpose of ordering the arrest of an accused. What is required, rather, is that the judge must have sufficient supporting documents (such as the complaint, affidavits, counter-affidavits, sworn statements of witnesses or transcript of stenographic notes, if any) upon which to make his independent judgment or, at the very least, upon which to verify the findings of the prosecutor as to the existence of probable cause. The point is: he cannot rely solely and entirely on the prosecutor's recommendation, as Respondent Court did in this case. Although the prosecutor enjoys the legal presumption of regularity in the performance of his official duties and functions, which in turn gives his report the presumption of accuracy, the Constitution, we repeat, commands the judge to personally determine probable cause in the issuance of warrants of arrest. This Court has consistently held that a judge fails in his bounden duty if he relies merely on the certification or the report of the investigating officer.128 (Emphasis supplied.)
Thus, from November 2012 to March 2013, De Lima[,] Ragos and Dayan should be indicted for violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b) and Section 28, of R.A. 9165, owing to the delivery of P5 million in two (2) occasions, on 24 November 2012 and 15 December 2012, to Dayan and De Lima. The monies came inmate Peter Co [were] proceeds from illicit drug trade, which were given to support the senatorial bid of De Lima.The foregoing findings of the DOJ find support in the affidavits and testimonies of several persons. For instance, in his Affidavit dated September 3, 2016, NBI agent Jovencio P. Ablen, Jr. narrated, viz.:
Also in the same period, Dayan demanded from Ragos money to support the senatorial bid of De Lima. Ragos demanded and received P100,000 tara from each of the high-profile inmates in exchange for privileges, including their illicit drug trade. Ablen collected the money for Ragos who, in turn, delivered them to Dayan at De Lima's residence.133
Petitioner's co-accused, Rafael Ragos, recounted in his own Affidavit dated September 26, 2016 a similar scenario:
- On the morning of 24 November 2012, I received a call from Dep. Dir. Ragos asking where I was. I told him I was at home. He replied that he will fetch me to accompany him on a very important task.
- Approximately an hour later, he arrived at my house. Iboarded his vehicle, a Hyundai Tucson, with plate no. RGU910. He then told me that he will deliver something to the then Secretary of Justice, Sen. Leila De Lima. He continued and said "Nior confidential 'to. Tayong dalawa lang ang nakakaalam nito. Dadalhin natin yung quota kay Lola. 5M 'yang nasa bag. Tingnan mo."
- The black bag he was referring to was in front of my feet. It [was a] black handbag. When I opened the bag, I saw bundles of One Thousand Peso bills.
- At about 10 o'clock in the morning, we arrived at the house located at Laguna Bay comer Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Paranaque City.
- Dep. Dir. Ragos parked his vehicle in front of the house. We both alighted the vehicle but he told me to stay. He then proceeded to the house.
- From our parked vehicle, I saw Mr. Ronnie Dayan open the gate. Dep. Dir. Ragos then handed the black handbag containing bundles of one thousand peso bills to Mr. Dayan.
- At that time, I also saw the then DOJ Sec. De Lima at the main door of the house. She was wearing plain clothes which is commonly known referred to as "duster."
- The house was elevated from the road and the fence was not high that is why I was able to clearly see the person at the main door, that is, Sen. De Lima.
- When Dep. Dir. Ragos and Mr. Dayan reached the main door, I saw Mr. Dayan hand the black handbag to Sen. De Lima, which she received. The three of them then entered the house.
- After about thirty (30) minutes, Dep. Dir. Ragos went out of the house. He no longer has the black handbag with him.
- We then drove to the BuCor Director's Quarters in Muntinlupa City. While cruising, Dep. Dir. Ragos told me "Nior 'wag kang maingay kahit kanino at wala kang nakita ha," to which I replied "Sabi moe. e di wala akong nakita."
- On the morning of 15 December 2012, Dep. Dir. Ragos again fetched me from my house and we proceeded to the same house located at Laguna Bay comer Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Paranaque City.
- That time, I saw a plastic bag in front of my feet. I asked Dep. Dir. Ragos "Quota na naman Sir?" Dep. Dir. Ragos replied "Ano pa nga ba, 'tang ina sila lang meron."134
The source of the monies delivered to petitioner De Lima was expressly bared by several felons incarcerated inside the NBP. Among them is Peter Co, who testified in the following manner:
- One morning on the latter part of November 2012, I saw a black handbag containing a huge sum of money on my bed inside the Director's Quarters of the BuCor. I looked inside the black handbag and saw that it contains bundles of one thousand peso bills.
- I then received a call asking me to deliver the black handbag to Mr. Ronnie Dayan. The caller said the black handbag came from Peter Co and it contains "Limang Manok" which means Five Million Pesos (Php5,000,000.00) as a "manor" refers to One Million Pesos (Php1,000,000.00) in the vernacular inside the New Bilibid Prison.
- As I personally know Mr. Dayan and knows that he stays in the house of the then DOJ Sec. Leila M. De Lima located at Laguna Bay corner Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Paranaque City, I knew I had to deliver the black handbag to Sen. De Lima at the said address.
- Before proceeding to the house of Sen. De Lima at the above[-]mentioned address, I called Mr. Ablen to accompany me in delivering the money. I told him we were going to do an important task.
- Mr. Ablen agreed to accompany me so I fetched him from his house and we pro.ceeded to the house of Sen. De Lima at the above-mentioned address.
- While we were in the car, I told Mr. Ablen that the important task we will do is deliver Five Million Pesos (Php5,000,000.00) "Quota" to Sen. De Lima. I also told him that the money was in the black handbag that was on the floor of the passenger seat (in front of him) and he could check it, to which Mr. Ablen complied.
- Before noon, we arrived at the house of Sen. De Lima located at Laguna Bay corner Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Parañaque City.
- I parked my vehicle in front of the house. Both Mr. Ablen and I alighted from the vehicle but I went to the gate alone carrying the black handbag containing the Five Million Pesos (Php5,000,000.00).
- At the gate, Mr. Ronnie Dayan greeted me and opened the gate for me. I then handed the handbag containing the money to Mr. Dayan.
- We then proceeded to the main door of the house where Sen. De Lima was waiting for us. At the main door, Mr. Dayan handed the black handbag to Sen. De Lima, who received the same. We then entered the house.
- About thirty minutes after, I went out of the house and proceeded to my quarters at the BuCor, Muntinlupa City.
- One morning in the middle part of December 2012, I received a call to again deliver the plastic bag containing money from Peter Co to Mr. Ronnie Dayan. This time the money was packed in a plastic bag left on my bed inside my quarters at the BuCor, Muntinlupa City. From the outside of the bag, I could easily perceive that it contains money because the bag is translucent.
- Just like before, I fetched Mr. Ablen from his house before proceeding to the house of Sen. De Lima located at Laguna Bay comer Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Paranaque City, where I know I could find Mr. Dayan.
- In the car, Mr. Ablen asked me if we are going to deliver "quota." I answered yes.
- We arrived at the house of Sen. De Lima at the above[-]mentioned address at noontime. I again parked in front of the house.
- I carried the plastic bag containing money to the house. At the gate, I was greeted by Mr. Ronnie Dayan. At that point, Ihanded the bag to Mr. Dayan. He received the bag and we proceeded inside the house.135
6. Noong huling bahagi ng 2012, sinabi sa akin ni Hans Tan na nanghihingi ng kontribusyon sa mga Chinese sa Maximum Security Compound ng NBP si dating DOJ Sec. De Lima para sa kanyang planong pagtakbo sa senado sa 2013 Elections. Dalawang beses akong nagbigay ng tig-P5 Million para tugunan ang hiling ni Sen. De Lima, na dating DOJ Secretary;All these, at least preliminarily, outline a case for illegal drug trading committed in conspiracy by the petitioner and her co-accused. Thus, the Court cannot sustain the allegation that respondent judge committed grave abuse of discretion in issuing the assailed Order for petitioner's arrest.
7. Binigay ko ang mga halagang ito kay Hans Tan para maibigay kay Sen. Leila De Lima na dating DOJ Secretary. Sa parehong pagkakataon, sinabihan na lang ako ni Hans Tan na naibigay na ang pera kay Ronnie Dayan na siyang tumatanggap ng pera para kay dating DOJ Sec. De Lima. Sinabi rin ni Hans Tan na ang nagdeliver ng pera ay si dating OIC ng BuCor na si Rafael Ragos.
8. Sa kabuuan, nakapagbigay ang mga Chinese sa loob ng Maximum ng P10 Million sa mga huling bahagi ng taong 2012 kay dating DOJ Sec. De Lima para sa kanyang planong pagtakbo sa senado sa 2013 Elections. Ang mga perang ito ay mula sa pinagbentahan ng illegal na droga.136
Thus, probable cause can be established with hearsay evidence, as long as there is substantial basis for crediting the hearsay. Hearsay evidence is admissible in determining probable cause in a preliminary investigation because such investigation is merely preliminary, and does not finally adjudicate rights and obligations ofparties.139 (Emphasis supplied.)Verily, the admissibility of evidence,140 their evidentiary weight, probative value, and the credibility of the witness are matters that are best left to be resolved in a full-blown trial,141 not during a preliminary investigation where the technical rules of evidence are not applied142 nor at the stage of the determination of probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest. Thus, the better alternative is to proceed to the conduct of trial on the merits for the petitioner and the prosecution to present their respective evidence in support of their allegations.
Endnotes:
1Rollo, pp. 3-300.
2 Id. at 8-9.
3 Id. at 338.
4 Id at 15.
5 The members of the DOJ Panel are: Senior Assistant State Prosecutor Peter L. Ong, and Senior Assistant City Prosecutors Alexander P. Ramos, Leilia R. Llanes, Evangeline P. Viudez-Canobas, and Editha C. Fernandez.
6Rollo, p. 339.
7 Id. at 16.
8 Id. at 92-142. Annex "D" to Petition.
9 Id. at 16.
10 Id. at 17.
11 Id.
12 Id.
13 Id at 18.
14 Id. at 18 and 144-195. Annex "E" to Petition.
15 Id.
16 Id. at 340.
17 Id. at 18 and 203-254. Annex "G" to Petition.
18 Id. at 197- 201. Annex "F" to Petition.
19 Id. at 197-198.
20 Id. at 20 and 256-295. Annex "H" to Petition.
21 Id.
22 Id. at 20-21. Annex "A" to Petition.
23 Id. at 85.
24 Id. at 20 and 87. Annex "B" to Petition.
25 Id. at 300.
26 Id. at 66.
27 Id. at 336-431.
28 Id. at 344-346.
29 Id. at 302-306. Urgent Motion and Special Raffle and to Set the Case for Oral Argument dated February 27, 2017.
30 Id. at 436-442.
31 Id. at 446-606.
32 Id. at 8689-8690.
33 Id. at 8706-8769 and 8928-9028, for petitioner and respondents, respectively.
34 Id. at 433-435.
35 Id. at 8689-8690.
36Bides-Ulaso v. Noe-Lacsamana, 617 Phil. 1, 15 (2009).
37Camcam v. Court of Appeals, 588 Phil. 452, 462 (2008).
38 RULE 65. Certiorari, Prohibition and Mandanms.
SECTION 1. Petition for Certiorari. - When any tribunal, board or officer exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions has acted without or in excess of its or his jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction, and there is no appeal, or any plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law, a person aggrieved thereby may file a verified petition in the proper court. x x x. The petition shall be accompanied by a certified true copy of the judgment, order or resolution subject thereof, copies of all pleadings and documents relevant and pertinent thereto, and a sworn certification of non-forum shopping as provided in the paragraph of Section 3, Rule 46.
SECTION 2. Petition for Prohibition. - When the proceedings of any tribunal, corporation, board, officer or person, whether exercising judicial, quasi-judicial or ministerial functions, are without or in excess of its or his jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction, and there is no appeal or any other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law, a person aggrieved thereby may file a verified petition in the proper court. x x x.
The petition shall likewise be accompanied by a certified true copy of the judgment, order or resolution subject thereof, copies of all pleadings and documents relevant and pertinent thereto, and a sworn certification of non-forum shopping as provided in the third paragraph of Section 3, Rule 46. (2a)
39 G.R. No. 191699, April 19, 2016, 790 SCRA 309.
40 Id. at 321-326.
41Kilosbayan Foundation v. Janolo, Jr., 640 Phil. 33, 46 (2010).
42 Id.
43 633 Phil. 325, 331 (2010).
44Ramirez v. Mar Fishing Co., Inc., 687 Phil. 125, 137 (2012), citing Lanzaderas v. Amethyst Security and General Services, 452 Phil. 621 (2003).
45 Id. at 137, citing Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Dando, G.R. No. 177456, September 4, 2009, 598 SCRA 378.
46Barroso v. Omelia, 771 Phil. 199, 204 (2015).
47Aala v. Uy, G.R. No. 202781, January 10, 2017, citing Santiago v. Vasquez, 291 Phil 664, 683 (1993).
48 Supra note 46.
49 751 Phil. 301, 328-330 (2015); Barroso v. Omelio, id. at 205.
50 Id.
51 G.R. No. 202781, January 10, 2017.
52Sarigumba v. Sandiganbayan, 491 Phil. 704, 720-721 (2005). See also Ocampo v. Abando, 726 Phil. 441, 465 (2014).
53Rollo, p. 8761. Memorandum for Petitioner, p. 56.
54 Data from the Statistical Reports Division, Court Management Office, Supreme Court on Pending Cases as of June 30, 2017.
55Rollo, p. 66.
56Taghoy v. Spouses Tigol, Jr., 640 Phil. 385, 394 (2010), citing Heirs of Miguel Franco v. Court of Appeals, 463 Phil. 417, 428 (2003); Yuliongsiu v. PNB, 130 Phil. 575, 580 (1968).
57 Id., citing Republic v. Bautista, G.R. No. 169801, September 11, 2007, 532 SCRA 598, 609; Bon v. People, 464 Phil. 125, 138 (2004).
58 Id., citing Rufina Patis Factory v. Alusitain, 478 Phil. 544, 558 (2004).
59 708 Phil. 96, 117 (2013).
60State Investment House, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 527 Phil. 443 (2006). See also Diaz v. Nora, 268 Phil. 433 (1990).
61 Id. at 4540-451.
62Diaz v. Nora, 268 Phil. 433, 437-438 (1990).
63Lozano v. Nograles, 607 Phil. 334, 341 (2009).
64Albay Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. Santelices, 603 Phil. 104, 121 (2009).
65De Borja v. Pinalakas na Ugnayan ng Maliliit na Mangingisda ng Luzon, Mindanao at Visayas, G.R. Nos. 185320 & 185348, April 19, 2017, citing Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136 (1967).
66 RULES OF COURT, Rule 65, Section 1.
67Estrada v. Office of the Ombudsman, 751 Phil. 821, 877-878 (2015).
68Fontana Development Corporation v. Vukasinovic, G.R. No. 222424, September 21, 2016.
69 G.R. No. 220546. December 7, 2016.
70 Id., citing Spouses Arevalo v. Planters Development Bank; 68 Phil. 236 (2012).
71 Id.
72Chu v. Cunanan, G.R. No. 156185, September 12, 2011, 657 SCRA 379, 392, citing Taganas v. Emuslan, G.R. No. 146980, September 2, 2003, 410 SCRA 237.
73Benedicto v. Lacson, 634 Phil 154, 177-178 (2010), citing Vda. de Cruzo v. Carriaga, Jr., G.R. Nos. 75109-10, June 28, 1989, 174 SCRA 330, 342.
74Ient v. Tullett Prebon (Philippines), Inc., G.R. Nos. 189158 & 189530, January 11, 2017.
75 Id.
76Rollo, pp. 197-198.
77 G.R. No. 214497, April 18, 2017.
78 Id.
79 Legal Framework for Drug Trafficking <https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-trafficking/legal-framework.html> (visited October 5, 2017).
80 ARTICLE 210. Direct Bribery. - Any public officer who shall agree to perform an act constituting a crime, in connection with the performance of his official duties, in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present received by such officer, personally or through the mediation of another, shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine of not less than the value of the gift and not more than three times such value, in addition to the penalty corresponding to the crime agreed upon, if the same shall have been committed.
If the gift was accepted by the officer in consideration of the execution of an act which does not constitute a crime, and the officer executed said act, he shall suffer the same penalty provided in the preceding paragraph; and if said act shall not have been accomplished, the officer shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor in its maximum period and a fine of not less than the value of the gift and not more than twice such value.
If the object for which the gift was received or promised was to make the public officer refrain from doing something which it was his official duty to do, he shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods and a fine of not less than the value of the gift and not more than three times such value.
In addition to the penalties provided in the preceding paragraphs, the culprit shall suffer the penalty of special temporary disqualification.
The provisions contained in the preceding paragraphs shall be made applicable to assessors, arbitrators, appraisal and claim commissioners, experts or any other persons performing public duties.
81People v. Peralta, 134 Phil. 703 (1968).
82 Id.
83 Id.
84Behn, Meyer & Co. v. Nolting, 35 Phil. 274 (1916). See also Collector of Internal Revenue v. Tan Eng Hong, 124 Phil. 1002 (1966).
85Medrano v. Court of Appeals, 492 Phil. 222, 234-235 (2005), citing Wickersham v. T. D. Harris, 313 F.2d 468 (1963).
86 Id. at 234, citing Tan v. Spouses Gullas, 441 Phil. 622, 633 (2002).
87People v. Marcelino, Jr., 667 Phil. 495, 503 (2011).
88People v. Peralta, 435 Phil. 743, 765 (2002). See also Gonzales v. Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, G.R. No. 164904, October 19, 2007; People v. Sy, 438 Phil. 383 (2002).
89 Id.
90 U.S. v. Castañares, 18 Phil. 210, 214 (1911); Yusuke Fukuzume v. People, 511 Phil. 192, 208 (2005); Treñas v. People, 680 Phil. 368, 385 (2012).
91Dela Cruz v. Moya, 243 Phil. 983, 985 (1988).
92Morales v. Court of Appeals, 347 Phil. 493, 506 (1997).
93 Id. See also In re: Partial Report on the Results of the Judicial Audit Conducted in the MTCC, Branch 1, Cebu City, 567 Phil. 103 (2008).
94Morales v. Court of Appeals, id. at 504-508.
95 Journal No. 72, 12th Congress, 1st Regular Session (March 6, 2002) <http://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/journals_12/72.pdf> (visited August 8, 2017).
96 Bicameral Conference Committee on the Disagreeing Provisions of Senate Bill No. 1858 and House Bill No. 4433 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002) April 29, 2002.
97 Entitled An Act Strengthening Further the Functional and Structural Organization of the Sandiganbayan, Further Amending Presidential Decree No. 1606, As Amended, And Appropriating Funds Therefor. Approved on April 16, 2015.
98 Entitled Revising Presidential Decree No. 1486 Creating A Special Court To Be Known as Sandiganbayan And For Other Purposes, December 10, 1978.
99 Section 5, Article XIII of the 1973 Constitution: SECTION 5. The National Assembly shall create a special court, to be known as Sandiganbayan, which shall have jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other offenses committed by public officers and employees, including those in government-owned or controlled corporations, in relation to their office as may be determined by law.
100People v. Benipayo, 604 Phil. 317 (2009).
101 Supra note 92.
102 Supra note 100.
103 Section 268, Omnibus Election Code of the Philippines. Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 81, No. 49, Page 5659 on December 9, 1985.
104 Entitled An Act Strengthening Civilian Supremacy Over the Military Returning To The Civil Courts The Jurisdiction Over Certain Offenses Involving Members Of The Armed Forces Of The Philippines, Other Persons Subject To Military Law, And The Members Of The Philippine National Police, Repealing For The Purpose Certain Presidential Decrees, June 20, 1991.
105Phil. Amusement and Gaming Corp. v. Bureau of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. 215427, December 10, 2014.
106Lim v. Gamosa, G.R. No. 193964, December 2, 2015; Advocates for Truth in Lending, Inc. v. Bangko Sentral Monetary Board, 701 Phil. 483 (2013); Remo v. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 628 Phil. 181 (2010).
107Republic v. Court of Appeals, 409 Phil. 695 (2001).
108Lopez, Jr. v. Civil Service Commission, 273 Phil. 147, 152 (1991). See also Valera v. Tuason, Jr., 80 Phil. 823 (1948); RCBC Savings Bank v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 226245 (Notice), November 7, 2016; Remo v. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 628 Phil. 181 (2010), citing Sitchon v. Aquino, 98 Phil. 458, 465 (1956); Laxamana v. Baltazar, 92 Phil. 32, 35 (1952); De Joya v. Lantin, 126 Phil. 286, 290 (1967); Nepomuceno v. RFC, 110 Phil. 42, 47 (1960); Valera v. Tuason, Jr., 80 Phil. 823, 827 (1948); Republic v. Asuncion, 231 SCRA 211, 231 (1994), citing Gordon v. Veridiano II, No. L-55230, November 8, 1988, 167 SCRA 51, 58-59; People v. Antillon, 200 Phil. 144, 149 (1982).
109Mallillin y Lopez v. People, 576 Phil. 576, 588 (2008).
110 Id.
111 <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/libdocs/statistics/filed_Pending_Disposed_June_30_2017.pdf> (visited August 9, 2017.
112Dio v. People, G.R. No. 208146, June 8, 2016, 792 SCRA 646, 659; citation omitted.
113 See Los Baños v. Pedro, 604 Phil. 215 (2009).
114 673 Phil. 165, 172 (2011), citing Santos v. People, G.R. No. 173176, August 26, 2008, 563 SCRA 341. See also Gamboa v. Cruz, 245 Phil. 598 (1988); Acharon v. Purisima, 121 Phil. 295 (1965). See also Lalican v. Vergara, 342 Phil. 485 (1997).
115Rollo, p. 85.
116Yang Kuang Yong v. People, G.R. No. 213870 (Notice), July 27, 2016.
117 Formerly Section 6. The former Sec. 5 (Resolution of Investigating Judge and its Review) was deleted per AM. No. 05-8-26-SC, October 3, 2005.
118 Section 1, Rule 117 of the Rules of Court. Time to move to quash. - At any time before entering his plea, the accused may move to quash the complaint or information. (Underscoring supplied)
119 A.M. No. RTJ-16-2472, January 24, 2017.
120 520 Phil. 907 (2006).
121 249 Phil. 394 (1988).
122Rollo, pp. 38-39.
123 Article III, Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
124 See Section 5(a), Rule 112, infra.
125Hao v. People, 743 Phil. 204, 213 (2014).
126Soliven v. Makasiar, supra note 121, at 399.
127Rollo, p. 85.
128 345 Phil. 597, 608-612 (1997) (citations omitted).
129 Supra note 125.
130Ocampo v. Abando, 726 Phil. 441, 465 (2014), citing Sarigumba v. Sandiganbayan, supra note 52.
131Marcos v. Cabrera-Faller, A.M. No. RTJ-16-2472, January 24, 2017.
132 Id.
133Rollo, pp. 241-242. Joint Resolution, pp. 39-40.
134Rollo, pp. 3843-3844.
135 Id. at 3854-3856.
136 Id. at 3793.
137 G.R. No. 58876, November 27, 1990, 191 SCRA 671.
138 Supra note 67, at 874.
139 Id.
140Dichaves v. Office of the Ombudsman, G.R. Nos. 206310-11, December 7, 2016, citing Atty. Paderanga v. Hon. Drilon, 273 Phil. 290 (1991)
141Andres v. Cuevas, 499 Phil. 36, 50 (2005), citing Drilon v. Court of Appeals, 258 SCRA 280, 286 (1996).
142Presidential Commission on Good Government v. Navarro-Gutierrez, 772 Phil. 99, 104 (2015), citing De Chavez v. Ombudsman, 543 Phil. 600, 620 (2007); Reyes v. Ombudsman, G.R. Nos. 212593-94, 213163-78, 213540-41, et al., March 15, 2016, 787 SCRA 354.
SERENO, C.J.:
CHIEF JUSTICE SERENO:It behooves this Court to clarify and settle the question of jurisdiction over drug crimes committed in relation to public office.
x x x In fact, are you now trying to tell us that assuming that the President is correct, that there are thousands and thousands of government officials involved, that the Court is not going to decide on the question of jurisdiction now, while we have the opportunity to do so?
SOLICITOR GENERAL CALIDA:
Well, Your Honor, this case arose from the acts of De Lima in directly going to this Court, despite the pendency of the motion to quash, before Judge Guerrero, that is forum shopping at the very least, Your Honor. So, let's first, my humble submission is, Your Honor, let's decide the petition on its face, Your Honor, and not dig into substantive or evidentiary data, Your Honor, because this is not yet the time to do so. There will be a time for that, Your Honor, during the trial of this case before the RTC.
CHIEF JUSTICE SERENO:
Precisely, the timeliness is already being put forth before us, Justice Leonen already told you what will [happen] to all those thousands of officials. You're basically saying that the DOJ or the Ombudsman will decide which will assume jurisdiction over the investigation and they will on their own decide whether to file it before the RTC and the [Sandiganbayan], is that basically the effect of what you're saying, when you're saying, that we should dismiss this petition?
SOLICITOR GENERAL CALIDA:
Yes, Your Honor. First, of all, there is a defective jurat, the formal requisites of Section 1, Rule 65 of the Rules of Court was not complied with, this is iust a scrap of paper that deserves to be put in the trash can, Your Honor.26
Section 90. Jurisdiction. - The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of courts designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in their respective jurisdiction.Additionally, respondents argue that the exclusive jurisdiction of regional trial courts over violations of R.A. 9165 finds further support in several provisions of R.A. 9165,68 such as the following:
The DOJ shall designate special prosecutors to exclusively handle cases involving violations of this Act.
The preliminary investigation of cases filed under this Act shall be terminated within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of their filing.
When the preliminary investigation is conducted by a public prosecutor and a probable cause is established, the corresponding information shall be filed in court within twenty-four (24) hours from the tern1ination of the investigation. If the preliminary investigation is conducted by a judge and a probable cause is found to exist, the corresponding information shall be filed by the proper prosecutor within forty-eight (48) hours from the date of receipt of the records of the case.
Trial of the case under this Section shall be finished by the court not later than sixty (60) days from the date of the filing of the information. Decision on said cases shall be rendered within a period of fifteen (15) days from the date of submission of the case for resolution. (Emphasis supplied)
Section 20. Confiscation and Forfeiture of the Proceeds or Instruments of the Unlawful Act, Including the Properties or Proceeds Derived from the Illegal Trafficking of Dangerous Drugs and/or Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - Every penalty imposed for the unlawful importation, sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution, transportation or manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, the cultivation or culture of plants which are sources of dangerous drugs, and the possession of any equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia tor dangerous drugs including other laboratory equipment, shall carry with it the confiscation and forfeiture, in favor of the government. of all the proceeds and properties derived from the unlawful act, including, but not limited to, money and other assets obtained thereby, and the instruments or tools with which the particular unlawful act was committed, unless they are the property of a third person not liable for the unlawful act, but those which are not of lawful commerce shall be ordered destroyed without delay pursuant to the provisions of Section 21 of this Act.The reliance of respondents on Section 90 of R.A. 9165 stems from the phrase "exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act." It is believed that the word "exclusively" denotes that jurisdiction lies with regional trial courts to the exclusion of all other courts.
After conviction in the Regional Trial Court in the appropriate criminal case filed, the Court shall immediately schedule a hearing for the confiscation and forfeiture of all the proceeds of the offense and all the assets and properties of the accused either owned or held by him or in the name of some other persons if the same shall be found to be manifestly out of proportion to his/her lawful income: Provided, however, That if the forfeited property is a vehicle, the same shall be auctioned off not later than five (5) days upon order of confiscation or forfeiture.
During the pendency of the case in the Regional Trial Court, no property, or income derived therefrom, which may be confiscated and forfeited, shall be disposed, alienated or transferred and the same shall be in custodia legis and no bond shall be admitted for the release of the same.
The proceeds of any sale or disposition of any property confiscated or forfeited under this Section shall be used to pay all proper expenses incurred in the proceedings for the confiscation, forfeiture, custody and maintenance of the property pending disposition, as well as expenses for publication and court costs. The proceeds in excess of the above expenses shall accrue to the Board to be used in its campaign against illegal drugs.
x x x x
Section 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for the Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from the Unlawful Act Committed. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00), in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who misappropriates, misapplies or fails to account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts as provided for in this Act.
Any elective local or national official found to have benefited from the proceeds of the trafficking of dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, or have received any financial or material contributions or donations from natural or juridical persons found guilty of trafficking dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, shall be removed from office and perpetually disqualified from holding any elective or appointive positions in the government, its divisions, subdivisions, and intermediaries, including government-owned or -controlled corporations.
Section 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees. (Emphases supplied)
As a basic premise, let it be emphasized that a court's acquisition of jurisdiction over a particular case's subject matter is different from incidents pertaining to the exercise of its jurisdiction. Jurisdiction over the subject matter of a case is conferred by law, whereas a court's exercise of jurisdiction, unless provided by the law itself, is governed by the Rules of Court or by the orders issued from time to time by the Court. In Lozada v. Bracewell, it was recently held that the matter of whether the RTC resolves an issue in the exercise of its general jurisdiction or of its limited jurisdiction as a special court is only a matter of procedure and has nothing to do with the question of jurisdiction.72 (Emphases and underscoring in the original)In the first sentence of Section 90 of R.A. 9165, the legislature called on the Supreme Court to rationalize the exercise of jurisdiction by the courts. This call for rationalization is evident from the words "to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act."
The phrase "to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act" means that, as a rule, courts designated as special courts for drug cases shall try and hear drug-related cases only, i.e., cases involving violations of R.A. No. 9165, to the exclusion of other courts.Clearly, only those designated as special courts for drug cases shall exercise the jurisdiction to try and hear drug-related cases, to the exclusion of all other courts not so designated. The rationale for the rule is for these special courts to expeditiously reso]ve cases within the stringent time frame provided by the law; i.e., the trial of the case shall be finished by the court not later than 60 days from the date of filing of the information, and the decision shall be rendered within a period of 15 days from the date of submission of the case for resolution.
The very title of Article XI of R.A. No. 9165, the article where Section 90 is included, reads: "Jurisdiction Over Drug Cases." It provides for the forum where drug cases are to be filed, tried and resolved: Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) designated by this Court as special drug courts. The jurisdiction of the designated courts is exclusive of all other courts not so designated.
In our resolution in A.M. No. 00-8-01-SC on August 1, 2000, certain branches of the RTCs were designated as special courts for drug cases. They were tasked to hear and decide all criminal cases in their respective jurisdictions involving violations of R.A. No. [6425], otherwise known as the "Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972," as amended, regardless of the quantity of drugs involved. Among the guidelines issued to implement such designation was a directive to Executive Judges of the RTCs concerned to exclude the designated courts from the raffle of other cases subsequent to the assignment or transfer of drug cases to them.
Even after the passage of R.A. No. 9165, the designated courts under A.M. No. 00-8-01-SC remained as special courts for drug cases. The resolution is still in effect insofar as it is not inconsistent with the new law. The fact that A.M. No. 00-8-01-SC has not been abandoned is evident in resolutions subsequently issued by the Court adding or replacing drug courts in different jurisdictions. These resolutions expressly state that the guidelines set forth in A.M. No. 00-8-01-SC should be observed, if applicable.
The rationale behind the exclusion of drug courts from the raffle of cases other than drug cases is to expeditiously resolve criminal cases involving violations of R.A. No. 9165 (previously, of R.A. No. [6425]). Otherwise, these courts may be sidelined from hearing drug cases by the assignment of non-drug cases to them and the purpose of their designation as special courts would be negated. The faithful observance of the stringent time frame imposed on drug courts for deciding drug related cases and terminating proceedings calls for the continued implementation of the policy enunciated in A.M. No. 00-8-01-SC.73 (Emphases supplied)
REP. DILANGALEN. Under Section 60, we have here Jurisdiction Over Dangerous Drug Case. Section 60, it states here: "The Supreme Court shall designate Regional Trial Courts to have original jurisdiction over all offenses punishable in this Act."The intention behind the first sentence of Section 90 of R.A. 9165 was thus made clear: for the Supreme Court to assign regional trial courts that will handle drug cases exclusive of all other cases. Considering the foregoing, the exclusivity referred to therein pertains to the court's exercise of the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the legislature. There is no cogent reason to conclude that the legislature conferred jurisdiction on these special courts for them to take cognizance of violations of R.A. 9165 to the exclusion of all other courts.
Mr. Speaker, what I know is, the Regional Trial Courts have original jurisdiction over offenses involving drugs.
REP. CUENCO. Yes.
REP. DILANGALEN. Is it the intention of the Committee that certain salas of the Regional Trial Courts be designated by the Supreme Court to try exclusively drugs related offenses?
REP. CUENCO. That is correct. That is the objective. What is happening right now, Gentleman from Maguindanao, is that although the Supreme Court has issued a directive requiring the creation of - the assignment of drugs cases to certain judges, but the assignment is not exclusive. These judges still handle other cases, aside from the drugs cases. Our intention really is to assign cases to judges which are exclusively drugs cases and they will handle no other cases.
REP. DILANGALEN. If that is the case, Mr. Speaker, at the appropriate time, I would like to propose the following amendment, "that the Supreme Court shall designate specific or salas of Regional Trial Courts to try exclusively offenses related to drugs.
REP. CUENCO. Yes. Simply stated, we are proposing the setting up of exclusive drug courts, just like traffic courts. Because almost all judges now are really besieged with a lot of drug cases. There are thousands upon thousands of drug cases pending for as long as twenty years.
REP. DILANGALEN. Yes, Mr. Speaker. I think we have here a convergence of ideas. We have no dispute here, but I am only more concerned with the phraseology of this particular provision.
REP. CUENCO. Then we will polish it.
REP. DILANGALEN. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker.
So, at the appropriate time I would like to recommend an amendment that the Supreme Court shall designate particular salas of Regional Trial Courts to try exclusively all offenses punishable under this Act.
REP. CUENCO. Fine.
REP. DILANGALEN. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker.
Under Article 60 also, we have here a provision, second paragraph on page 46, "Trial of the case under this Section shall be finished by the court not later than ninety (90) days from the date of the filing of the information. Decision on said cases shall be rendered within a period of fifteen (15) days from the date of submission of the case."
My question is, is it the intention of the Committee to make this particular provision merely directory as in...?
REP. CUENCO. Compulsory.
REP. DILANGALEN. If it is compulsory, what will happen if the case is not finished in ninety days?
REP. CUENCO. Well, administrative sanctions should be imposed on the judge by the Supreme Court.
REP. DILANGALEN. You know, Mr. Speaker, even under the Constitution, we have specific provisions here. The Supreme Court will decide certain cases from the time it is submitted for resolution within a specific period of time. That is true with the Court of Appeals, Regional Trial Courts and Municipal Trial Courts.
REP. CUENCO. Yes. Pero directory lang daw.
REP. DILANGALEN. But this provision of the Constitution is not followed. So, if we are going to make this particular provision not only directory but mandatory, will it be criminal if judges would fail?
REP. CUENCO. I do not know whether we have the power to the Supreme Courts. The power to the Supreme Courts rests with the Supreme Court.
REP. DILANGALEN. So, the intention of the Committee is only to mete administrative sanction.
REP. CUENCO. Yes, that is the only power that the Congress would have against erring judges. You cannot send a judge to jail because he is a slowpoke.
REP. DILANGALEN. Well, if that is the case, Mr. Speaker, then thank you very much for the information. There is no intention of filing criminal case against them but only administrative sanctions.
Thank you very much.
REP. CUENCO. Administrative sanctions should be imposed on him by the Supreme Court.74 (Emphases supplied)
CHAIRMAN CUENCO. x x xClearly, the legislature took into consideration the fact that certain penalties were not within the scope of the jurisdiction of regional trial courts; hence, it contemplated the designation of municipal trial courts to exclusively handle drug cases as well. Notably, under Section 32 of Batas Pambansa Blg. (B.P.) 129 (The Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980), metropolitan trial courts, municipal trial courts and municipal circuit trial courts have exclusive original jurisdiction over all offenses punishable with imprisonment not exceeding six years, irrespective of the amount of fine.
On other matters we would like to propose the creation of drug courts to handle exclusively drug cases; the imposition of a sixty day deadline on courts within which to decide drug cases; and number three, provide penalties on officers of the law and government prosecutors for mishandling and delaying drug cases. We will address these concerns one by one. Number one, the possible creation of drug courts to handle exclusively drug cases, any comment? Congressman Ablan? First with the Chairman of the Senate Panel would like to say something.
CHAIRMAN BARBERS. We have no objection on this proposal, Mr. Chairman. As a matter of fact, this is one of the areas where we come to an agreement when we were in Japan. However, I would just like to add a paragraph after the word "Act" in Section 86 of the Senate version, Mr. Chairman, and this is in connection with the designation of special courts by the Supreme Court. And the addendum that I'd like to make is this, Mr. Chairman, after the word "Act" - the Supreme Court of the Philippines shall designate special courts from among the existing regional trial courts in its judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of court designated in each division, region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in the respective jurisdiction. That is my proposal, Mr. Chairman.
CHAIRMAN CUENCO. We adopt the same proposal.
SEN. CAYETANO. Comment, comment.
CHAIRMAN CUENCO. Pwede ba iyan? O sige Senator Cayetano.
SEN CAYETANO. Mr. Chairman, first of all there is already an administrative order by the Supreme Court, Administrative Order 51 as amended by Administrative Order 104, if I'm not mistaken, in '96 designating special courts all over the country that handles heinous crimes which include, by the way, violation of the present drug act where the penalty is life to death. Now, when it comes to crimes where the penalty is six years or below this is the exclusive jurisdiction not of the RTC, not of the regional trial court, but of the municipal courts. So my observation, Mr. Chairman, I think since there are already special courts we need not create that anymore or ask the Supreme Court. And number two, precisely because there are certain cases where the penalties are only six years and below. These are really handled now by the Municipal Trial Court. As far as the 60-day period, again in the Fernan Law, if I'm not mistaken, there is also a provision there that all heinous crimes now will have to be decided within 60 days. But if you want to emphasize as far as the speed by which all these crimes should be tried and decided, we can put it there. But as far as designation, I believe this may be academic because there are already special courts. And number 2, we cannot designate special courts as far as the municipal courts are concerned. In fact the moment you do that then you may limit the number of municipal courts all over the country that will only handled that to the prejudice of several other municipal courts that handles many of these cases.
CHAIRMAN CUENCO. Just a brief rejoinder, with the comments made by Senator Cayetano.
It is true that the Supreme Court has designated certain courts to handle exclusively heinous crime. Okay. But our proposal here is confined exclusively to drug cases, not all kinds of heinous crimes. There are so many kinds of heinous crimes, murder, piracy, rape, et cetera. The idea here is to focus the attention of a eourt, on that court to handle only purely drug cases. Now, in case the penalty, the penalty provided for by law is below 6 years wherein the regional trial courts will have no jurisdiction, then the municipal courts may likewise be designated as the trial court concerning those cases. The idea here really is to assign exclusively a sala of a regional trial court to handle nothing else except cases involving drugs, illegal drug trafficking. Right now there are judges who have been so desi.gnated by the Supreme Court to handle heinous crimes but they are not exclusive to drugs, eh. Aside from those heinous crimes, they also handle other cases, which are not even heinous.
So the idea here is to create a system similar to the traffic courts, which will try and hear exclusively traffic cases. So, in view of the gravity of the situation and in view of the urgency of the resolution of these drug cases because the research that we have made on the drug cases filed is that the number of decided cases not even 1% of those filed. There have been many apprehensions, thousands upon thousands of apprehensions, thousands upon thousands of cases filed in court but only about 1% have been disposed, The reason is that there is no special attention made or paid on these drug cases by our courts.
So that is my humble observation.
SEN. CAYETANO. No Problem.
CHAIRMAN CUENCO. You have no problem.
CHAIRMAN BARBERS. I have no problem with that, Mr. Chairman. But I'd like to call your attention to the fact that my proposal is only for a designation because if it is for creation that would entail another budget, Mr. Chairman. And almost always, the Department of Budget will tell us in the budget hearing that we lack funds, we do not have money. So that might delay the very purpose why we want the RTCs or the municipal courts to handle exclusively the drug cases. That's why my proposal is designation not creation.
CHAIRMAN CUENCO. Areglado. No problem. Designation. Approved.75 (Emphases supplied)
Section 20. Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases. - Regional Trial Courts shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all criminal cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal or body, except those now falling under the exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan which shall hereafter be exclusively taken cognizance of by the latter. (Emphasis supplied)Section 20 of B.P. 129 is the legislature's conferment of jurisdiction on regional trial courts. However, the legislature explicitly removed from the jurisdiction of regional trialallc .cmrirmts inal cases falling under the exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. Thus, Section 20 of B.P. 129 should be read in conjunction with Section 476 ofPresidential Decree No. (P.D.) 160677 as amended.
However, the fact that the Ombudsman has primary jurisdiction to conduct an investigation into the four complaints does not preclude the panel from conducting any investigation of cases against public officers involving violations of penal laws. In Honasan II v. Panel of Investigating Prosecutors of the Department of Justice,80 the Court ruled that accords between the Ombudsman and the DOJ, such as the MOA in this case, are mere internal agreements between them. It was emphasized that under Sections 281 and 4,82 Rule 112 of the Rules of Court, DOJ prosecutors have the authority to conduct preliminary investigations of criminal complaints filed with them for offenses cognizable by the proper court within their respective territorial jurisdictions, including those offenses that fall under the original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan.83I. Agreements
A. Jurisdiction
- The OMB has primary jurisdiction in the conduct of preliminary investigation and inquest proceedings over complaints for crimes cognizable by the Sandiganbayan.
- If, upon the filing of a complaint, the prosecution office of the DOJ determines that the same is for a crime falling under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, it shall advise the complainant to file it directly with the OMB: Provided, That in case a prosecution office of the DOJ receives a complaint that is cognizable by the Sandiganbayan, it shall immediately endorse the same to the OMB. Provided further, That in cases where there are multiple respondents in a single complaint and at least one respondent falls within the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, the entire records of the complaint shall be endorsed to the OMB.
SECTION 5. The National Assembly shall create a special court, to be known as Sandiganbayan, which shall have jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other offenses committed by public officers and employees, including those in government-owned or controlled corporations, in relation to their office as may be detennined by law.Pursuant to the Constitution and Proclamation No. 1081,88 President Ferdinand Marcos issued P.D. No. 148689 creating the Sandiganbayan. Its creation was intended to pursue and attain the highest norms of official conduct required of public officers and employees, based on the concept that public officers and employees shall serve with the highest degree of responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency and shall remain at all times accountable to the people.90 As an anti-graft court, the Sandiganbayan is structured as a collegiate body and is considered a trailblazing institution that arose from our unique experience in public govemance.91
Section 4. The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.94Subsequently, Executive Order Nos. (E.O.) 1495 and 14-a,96 as well as R.A. 7080,97 further expanded the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan.
(a) | Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act and Republic Act No. 1379; |
(b) | Crimes committed by public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, embraced in Title VII of the Revised Penal Code; |
(c) | Other crimes or offenses committed by public officers or employees including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations in relation to their office; Provided, that, in case private individuals are accused as principals, accomplices or accessories in the commission of the crimes hereinabove mentioned, they shall be tried jointly with the public officers or employees concerned. |
Where the accused is charged of an offense in relation to his office and the evidence is insufficient to establish the of Tense so charged, he may nevertheless be convicted and sentenced for the offense included in that which is charged. | |
(d) | Civil suits brought in connection with the aforementioned crimes for restitution or reparation of damages, recovery of the instruments and effects of the crimes, or forfeiture proceedings provided for under Republic Act No. 1379; |
(e) | Civil actions brought under Articles 32 and 34 of the Civil Code. |
Sec. 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise original jurisdiction on all cases involving:The Grade '27' demarcation was first introduced in this amending law. As explained in People v. Magallanes,107 under the amendments, the Sandiganbayan partially lost its exclusive original jurisdiction over cases involving violations of R.A. 3019; R.A. 1379; and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII of the Revised Penal Code. The anti-graft court retains cases in which the accused are those enumerated in Section 4(a) of R.A. 7975 and, generally, national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under R.A. 6758 (The Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989). Moreover, the Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction over other offenses or felonies committed by public officials and employees in relation to their office is no longer detennined by the prescribed penalty, as it is enough that they be committed by those public officials and employees enumerated in Section 4(a). However, the exclusive original jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases filed in connection with E.O. 1, 2, 14, and 14-A was retained.108
a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the principal accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade "27" and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:(a) Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, and provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other provincial department heads;(b) City mayors, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panlungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers and other city department heads;(c) Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher;(d) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher ranks;(e) PNP chief superintendent and PNP officers of higher rank;(f) City and provincial prosecutors and their assistants, and officials and prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor;(g) Presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government owned or-controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations;(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade "27" and up under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;(3) Members of the Judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;(4) Chairmen and members of Constitutional Commissions, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade "27" and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.
b. Other offenses or felonies committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection (a) of this section in relation to their office.
c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A
In cases where none of the principal accused are occupying positions corresponding to salary grade "27" or higher, as prescribed in the said Republic Act No. 6758, or PNP officers occupying the rank of superintendent or higher, or their equivalent, exclusive jurisdiction thereof shall be vested in the proper Regional Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court, and Municipal Circuit Trial Court, as the case may be, pursuant to their respective jurisdictions as provided in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129.
Sec. 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:As can be gleaned from the above-quoted portions, Section 4(a) and (c) of R.A. 8249 deleted the word "principal" before the word "accused" appearing in the Section 2(a) and (c) of R.A. 7975. Further, the phrase "whether simple or complexed with other crimes" was added in paragraph 4 of Section 4. The jurisdiction over police officials was also extended under paragraph a(1)(e) to include "officers of the Philippine National Police while occupying the position of provincial director and those holding the rank of senior superintended or higher."
a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, other known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade '27' and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:(a) Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, and provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;(b) City mayor, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panlungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;(c) Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher;(d) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher rank;(e) Officers of the Philippine National Police while occupying the position of provincial director and those holding the rank of senior superintendent or higher;(f) City and provincial prosecutors and their assistants, and officials and prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor;(g) Presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government owned or -controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations.(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade '27' and up under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;(3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;(4) Chairmen and members of Constitutional Commission, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.
b. Other offenses of felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a of this section in relation to their office.
c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
In cases where none of the accused are occupying positions corresponding to Salary Grade '27' or higher, as prescribed in the said Republic Act No. 6758, or military and PNP officer mentioned above, exclusive original jurisdiction thereof shall be vested in the proper regional court, metropolitan trial court, municipal trial court, and municipal circuit trial court, as the case may be, pursuant to their respective jurisdictions as provided in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as amended.
R.A. 8249 mandates that for as long as the offender's public office is intimately connected with the offense charged or is used to facilitate the commission of said offense and the same is properly alleged in the information, the Sandiganbayan acquires jurisdiction. Indeed, the law specifically states that the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over all "other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public otlicials and employees mentioned in subsection a of Section 4 in relation to their office." Public office, it bears reiterating, need not be an element of the offense charged.111 (Emphasis supplied)The latest amendment to P.D. 1606 was R.A. 10660 issued on 16 April 2015. While R.A. 10660 retained the list of officials under the Sandiganbayan s jurisdiction, it streamlined the anti-graft court's jurisdiction by adding the following proviso in Section 4 of P.D. 1606:
Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).In effect, the latest amendment transferred the jurisdiction over cases classified by the amending law's sponsors as minor112 to regional trial courts, which have sufficient capability and competence to handle those cases.
Subject to the rules promulgated by the Supreme Court, the cases falling under the jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court under this section shall be tried in a judicial region other than where the official holds office.
The foregoing points indicate what Justice Mario Victor Marvic F. Leonen terms "expertise-by-constitutional design."113 The unique competence of the anti-graft court was also observed by Justice Antonio P. Barredo in his concurring opinion in Nuñez v. Sandiganbayan:114
- There is a marked focus on high-ranking officials.
- Its jurisdiction covers offenses or felonies involving substantial damage to the government or public service.
- These offenses or felonies involve those that are committed in relation to public office.
Constitutionally speaking, I view the Sandiganbayan as sui generis in the judicial structure designed by the makers of the 1971 Constitution. To be particularly noted must be the fact that the mandate of the Constitution that the National Assembly "shall create," it is not under the Article on the Judiciary (Article X) but under the article on Accountability of Public Officers. More, the Constitution ordains it to be "a special court." To my mind, such "special" character endowed to the Sandiganbayan carries with it certain concomitants which compel that it should be treated differently from the ordinary courts.115Indeed, the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan contemplates not only an offense against the people, as in an ordinary crime, but an offense against the people committed precisely by their very defenders or representatives. It involves an additional dimension abuse of power - considered over and above all the other elements of the offense or felony committed.
(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade '27' and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:In Serana v. Sandiganbayan,116 this Court clarified that while the first part of Section 4(a) covers only officials classified as Grade '27' and higher, its second part specifically includes other executive officials whose positions may not fall under that classification, but who are by express provision of the law placed under the jurisdiction of the anti-graft court. Therefore, more than the salary level, the focus of the Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction and expertise is on the nature of the position held by the public officer.(a) Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, and provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;(b) City mayor, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panlungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;(c) Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher;(d) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher rank;(e) Officers of the Philippine National Police while occupying the position of provincial director and those holding the rank of senior superintendent or higher;(f) City and provincial prosecutors and their assistants, and officials and prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor;(g) Presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government owned or -controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations.
(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade '27' and up under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;
(3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;
(4) Chairmen and members of Constitutional Commission, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and
(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.
One is given the impression that only lowly government workers or the so-called 'small fry' are expediently tried and convicted by the Sandiganbayan. The reason for this is that at present, the Sandiganbayan has the exclusive and original jurisdiction over graft cases committed by all officials and employees of the government, irrespective of rank and position, from the lowest-paid janitor to the highly-placed government official. This jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan must be modified in such a way that only those occupying high positions in the government and the military (the big fishes) may fall under its exclusive and original jurisdiction. In this way, the Sandiganbayan can devote its time to big time cases involving the "big fishes" in the government. The regular courts will be vested with the jurisdiction of cases involving less-ranking officials (those occupying positions corresponding to salary grade twenty-seven (27) and below and PNP members with a rank lower than Senior Superintendent.119 (Emphasis supplied)In other words, Congress deemed Grade '27' as the proper demarcation distinguishing the "big fish" from the "small fry." In fact, House Bill No. 9825 originally intended only officials of Grade '28' and above as falling within the exclusive and original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, but the resulting law included officials of Grade '27.'120
The second modification under the bill involves the streamlining of the anti-graft court's jurisdiction, which will enable the Sandiganbayan to concentrate its resources in resolving the most significant cases filed against public officials. x x x With this amendment, such court will be empowered to focus on the most notorious cases and will be able to render judgment in a matter of months. (Emphases supplied)That the Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction must focus on high-profile cases was also exrzressed during the committee deliberations on Senate Bill Nos. 470 and 472123 as follows:
MR. MARCELO. Sixty percent belong to this category of minor cases. It is my position, Your Honor, that the Sandigan should be able to focus their attention to major cases not to these minor cases. I don't know but during my time two-thirds of the justices in the Sandiganbayan are former regional trial court judges and they were handling much more complicated cases involving much higher amounts than this, than one million or less.From the foregoing, it can be gleaned that the Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction is intended to focus on major cases that involve bribery or damage to the government worth at least one million pesos, or is unquantifiable.
x x x x
So that's the amendment that I am proposing so that really the Sandiganbayan can really spend their time in high profile cases. (Emphases supplied)
Moreover, the respondents' non-observance of collegiality contravened the very purpose of trying criminal cases cognizable by Sandiganbayan before a Division of all three Justices. Although there are criminal cases involving public officials and employees triable before single-judge courts, PD 1606, as amended, has always required a Division of three Justices (not one or two) to try the criminal cases cognizable by the Sandiganbayan, in view of the accused in such cases holding higher rank or office than those charged in the former cases.131 (Emphases supplied)Aware of the political clout that high-ranking public officials may have, and how they could easily exert influence over single-judge courts, a division composed of three Justices was recognized to be less susceptible to the political reach of the public officers involved.
Mr. Marcelo: x x x The only limitation that Isuggest is that the Supreme Court should assign these cases to a region different from where any of the accused or the accused reside or have their place of office. That is the reason why these cases, most of them, involve officials who have salary grade 27 like mayors, most of these cases, these minor cases. And because of their political clout, you know, they can have connections, they may be partymates of the governor who may -This was noted again during the interpellation by Senator Angara:134
Unfortunately in our judicial system right now, there are instances where maybe he can exert influence on the judges so the jurisdiction now--they made it that the jurisdiction belong to the Sandiganbayan. That is why we also propose an amendment that the Supreme Court in assigning these cases, what we call minor cases, to the RTCs will only assign it to a regional trial court in a different region so that there will be no possibility of political influence, Your Honors. (Emphases supplied)
Senator Angara. I see. In the proposed amendment that we are referring to, the second paragraph mentions that, "subject to the rules promulgated by the Supreme Court, the cases falling under the jurisdiction of the RTC shall be tried in a judicial region other than that where the official holds office".The structural framework of the Sandiganbayan as discussed above is unique. There is no other court vested with this kind of jurisdiction and structured in this manner. The structure vests the anti-graft court with the competence to try and resolve high-profile crimes committed in relation to the office of a high-ranking public official as in the case at bar.
Mr. President, I understand the basic reasoning behind this provision, and this is probably to prevent that official from exerting influence over the RTC judge who is to try the case. Is this correct, Mr. President?
Senator Pimentel. Yes, specifically, the concept of the other judicial region. Yes, that is the purpose, Mr. President. So, there is a presumption, in effect, that the public official of this rank has influence or wields influence in the judicial region where he holds office. That is the assumption in the amendment. (Emphases supplied)
This directive is moored on the equally vital doctrine of presumption of innocence. These principles call for the adoption of an interpretation which is more lenient. Time and again, courts harken back to the pro reo rule when observing leniency, explaining: "The scales of justice must hang equal and, in fact should be tipped in favor of the accused because of the constitutional presumption of innocence."Here, it is more favorable to petitioner and all other similar public officials accused of drug offenses committed in relation to their office to be placed within the Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction, as shown in the following two ways.
This rule underpins the prospectivity of our penal laws (laws shall have no retroactive application, unless the contrary is provided) and its exception (laws have prospective application, unless they are favorable to the accused). The pro reo rule has been applied in the imposition of penalties, specifically the death penalty and more recently, the proper construction and application of the Indeterminate Sentence Law.
The rationale behind the pro reo rule and other rules that favor the accused is anchored on the rehabilitative philosophy of our penal system. In People v. Ducosin, the Court explained that it is "necessary to consider the criminal, first, as an individual and, second, as a member of society. This opens up an almost limitless field of investigation and study which it is the duty of the court to explore in each case as far as is humanly possible, with the end in view that penalties shall not be standardized but fitted as far as is possible to the individual, with due regard to the imperative necessity of protecting the social order."137
I believe that the accused has a better guarantee of a real and full consideration of the evidence and the determination of the facts where there arc three judges actually seeing and observing the demeanor and conduct of the witnesses. It is Our constant jurisprudence that the appellate courts should rely on the evaluation of the evidence by the trial judges, except in cases where pivotal points are shown to have been overlooked by them. With more reason should this rule apply to the review of the decision of a collegiate trial court. Moreover, when the Court of Appeals passes on an appeal in a criminal case, it has only the records to rely on, and yet the Supreme Court has no power to reverse its findings of fact, with only the usual exceptions already known to all lawyers and judges. I strongly believe that the review of the decisions of the Sandiganbayan, whose three justices have actually seen and observed the witnesses as provided for in P.D. 1606 is a more ironclad guarantee that no person accused before such special court will ever be finally convict without his guilt appearing beyond reasonable doubt as mandated by the Constitution.142 (Emphases supplied)In Cesar v. Sandiganbayan,143 this Court discussed how, ultimately, the tighter standards in the Sandiganbayan translates into the application of the same standards before this Court:
Considering further that no less than three senior members of this Court, Justices Teehankee, Makasiar, and Fernandez dissented from the Court's opinion in Nuñez partly because of the absence of an intermediate appeal from Sandiganbayan decisions, where questions of fact could be fully threshed out, this Court has been most consistent in carefully examining all petitions seeking the review of the special court's decisions to ascertain that the fundamental right to be presumed innocent is not disregarded. This task has added a heavv burden to the workload of this Court but it is a task we steadfastly discharge.144Procedural Issues
3) Verification is deemed substantially complied with when one who has ample knowledge to swear to the truth of the allegations in the complaint or petition signs the verification, and when matters alleged in the petition have been made in good faith or are true and correct.The Decision cites William Go Que Construction v. Court of Appeals152 as basis for the dismissal of the petition on the ground of a defective verification and certification against forum shopping. In that case, this Court ordered the dismissal of the petition for certiorari before the Court of Appeals for the failure of private respondents therein to substantially comply with the rule on verification and certification against forum shopping. The ruling hinged on the finding that the jurat therein was defective for its failure to indicate the pertinent details regarding the private respondent's competent evidence of identities. Because of the lack of evidence of identities, it could not be ascertained whether any of the private respondents actually swore to the truth of the allegations in the petition.
4) As to certification against forum shopping, non-compliance therewith or a defect therein, unlike in verification, is generally not curable by its subsequent submission or corre tion thereof, unless there is a need to relax the Rule on the ground of "substantial compliance" or presence of "special circumstances or compelling reasons."
5) The certification against forum shopping must be signed by all the plaintiffs or petitioners in a case; otherwise, those who did not sign will be dropped as parties to the case. Under reasonable or justifiable circumstances, however, as when all the plaintiffs or petitioners share a common interest and involve a common cause of action or defense, the signature of only one of them in the certification against forum shopping substantially complies with the Rule.151
First, a direct resort to this court is allowed when there are genuine issues of constitutionality that must be addressed at the most immediate time. A direct resort to this court includes availing of the remedies of certiorari and prohibition to assail the constitutionality of actions of both legislative and executive branches of the government.The instant petition presents several exceptions to the doctrine of hierarchy of courts, which justifies the direct resort to this Court.
x x x x
A second exception is when the issues involved are of transcendental importance. In these cases, the imminence and clarity of the threat to fundamental constitutional rights outweigh the necessity for prudence. The doctrine relating to constitutional issues of transcendental importance prevents courts from the paralysis of procedural niceties when clearly faced with the need for substantial protection.
x x x x
Third, cases of first impression warrant a direct resort to this court. In cases of first impression, no jurisprudence yet exists that will guide the lower courts on this matter. In Government of the United States v. Purganan, this court took cognizance of the case as a matter of first impression that may guide the lower courts:
In the interest of justice and to settle once and for all the important issue of bail in extradition proceedings, we deem it best to take cognizance of the present case. Such proceedings constitute a matter of first impression over which there is, as yet, no local jurisprudence to guide lower courts.
x x x x
Eighth, the petition includes questions that are "dictated by public welfare and the advancement of public policy, or demanded by the broader interest of justice, or the orders complained of were found to be patent nullities, or the appeal was considered as clearly an inappropriate remedy." In the past, questions similar to these which this court ruled on immediately despite the doctrine of hierarchy of courts included citizens' right to bear arms, government contracts involving modernization of voters' registration lists, and the status and existence of a public office.
The general rule is that a motion for reconsideration is a condition sine qua non before a petition for certiorari may lie, its purpose being to grant an opportunity for the court a quo to correct any error attributed to it by a re-exan1ination of the legal and factual circumstances of the case.In that case, we recognized that the resolution of the question raised was of urgent necessity, considering its implications on similar cases filed and pending before the Sandiganbayan. In this case, the primordial interest, which is the observance of the rule of law and the proper administration of justice, requires this Court to settle once and for all the question of jurisqiction over public officers accused of violations of R.A. 9165.
However, the rule is not absolute and jurisprudence has laid down the following exceptions when the filing of a petition for certiorari is proper notwithstanding the failure to file a motion for reconsideration:
a) where the order is a patent nullity, as where the court a quo has no jurisdiction; b) where the questions raised in the certiorari proceedings have been duly raised and passed upon by the lower court, or are the same as those raised and passed upon in the lower court; c) where there is an urgent necessity for the resolution of the question and any further delay would prejudice the interests of the Government or of the petitioner or the subject matter of the petition is perishable; d) where, under the circumstances, a motion for reconsideration would be useless; e) where petitioner was deprived of due process and there is extreme urgency for relief; f) where, in a criminal case, relief from an order of arrest is urgent and the granting of such relief by the trial court is improbable; g) where the proceedings in the lower court are a nullity for lack of due process; h) where the proceeding was ex parte or in which the petitioner had no opportunity to object; and, i) where the issue raised is one purely of law or public interest is involved.157 (Emphasis supplied)
Endnotes:
1 Section 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for the Corifiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from the Unlawful Act Committed. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00), in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who misappropriates, misapplies or fails to account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts as provided for in this Act.
2 Section 72. Liability of a Person Who Violates the Confidentiality of Records. - The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to six (6) years and a fine ranging from One thousand pesos (P1,000.00) to Six thousand pesos (P6,000.00), shall be imposed upon any person who, having official custody of or access to the confidential records of any drug dependent under voluntary submission programs, or anyone who, having gained possession of said records, whether lawfully or not, reveals their content to any person other than those charged with the prosecution of the offenses under this Act and its implementation. The maximum penalty shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, when the offender is a government official or employee. Should the records be used for unlawful purposes, such as blackmail of the drug dependent or the members of his/her family, the penalty imposed for the crime of violation of confidentiality shall be in addition to whatever crime he/she may be convicted of.
3 Section 91. Responsibility and Liability of Law Enforcement Agencies and Other Government Officials and Employees in Testing as Prosecution Witnesses in Dangerous Drugs Cases. - Any member of law enforcement agencies or any other government official and employee who, after due notice, fails or refuses intentionally or negligently, to appear as a witness for the prosecution in any proceedings, involving violations of this Act, without any valid reason, shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), in addition to the administrative liability he/she may be meted out by his/her immediate superior and/or appropriate body.
The immediate superior of the member of the law enforcement agency or any other government employee mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be penalized with imprisonment of not less than two (2) months and one (1) day but not more than six (6) years and a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) but not more than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) and in addition, perpetual absolute disqualification from public office if despite due notice to them and to the witness concerned, the former does not exert reasonable effort to present the latter to the court.
The member of the law enforcement agency or any other government employee mentioned in the preceding paragraphs shall not be transferred or re-assigned to any other government office located in another territorial jurisdiction during the pendency of the case in court. However, the concerned member of the law enforcement agency or government employee may be transferred or re-assigned for compelling reasons: Provided, That his/her immediate superior shall notifY the court where the case is pending of the order to transfer or re-assign, within twenty-four (24) hours from its approval: Provided, further, That his/her immediate superior shall be penalized with imprisonment of not less than two (2) months and one (1) day but not more than six (6) years and a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) but not more than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) and in addition, perpetual absolute disqualification from public office, should he/she tail to notify the court of such order to transfer or re-assign.
Prosecution and punishment under this Section shall be without prejudice to any liability for violation of any existing law.
4 Id.
5 Id.
6 Section 92. Delay and Bungling in the Prosecution of Drug Cases. - Any government officer or employee tasked with the prosecution of drug-related cases under this Act, who, through patent laxity, inexcusable neglect, unreasonable delay or deliberately causes the unsuccessful prosecution and/or dismissal of the said drug cases, shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years without prejudice to his/her prosecution under the pertinent provisions of the Revised Penal Code.
7 Section 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug, regardless of the quantity and purity involved, including any and all species of opium poppy or any part thereof or substances derived therefrom even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall import any controlled precursor and essential chemical.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized under this Act, shall import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical through the use of a diplomatic passport, diplomatic facilities or any other means involving his/her official status intended to facilitate the unlawful entry of the same. In addition, the diplomatic passport shall be confiscated and canceled.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
8 SECTION 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.
If the sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical transpires within one hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.
For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals trade, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.
If the victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous drug and/or a controlled precursor and essential chemical involved in any offense herein provided be the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof, the maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
9 Section 6. Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person or group of persons who shall maintain a den, dive or resort where any dangerous drug is used or sold in any form.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person or group of persons who shall maintain a den, dive, or resort where any controlled precursor and essential chemical is used or sold in any form.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed in every case where any dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is allowed to use the same in such a place.
Should any dangerous drug be the proximate cause of the death of a person using the same in such den, dive or resort, the penalty of death and a fine ranging from One million (P1,000,000.00) to Fifteen million pesos (P15,000,000.00) shall be imposed on the maintainer, owner and/or operator.
If such den, dive or resort is owned by a third person, the same shall be confiscated and escheated in favor of the government: Provided, That the criminal complaint shall specifically allege that such place is intentionally used in the furtherance of the crime: Provided, further, That the prosecution shall prove such intent on the part of the owner to use the property for such purpose: Provided, finally, That the owner shall be included as an accused in the criminal complaint.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
10 Section 8. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall engage in the manufacture of any dangerous drug.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall manufacture any controlled precursor and essential chemical.
The presence of any controlled precursor and essential chemical or laboratory equipment in the clandestine laboratory is a prima facie proof of manufacture of any dangerous drug. It shall be considered an aggravating circumstance if the clandestine laboratory is undertaken or established under the following circumstances:
(a) Any phase of the manufacturing process was conducted in the presence or with the help of minor/s;
(b) Any phase or manufacturing process was established or undertaken within one hundred (100) meters of a residential, business, church or school premises;
(c) Any clandestine laboratory was secured or protected with booby traps;
(d) Any clandestine laboratory was concealed with legitimate business operations; or
(e) Any employment of a practitioner, chemical engineer, public official or foreigner.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
11 Section 9. Illegal Chemical Diversion of Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall illegally divert any controlled precursor and essential chemical.
12 Section 10. Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus, and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall deliver, possess with intent to deliver, or manufacture with intent to deliver equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs, knowing, or under circumstances where one reasonably should know, that it will be used to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack, repack, store, contain or conceal any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in violation of this Act.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) shall be imposed if it will be used to inject, ingest, inhale or otherwise introduce into the human body a dangerous drug in violation of this Act.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who uses a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual to deliver such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs.
13 Section 11. Possession of Dangerous Drugs. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall possess any dangerous drug x x x, regardless of the degree of purity thereof.
14 Section 12. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs. - The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall possess or have under his/her control any equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for smoking, consuming, administering, injecting, ingesting, or introducing any dangerous dtug into the body: Provided, That in the case of medical practitioners and various professionals who are required to carry such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia in the practice of their profession, the Board shall prescribe the necessary implementing guidelines thereof.
The possession of such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for any of the purposes enumerated in the preceding paragraph shall be prima facie evidence that the possessor has smoked, consumed, administered to himseltlherself, iujected, ingested or used a dangerous drug and shall be presumed to have violated Section 15 of this Act.
15 Section 13. Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings. - Any person found possessing any dangerous drug during a party, or at a social gathering or meeting, or in the proximate company of at least two (2) persons, shall suffer the maximum penalties provided for in Section II of this Act, regardless of the quantity and purity of such dangerous drugs.
16 Section 14. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings. - The maximum penalty provided for in Section 12 of this Act shall be imposed upon any person, who shall possess or have under his/her control any equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for smoking, consuming, administering, injecting, ingesting, or introducing any dangerous drug into the body, during parties, social gatherings or meetings, or in the proximate company of at least two (2) persons.
17 Section 15. Use of Dangerous Drugs. - A person apprehended or arrested, who is found to be positive for use of any dangerous drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be imposed a penalty of a minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center for the first offense, subject to the provisions of Article VIII of this Act. If apprehended using any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00): Provided, That this Section shall not be applicable where the person tested is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity of any dangerous drug provided for under Section II of this Act, in which case the provisions stated therein shall apply.
18 Section 16. Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as Dangerous Drugs or are Sources Thereof. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who shall plant, cultivate or culture marijuana, opium poppy or any other plant regardless of quantity, which is or may hereafter be classified as a dangerous drug or as a source from which any dangerous drug may be manufactured or derived: Provided, That in the case of medical laboratories and medical research centers which cultivate or culture marijuana, opium poppy and other plants, or materials of such dangerous drugs for medical experiments and research purposes, or for the creation of new types of medicine, the Board shall prescribe the necessary implementing guidelines for the proper cultivation, culture, handling, experimentation and disposal of such plants and materials.
The land or portions thereof and/or greenhouses on which any of said plants is cultivated or cultured shall be confiscated and escheated in tavor of the State, unless the owner thereof can prove lack ofknowledge of such cultivation or culture despite the exercise of due diligence on his/her part. If the land involved is part of the public domain, the maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon the offender.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
19 Section 17. Maintenance and Keeping of Original Records of Transactions on Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of imprisonment ranging from one (1) year and one (1) day to six (6) years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any practitioner, manufacturer, wholesaler, importer, distributor, dealer or retailer who violates or fails to comply with the maintenance and keeping of the original records of transactions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in accordance with Section 40 of this Act.
An additional penalty shall be imposed through the revocation of the license to practice his/her profession, in case of a practitioner, or of the business, in case of a manufacturer, seller, importer, distributor, dealer or retailer.
20 Section 40. Records Required for Transactions on Dangerous Drugs and Precursors and Essential Chemicals. -
a) Every pharmacist dealing in dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals shall maintain and keep an original record of sales, purchases, acquisitions and deliveries of dangerous drugs, indicating therein the following information:
(l) License number and address of the pharmacist;
(2) Name, address and license of the manufacturer, importer or wholesaler from whom the dangerous drugs have been purchased;
(3) Quantity and name of the dangerous drugs purchased or acquired;
(4) Date of acquisition or purchase;
(5) Name, address and community tax certificate number of the buyer;
(6) Serial number of the prescription and the name of the physician, dentist, veterinarian or practitioner issuing the same;
(7) Quantity and name of the dangerous drugs sold or delivered; and
(8) Date of sale or delivery.
A certified true copy of such record covering a period of six (6) months, duly signed by the pharmacist or the owner of the drugstore, pharmacy or chemical establishment, shall be forwarded to the Board within fifteen (15) days following the last day of June and December of each year, with a copy thereof furnished the city or municipal health officer concerned.
(b) A physician, dentist, veterinarian or practitioner authorized to prescribe any dangerous drug shall issue the prescription therefor in one (1) original and two (2) duplicate copies. The original, after the prescription has been filled, shall be retained by the pharmacist for a period of one (1) year from the date of sale or delivery of such drug. One (I) copy shall be retained by the buyer or by the person to whom the drug is delivered until such drug is consumed, while the second copy shall be retained by the person issuing the prescription.
For purposes of this Act, all prescriptions issued by physicians, dentists, veterinarians or practitioners shall be written on forms exclusively issued by and obtainable from the DOH. Such forms shall be made of a special kind of paper and shall be distributed in such quantities and contain such information and other data as the DOH may, by rules and regulations, require. Such forms shall only be issued by the DOH through its authorized employees to licensed physicians, dentists, veterinarians and practitioners in such quantities as the Board may authorize. In emergency cases, however, as the Board may specifY in the public interest, a prescription need not be accomplished on such forms. The prescribing physician, dentist, veterinarian or practitioner shall, within three (3) days aftt:r issuing such prescription, inform the DOH of the same in writing. No prescription once served by the drugstore or pharmacy be reused nor any prescription once issued be refilled.
(c) All manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, importers, dealers and retailers of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals shall keep a record of all inventories, sales, purchases, acquisitions and deliveries of the same as well as the names, addresses and licenses of the persons from whom such items were purchased or acquired or to whom such items were sold or delivered, the name and quantity of the same and the date of the transactions. Such records may be subjected anytime for review by the Board.
21 Section 18. Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs. - The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) and the additional penalty of the revocation of his/her license to practice shall be imposed upon the practitioner, who shall prescribe any dangerous drug to any person whose physical or physiological condition does not require the use or in the dosage prescribed therein, as determined by the Board in consultation with recognized competent experts who are authorized representatives of professional organizations of practitioners, particularly those who are involved in the care of persons with severe pain.
22 Section 19. Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall make or issue a prescription or any other writing purporting to be a prescription for any dangerous drug.
23 Section 29. Criminal Liability for Planting of Evidence. - Any person who is found guilty of "planting" any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, regardless of quantity and purity, shall suffer the penalty of death.
24 Section 30. Criminal Liability of Officers of Partnerships, Corporations, Associations or Other Juridical Entities. - In case any violation of this Act is committed by a partnership, corporation, association or any juridical entity, the partner, president, director, manager, trustee, estate administrator, or officer who consents to or knowingly tolerates such violation shall be held criminally liable as a co-principal.
The penalty provided for the offense under this Act shall be imposed upon the partner, president, director, manager, trustee, estate administrator, or officer who knowingly authorizes, tolerates or consents to the use of a vehicle, vessel, aircraft, equipment or other facility, as an instrument in the importation, sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution, transpottation or manufacture of dangerous drugs, or chemical diversion, if such vehicle, vessel, aircraft, equipment or other instrument is owned by or under the control or supervision of the partnership, corporation, association or juridical entity to which they are affiliated.
25 Section 37. Issuance of False or Fraudulent Drug Test Results. - Any person authorized, licensed or accredited under this Act and its implementing rules to conduct drug examination or test, who issues false or fraudulent drug test results knowingly, willfully or through gross negligence, shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundrtd thousand pesos (P500,000.00).
An additional penalty shall be imposed through the revocation of the license to practice his/her profession in case of a practitioner, and the closure of the drug testing center.
26 TSN, Oral Arguments for G.R. No. 229781, 28 March 2017, pp. 120-121.
27Alarilla v. Sandiganbayan, 393 Phil. 143 (2000).
28Montilla v. Hilario, 90 Phil. 49 (1951).
29 Memorandum for Petitioner, pp. 28-30.
30 Revised Penal Code, Article 210 (direct bribery), Article 211 (indirect bribery), Article 211-A (qualified bribery) and Article 212 (corruption of public officials).
31 Memorandum for Petitioner, p. 30.
32 Id. at 30-33.
33 Office of the Solicitor General's Memorandum, pp. 63-65.
34 Id. at 57-60.
35 Bureau of Corrections Operating Manual, Book I, Part II, Chapter 3, Section 3(a).
Under this category are the following:36 Id. at Section 3(b).
- Those sentenced to death;
- Those whose minimum sentence is 20 years imprisonment;
- Remand inmates or detainees whose sentence is 20 years and above, and those whose sentences are under review by this Court or the CA;
- Those with pending cases;
- Recidivists, habitual delinquents and escapees;
- Those confined at the Reception and Diagnostic center;35
- Those under disciplinary punishment or safekeeping; and
- Those who are criminally insane or those with severe personality or emotional disorders that make them dangerous to fellow inmates or the prison staff.
Under this category are the following:37 Id. at Section 3(c).
- Those whose minimum sentence is less than 20 year-imprisonment;
- Remand inmates or detainees whose sentences are below 20 years;
- Those who are 18 years of age and below, regardless of the case and sentence;
- Those who have two or more records of escape, who can be classified as medium security inmates if they have served eight years since their recommitment. Those with one record of escape must have served five years; and
- First offenders sentenced to life imprisonment, who may be classified as medium security inmates if they have served five years in a maximum security prison or less, upon the recommendation of the Superintendent. Those who were detained in a city and/or provincial jail shall not be entitled to this classification.
Under this category are the following:38 Id. at Section 5.
- Those with a severe physical handicap as certified by the chief medical officer of the prison;
- Those who are 65 years old and above, without any pending case, and whose convictions are not on appeal;
- Those who have served one-half of their minimum sentence or one-third of their maximum sentence, excluding good conduct time allowance (GCTA); and
- Those who have only six months more to serve before the expiration of their maximum sentence.
39 Bureau of Corrections Operating Manual, Book I, Part II, Chapter 3, Section 7. The following are the special privileges:40 Id. at Section 6.
- Credit of an additional GCTA of five days for each calendar month while retaining their classification, aside from the regular GCTA authorized under Article 9739 of the Revised Penal Code;
- Automatic reduction of the life sentence imposed to a sentence of 30 years;
- Subject to the approval of the Director, having their respective wives and children, or the women they desire to marry, live with them in the prison and penal farm.
- As a special reward to deserving colonists, the issuance of a reasonable amount of clothing and ordinary household supplies from the government commissary in addition to free subsistence; and
- The wearing of civilian clothes on such special occasions as may be designated by the Superintendent.
41 Id. at Chapter 5, Section 1.
42 Id. at Section 4. The Classification Board is composed of the following: the Superintendent as Chairman; the Chief of the Reception and Diagnostic Center as Vice-Chairman; the Medical Officer, the Chief of the Education Section, the Chief of the Agro-lndustries Section as members; and the Chief Overseer as Secretary. (Id. at Chapter 3, Section 1)
43 Affidavit of Wu Tuan Yuan a.k.a. Peter Co, page 4:
Hindi ko na ikinagulat na hindi nasali ang "kubol" ni Jaybee sa paggalugad. Hindi rin siya dinala sa NBI. Alam ko na dahil malakas siya kay dating Secretary De Lima. Alam ko rin na ang paggalugad sa aming mga "kubol" at pagdala sa amin sa NBI ay kanyang paraan na pagpaparating ng mensahe sa amin na ang hindi sumunod sa gusto niya na idaan ang lahat ng operasyon ng negosyo ng droga sa kanya ay kaya niyang ipalipat at ipatanggal ang espesyal na pribilehiyong tinatamasa sa loob ng Bilibid;
44 Affidavit of Jojo Baligad, page 3:
Ayon sa mga naririnig ko, pinalipat daw kami ni Secretary DE LIMA kasi may ibinigay sa kanya si JAYBEE SEBASTIAN na lista ng mga pangalan namin. Gusto daw kasi ni JAYBEE na ma-solo ang sistema ng droga sa loob ng Bilibid at, sa aming pag-alis o paglipat, magagawa niya na ito na wala diumanong kakumpitensya sa kalakal na ito.
45 Affidavit of Joel Capones y Duro, page 1:
Ipinaliwanag niya rin sa amin na ang mga tutulong sa paglikom ng pondo para kay Sec. De Lima ay sagot niya at mapupruteksyunan at walang anumang magiging problema o panganib, samantalang ang babangga o sasalungat ay may paglalagyan. Ganunpaman, wala naman talaga kaming ibang mapagpipilian dahil kaya ni Jaybee na magpapatay at magpalipat sa malalayong piitan.
46 Affidavit of Noel Martinez y Golloso, page 1:
Sa katunayan, alam ng lahat dito sa Bilibid na ang sa/ita ni Jaybee ay parang batas. Ang sinumang hindi sasang-ayon sa gusto niya ay maaaring mamatay o taniman ng droga o itapon sa malalayong kolonya na tunay na kinatatakutan naming mga bilanggo dito sa Bilibid.
47 Affidavit of Herbert Colanggo, page 1:
Noong buwan ng November 2014, kinausap muli ako ni Joenel Sanchez upang i-centralize ang operasyon at inatasan din niya ako na kuhanan ko ang mga bigtime drug lords ng droga ng may timbang na hindi bababa sa 30 to 50 kilos at pagkatapos ko makuha ang droga ay huwag na itong bayaran at sabihin na lang sa kanya ang pangalan ng mga drug lords na aking nakuhanan upang ang mga ito ay ipatapon nila sa ibang Iugar.
Hindi aka pumayag na estapahin ang mga drug lords dahil naisip ko paano na kung wala na si Sec. De Lima o ang Director ng Bilibid Hindi ko rin naisip na ako ay ipapatapon dahil nagbibigay naman ako ng payola kay Sec. De Lima ng 3-Million at sa Director ng 1.2-Million kada buwan.
48 Affidavit of Rodolfo Mag!eo y Tamayo, page 4:
Binigyan niya (Jaybee Sebastian) ng SAMPUNG MILYON (Php10,000,000.00) si DE LIMA para sa paglipat ng BILIBID 19 na kanyang kakumpitensiya at nagbibigay siya ng karagdagang ISANG MILYON (Php1,000,000.00) kada buwan.
Ang solo drug trading ni JB Sebastian sa loob ng Bilibid ay naging matagumpay sa loob ng walong (8) buwan at nagtapos noong nagbitiw si DE LllvfA bilang DOJ Secretary sa kanyang paghahanda sa pagtakbo bilang senador.
49 Affidavit of Jaybee Sebastian, page 5:
Dahil sa lagayan o corruption sa opisina ng BUCOR sa panahon na ito, wala ng disiplina at husti ya ang kapwa ko bilanggo. Dagdag pa nito ay ang pakikialam ni Secretary De Lima katulad ng pagtransfer ng Brigada 9A at paraan ng pagdidisiplina namin sa mga kakosa at ang pagbartolina sa amin na mga commander tuwing kami ay magrereklamv upang ayusin ang pagkain naming mga inmates. Kapag hindi sipsip kay Secretary De Lima ang Director, tulad ng nangyari kay Director Pangilinan, ay tanggal kaagad pero kapag sipsip sa kanya kahit anong palpak andiyan pa rin.
Page 9:
Na kinausap din ng aking abogado si Superintendent Richard Schwarzcopf ngunit sinabi ni Super sa aking abogado na tanging si Secretary De Lima lamang ang pwedeng makapigil sa aking paglipat sa Building 14.
50 Affidavit of Froilan "Poypoy" Lacson Trestiza, page 2:
Habang ine-escortan ng mga opisyal ng BuCor noong unang lingo ng Nobyembre taong 2012, pinagbantaan ako ni MARTINEZ. Ang sabi niya sa akin, "ANONA NGAYON, POY, WALA NA ANG DIRECTOR MO PERO AKO CONSULTANT PA RIN Nl SOJ. SAAN MO BA GUSTONG IPATAPON?" x x x Dito niya po aka hiningan ng Sampung Libong Piso (P10,000.00). Upang hindi naman po ako mapatapon at malayo sa aking pamilya, sinikap ko pong makalikom ng halagang ito at ibinigay kay MARTINEZ.
51 Testimony of Froilan "Poypoy" Lacson Trestiza before the House of Representatives on 20 September 2016:
Noong ika-tatlong lingo ng Disyembre taong 2012 matapos na mailipat na sa Maximum Security Compound ang ilan naming kasamahan na nabartolina sa Medium Security Compound, aka ay binalitaan ni (John) Herra at nagsabing nakausap daw niya si Jun Ablen. Si Ablen ay malapit kay noo y OIC BuCor Director Rafal Marcos Ragos. Ang sabi ni Ablen sa akin ay pinagbibigay daw aka ni OIC Ragos ng dalawandaang libang pisa kung gusto ko no mailipat sa Maximum Security Compound. Ayon kay Ablen, sinabi daw ni Ragos na ang magdedesisyon ng aking paglipat ay si De Lima.
Ako po ay humingi ng tulong sa aking magulang at mga kapatid para maibigay ang hinihinging halaga ni Ragos sa akin. Sa pamamagitan ng aking kapatid at ni Herra, ay naiabot ang nasabing halaga kay Jun Ablen noong Disyembre 19, 2012. Dagdag ni Herra, sabi din daw ni Jun Ablen na ayon kay Ragos, susunduin daw aka mula sa Medium Security Compound at ihahatid sa Maximum Security Compound bilang patunay na natanggap na niya ang pero. Noong Disyembre 22 taang 2012, nangyari nga po ang pangakang pagsundo sa akin ni Ragos at ni Jun Ablen, kung kaya't siguradang natanggap na ni Ragos ang dalawandaang libang piso na hiningi niya.
52 Affidavit of Rodolfo Magleo y Tamayo, page 1:
Noong mga kapanahunan ng pangangasiwa ni DOJ Secretary LEILA DE LIMA, ang Maximum Security Compound ng New Bilibid Prisons ay kinilala bilang "LITTLE LAS VEGAS" dahil sa talamak na paglipana ng droga, sugal, concert ng mga kilalang mga singer at celebrities at prostitusyon. Halos 80% ng mga inmate ay mayroong mga cell phones at gadgets.
53 Affidavit of Jaybee Nino Manicad Sebastian, page 6:
Gusto ko pong linawin at pasinungalingan ang mga balita o paratang na aka diumano ay untouchable at malakas kay Secretary De Lima. Ang tatoo po ay si Colangco ang siyang tunay na malakas sa BUCOR at kay DOJ Secretary De Lima. Bilang patotoo nita, nagagawa niyang magpasok ng lahat ng kontrabando, babae, alak, mga matataas na kalibreng baril, mga mamaha!ing gamit at magpasimuno ng ibat-ibang sugal sa loob ng Bilibid kung saan ang pustahan nila ay milyun-milyong piso halos araw-araw, kasama na dito ang paggawa ng halos linggohang concert ni Colangco kung saan nagpapapasok siya ng trucktruck na beer at mga tao galing sa labas ng Bilibid upang manood ng kanyang concert.
54 Affidavit of Jojo baligad y Rondal, page 1:
Noong unang lingo ng Enero 2013 ay pinuntahan aka ni Commander POY sa aking kubol. Sinabi niya sa akin na nagbigay nang "tara" sa pangkat naming si O.I.C. RAFAEL RAGOS na lsandaang Libong Piso (P100,000.00) kada lingo. Ang halagang ito ay kapalit ng pagluluwag dito sa loob ng NBP. Dahil sa pagluwag na ito, hindi na kinukumpiska ang mga kontrabando katulad ng drogang shabu at marijuana, mga cellphone, laptop computer, tablet, wifi receiver at signal booster. Dahil din sa pagluwag na ito, hindi na rin sinisita ang mga dapat sana y mga ipinagbabawal na gawain katulad ng pagbebenta at pag gamit ng droga, pagsusugal, pagiinom ng alak at pag gamit ng babae.
55 Affidavit of Vicente M. Sy, page 5:
Humingi sa akin si George ng ONE MILLION PESOS (P1,000,000.00). Ang halagang ito ay sinabi ni George na para kay Justice Secretary Leila De Lima para papasukin ang mga appliances at para payagan ang paggamit ng mga ito sa loob ng Bilibid Bago magkaroon ng actual delivery, aka ay hiningian pa ulit ng karagdagang FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS (P500,000.00) at ito ay sinabi sa akin na para din kay Justice Secretary Leila De Lima.
56 Affidavit of Engelberto Acenas Durano, page 2:
Isang beses, tinawagan niya (Ronnie Dayan) aka at sinabi na kung kailangan ko ng "proteksiyon" sa aking "negosyo" ay tuiungan namin si Secretary De Lima sa kanyang pangangampanya bilang senador sa taong 2016.
57 Id. at 5:
Bilang kalakaran sa loob ng preso, hindi ka maaaring tumanggi na maging bahagi ng pagbebenta ng illegal na droga sa loob ng NBP dahil matatanggalan ka ng mga benepisyo na ibinibigay tulad sa aming mga pinuno ng mga samahan sa loob ng NBP at ang mala/a ay ang posibilidad na pagbantaaan ang aming buhay kung hindi makikisama at magiging purte ng ganitong sistema.
58 Affidavit of Jaime Patcho, page 1:
Kinausap niya (Jaybee Sebastian) aka at sabi niya tolongan ko siya para hinde na aka mapurhiwesyo at doon derekta niyang sinabi na bigyan siya bilang tolong sa paghahanda sa pagtakbo sa pagka senador sa darating na election ni DOJ Secretary Laila Dilima. At wag ako mangamba kasi sa kanya raw ang administrasyon.
59 Affidavit of Joel Capones y Duro, page 2:
Halos kasabay nito, kami ay pinayagan na ng mga bagong pribilehiyo sa Maximum Security. Ako ay nagkaroon ng aircon at refrigerator sa aking kubol Pinayagan din aka na gumamit ng motorsiklo sa loob ng Maximum Security Compound. Naging mas maluwag din ang pamunuan ng NBP sa kanilang pagpapatupad ng mga patakaran sa amin.
60 Affidavit of German Agojo y Luna, page 1:
Natatandaan ko na noong Enero 2014 pinulong ni Jaybee ang aking pangkat at kami ay inutusan na magbenta ng droga. Wala raw kaming dapat ikatakot. Kami raw ay malayang makakagalaw at kami ay puprotebyunan at bibigyan ng mga pribilehiyo. Ngunit kailangan naming makalikom ng halagang P20,000,000.00 para sa aming pangkat sa loob ng tatlong buwan, para raw sa suporta sa pagtakbo ni Sec. Leila Delima sa 2016 election para sa Senado. Ang hindi pagsang-ayon ay may kaukulang parusa.
61 Affidavit of Rafael Z. Ragos, page 2:
During my tenure as Officer in Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, I also received several special requests from inmates such as long weekends, that is to allow their visitors to stay with them for a couple days, entry of construction materials, and conduct of celebrations inside the NBP. Inmate Herbert Colanggo made several requests to conduct a celebration inside the NBP. In making some of his requests, he told me that "Alam na ni secretary yan," referring to Sec. De Lima.
I would casually mention such celebration requests, including the request of inmate Colanggo, to Sec. De Lima whenever I have the opportunity to tell her, to which she would normally respond with a nod.
62 Affidavit of Reynante Diaz y Delima, page 3:
Pagdating sa pagpasok ng mga banda at performers, may request kaming ginagawa una sa Commander of the Guards, tapos sa Office of the Superintendent, tapos i-routing at maghihintay na lang kami ng tawag ng Secretary ng Office of the Superintendent. Pero mas mabilis sa amin kasi dumidirekta kami sa Office of the Superintendent. May weekly kaming binibigay pero ang pinaka-sigurado ay every month sa Office of the Director, Superintendent, OIC at sa Commander of the Guards pati ang mga Prison Guards na nakabantay sa bawat gate. Pag nagpapasok kami ng babae, sinasabay namin sila sa mga bisita para hindi halala. Para sa mga gadgets, beer, alak at iba pa, sinisingit namin ang mga ito sa truck ng sound system. At kunwari i-checheck ng guards para hindi halala pero a/am nila yun. Mga 4 to 5 trucks ang pumapasok kasama ang generator na 350 kya na kayang pailawin ang buong maximum.
Page 5:
Kasi pag sobrang maramihan na ang guest, kunwari ine-endorse kami ng Office of the Director sa DOJ, para masabi lang na ginagawa din nila ang trabaho nila.
63 Section 4, Chapter 1, Part IV, Book I of the BuCor Operating Manual, prohibits the commission of the following acts inside prisons:Further, inmates are not allowed to engage in any revenue-generating or profit-making endeavor or profession, except when authorized to do so in writing by the Director or the Superintendent. (Section 5)
- Participating in illegal sexual acts or placing oneself in situations or exhibiting behavior in a way that would encourage the commission of illegal sexual acts;
- Openly or publicly displaying photographs, pictures, drawings, or other pictorial representations of persons engaged in sexual acts (actual or simulated), masturbation, excretory functions or lewd or obscene exhibitions of the genitals;
- Possessing articles that pose a threat to prison security or to the safety and well-being of the inmates and staff;
- Giving gifts, selling or engaging in barter with prison personnel;
- Maligning or insulting any religious belief or group;
- Rendering personal services to or requiring personal services from a fellow inmate;
- Gambling;
- Exchanging uniforms with other inmates or wearing uniforms other than those that were officially issued to the inmate;
- Using profane, vulgar or obscene language or making loud or unusual noise of any kind;
- Loitering in the prison compound or reservation;
- Giving a gift or providing material or other assistance to fellow inmates or to the prison administration in general;
- Engaging in any private work for the benefit of a p1 ison officer or employee;
- Controlling the activities of other inmates except in organizations or groups recognized by prison authorities;
- Tattooing oneself or allowing oneself to be tattooed on any part of the body. The removal or alteration of tattoos may only be performed by a prison medical officer upon prior approval by the Superintendent;
- Disobeying legal orders of prison authorities promptly and courteously;
- Threatening, orally or in writing, the life of any employee or prison official;
- Possessing any communication device like a cellular telephone, pager or radio transceiver;
- Constructing, renovating or repairing, with personal funds, a prison building or structure;
- Making frivolous or groundless complaints; and
- In general, displaying any behavior that might lead to disorder or violence, or such other actions that may endanger the facility, the outside community or others.
64 Id. at Chapter 2, Section I and Section 2(f).
65 Id. at Section 4.
66 Id. at Book II, Part II, Section 2(a)(ii).
67 Office of the Solicitor General's Memorandum, pp. 32-36.
68 Id. at 39-41.
69 G.R. No. 202664, 10 November 2015, 774 SCRA 243.
70 Id.
71 Id.
72 Id. at 257.
73Re: Request for Clarification on whether Drug Courts should be included In the Regular Raffle, A.M. No. 05-9-03-SC, 11 October 2005.
74 Plenary Deliberations (Period of Sponsorship and Debate) on R.A. 9165 (House Bill No. 4433), 7 March 2002.
75 Bicameral Conference Committee Meeting on the Disagreeing Provisions of House Bill No. 4433 and Senate Bill No. 1858, 29 April 2002.
76 Section 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:
a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:
(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade '27' and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification. Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:
(a) Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, and provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other provincial department heads;
(b) City mayors, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panlungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;
(c) Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher;
(d) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher rank;
(e) Officers of the Philippine National Police while occupying the position of provincial director and those holding the rank of senior superintendent and higher;
(f) City and provincial prosecutors and their assistants, and officials and prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor;
(g) Presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government-owned or controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations.
(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;
(3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;
(4) Chairmen and members of the Constitutional Commissions, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and
(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.
b. Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a. of this section in relation to their office.
c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).
Subject to the rules promulgated by the Supreme Court, the cases falling under the jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court under this section shall be tried in a judicial region other than where the official holds office.
In cases where none of the accused are occupying positions corresponding to Salary Grade '27' or higher, as prescribed in the said Republic Act No. 6758, or military and PNP officers mentioned above, exclusive original jurisdiction thereof shall be vested in the proper regional trial court, metropolitan trial court, municipal trial court, and municipal circuit trial court, as the case may be, pursuant to their respective jurisdictions as provided in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as amended.
The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, resolutions or orders of regional trial courts whether in the exercise of their own original jurisdiction or of their appellate jurisdiction as herein provided.
The Sandiganbayan shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over petitions for the issuance of the writs of mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, injunctions, and other ancillary writs and processes in aid of its appellate jurisdiction and over petitions of similar nature, including quo warranto, arising or that may arise in cases filed or which may be filed under Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986: Provided, That the jurisdiction over these petitions shall not be exclusive of the Supreme Court.
The procedure prescribed in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as well as the implementing rules that the Supreme Court has promulgated and may hereafter promulgate relative to appeals/petitions for review to the Court of Appeals, shall apply to appeals and petitions for review filed with the Sandiganbayan. In all cases elevated to the Sandiganbayan and from the Sandiganbayan to the Supreme Court, the Office of the Ombudsman, through its special prosecutor, shall represent the People of the Philippines, except in cases filed pursuant to Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
In case private individuals are charged as co-principals, accomplices or accessories with the public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, they shall be tried jointly with said public officers and employees in the proper courts which shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over them.
Any provisions of law or Rules of Court to the contrary notwithstanding, the criminal action and the corresponding civil action for the recovery of civil liability shall at all times be simultaneously instituted with, and jointly determined in, the same proceeding by the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate courts, the filing of the criminal action being deemed to necessarily carry with it the filing of the civil action, and no right to reserve the filing of such civil action separately from the criminal action shall be recognized: Provided, however, That where the civil action had heretofore been filed separately but judgment therein has not yet been rendered, and the criminal case is hereafter filed with the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, said civil action shall be transferred to the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, as the case may be, for consolidation and joint determination with the criminal action, otherwise the separate civil action shall be deemed abandoned.
77 Entitled "Revising Presidential Decree No. 1486 Creating a Special Court to be known as 'Sandiganbayan' and for Other Purposes."
78Adaza v. Sandiganbayan, 502 Phil. 702 (2005); Geduspan v. People, 491 Phil. 375 (2005); Lacson v. Executive Secretary, 361 Phil. 251 (1999).
79 Chaired by Senior Asst. State Prosecutor Peter Ong, with members Senior Asst. City Prosecutor Alexander Ramos, Senior Asst. City Prosecutor Leila Llanes, Senior Asst. City Prosecutor Evangeline Viudes-Canobas, and Asst. State Prosecutor Editha Fernandez.
80 470 Phil. 721 (2004).
81 Section 2. Officers Authorized to Conduct Preliminmy Investigations.
The following may conduct preliminary investigations:
(a) Provincial or City Prosecutors and their assistants;
(b) Judges of the Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts;
(c) National and Regional State Prosecutors; and
(d) Other officers as may be authorized by law.
Their authority to conduct preliminary investigations shall include all crimes cognizable by the proper court in their respective territorial jurisdictions.
82 Section 4. Resolution of Investigating Prosecutor and its Review. - If the investigating prosecutor finds cause to hold the respondent for trial, he shall prepare the resolution and information. He shall certify under oath in the information that he, or as shown by the record, an authorized officer, has personally examined the complainant and his witnesses; that there is reasonable ground to believe that a crime has been committed and that the accused is probably guilty thereof; that the accused was informed of the complaint and of the evidence submitted against him; and that he was given an opportunity to submit controverting evidence. Otherwise, he shall recommend the dismissal of the complaint.
Within five (5) days from his resolution, he shall forward the record of the case to the provincial or city prosecutor or chief state prosecutor, or to the Ombudsman or his deputy in cases of offenses cognizable by the Sandiganbayan in the exercise of its original jurisdiction. They shall act on the resolution within ten (10) days from their receipt thereof and shall immediately inform the parties of such action.
No complaint or information may be filed or dismissed by an investigating prosecutor without the prior written authority or approval of the provincial or city prosecutor or chief state prosecutor or the Ombudsman or his deputy.
Where the investigating prosecutor recommends the dismissal of the complaint but his recommendation is disapproved by the provincial or city prosecutor or chief state prosecutor or the Ombudsman or his deputy on the ground that a probable cause exists, the latter may, by himself, file the information against the respondent, or direct another assistant prosecutor or state prosecutor to do so without conducting another preliminary investigation.
If upon petition by a proper party under such fiJles as the Department of Justice may prescribe or motu proprio, the Secretary of Justice reverses or modifies the resolution of the provincial or city prosecutor or chief state prosecutor, he shall direct the prosecutor concerned either to file the corresponding information without conducting another prelimmary investigation, or to dismiss or move for dismissal of the complaint or information with notice to the parties. The same rule shall apply in preliminary investigations conducted by the officers of the Office of the Ombudsman. (Emphases supplied)
83Honasan II v. Panel of Investigating Prosecutors of the Department of Justice, supra.
84 Id.
85 Id.
86 Rules of Court, Rule 117, Section 3(b) provides:
Section 3. Grounds. - The accused may move to quash the complaint or information on any of the following grounds:
x x x
(b) That the court trying the case has no jurisdiction over the offense charged;
87 Id. at Section 6, which provides:
Section 6. Order sustaining the motion to quash not a bar to another prosecution; exception. - An order sustaining the motion to quash is not a bar to another prosecution for the same offense unless the motion was based on the grounds specified in Section 3 (g) and (i) of this Rule.
Section 3(g) and (i) of Rule 117 provides:
Section 3. Grounds. - The accused may move to quash the complaint or information on any of the following grounds:
x x x
(g) That the criminal action or liability has been extinguished;
x x x
(i) That the accused has been previously convicted or acquitted of the offense charged, or the case against him was dismissed or otherwise terminated without his express consent.
88 Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines dated 21 September 1972.
89 Creation of the Sandiganbayan, Presidential DecrefNo. 1486 dated 11 June 1978.
90 WHEREAS Clause, Creation of the Sandiganbayan, Presidential Decree No. 1486 dated 11 June 1978.
91 Co-Sponsorship Speech of Senator Franklin Drilon, S. Journal Sess. No. 75, at 33, 16th Congress, 1st Regular Session (26 February 2014).
92 Amendments to P.D. No. 1606 and B.P. Blg. 129 Re: Jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, Presidential Decree No. 1860, (14 January 1983).
93 Amending P.D. No. 1606 and B.P. Blg. 129 Re: Jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, Presidential Decree No. 1861 (March 23, 1983).
94 The 1987 CONSTITUTION, Art. XI. Sec. 4.
95 Jurisdiction Over Cases Involving the Ill-Gotten Wealth of Former President Ferdinand E. Marcos, Executive Order No. 14 (7 May 1986).
96 Amending E.O. No. 14 (May 7, 1986) Re: Ill-Gotten Wealth of Former President Ferdinand Marcos, Executive Order No. 14-A (18 August 1986).
97 Anti-Plunder Act, Republic Act No. 7080 (12 July 1991).
98 Amendments to P.D. No. 1606 Re: Organization of Sandiganbayan, Republic Act No. 7975 (30 March 1995).
99 Defining the Jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, Republic Act No. 8249 (5 February 1997).
100 Amendment to P.D. No. 1606 (Functional and Structural Organization of the Sandiganbayan), Republic Act No. 10660, 16 April 2015.
101 P.D. 1486, Section 4.
102 P.D. 1606, Section 16 provides:
Section 16. Repealing Clause. - This Decree hereby repeals Presidential Decree No. 1486 and all other provisions of law, General Orders, Presidential Decrees, Letters of instructions, rules or regulations inconsistent herewith.
103 B.P. 129, Section 20 provides:
Section 20. Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases. - Regional Trial Courts shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all criminal cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal or body, except those now falling under the exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan which shall hereafter be exclusively taken cognizance of by the latter.
104 WHEREAS Clause, P.D. 1860 and 1861.
105 P.D. 1860, Sec. 1.
106 P.D. 1861, Sec. 1.
107 319 Phil. 319 (1995).
108 Id.
109 361 Phil. 251 (1999).
110 502 Phil. 702 (2005).
111 Id. at 720-721.
112 Co-Sponsorship Speech of Senator Franklin Drilon, S. Journal Sess. No. 75, at 33, 16th Congress, 1st Regular Session (26 February 2014).
113Macapagal-Arroyo v. People, G.R. Nos. 220598 & 220953, 19 July 2016, Dissenting Opinion of J. Leonen.
114Nuñez v. Sandiganbayan, 197 Phil. 407 ( l9K2), Concurring Opinion of J. Barredo.
115 Id. at 434.
116 566 Phil. 224 (2008).
117 362 Phil. 646 (1999).
118 Id.
119 Id. at 664.
120 Id.
121 R.A. 10660, Sec. 4.
122 Co-Sponsorship Speech of Senator Franklin Drilon, S. Journal Sess. No. 75, at 33, 16th Congress, 1st Regular Session (26 February 2014).
123 Senate Committee on Justice and Human Rights, Discussion and Deliberation on Senate Bill No. 470 and 472, at 23-24 (13 February 2014).
124 Co-Sponsorship Speech of Senator Franklin Drilon, S. Journal Sess. No. 75, at 32-33, 16th Congress, 1st Regular Session (26 February 2014).
125 Senate Committee on Justice and Human Rights, Discussion and Deliberation on Senate Bill No. 470 and 472 (13 February 2014).
126 S. Journal Sess. No. 69, at 196, 16th Congress, 1st Regular Session (12 May 2014).
127 R.A. 10660, Section 1.
128Payumo v. Sandiganbayan, 669 Phil. 545 (2011), citing Webster's Third New World International Dictionary, 445 (1993).
129 Id.
130 643 Phil. 14 (2010).
131 Id. at 36.
132 R.A. 10660, Section 2.
133 Senate Committee on Justice and Human Rights, Discussion and Deliberation on Senate Bill No. 470 and 472, at 24-25 (13 February 2014).
134 S. Journal Sess. No. 62, at 72, 16th Congress, 1st Regular Session (5 March 2014).
135People v. Milan, 370 Phil. 493 (1999).
136Corpuz v. People, 734 Phil. 353 (2014).
137 Id. at 454-455.
138 P.D. 1606, Section 7.
139 R.A. 8493, 12 February 1998.
140Payumo v. Sandiganbayan, 669 Phil. 545 (2011).
141Nuñez v. Sandiganbayan, 197 Phil. 407 (1982). Concurring Opinion of J. Barredo.
142 Id. at 436.
143 G.R. No. L-54719-50, 17 January 1985, 134 SCRA 105.
144 Id. at 121.
145Torres v. Specialized Packaging Development Corp., 447 Phil. 540 (2004).
146In-N-Out Burger. Inc. v. Sehwani, Inc., 595 Phil. 1119 (2008).
147People v. De Grano, 606 Phil. 547 (2009).
148 Id.
149Fernandez v. Villegas, 741 Phil. 689 (2014).
150 Id.
151 Id. at 698.
152 G.R. No. 191699, 19 April 2016.
153 G.R. No. 205728, 21 January 2015, 747 SCRA 1, 45-50.
154 138 Phil. 570 (1969).
155 Draft Decision, p. 15.
156 G.R. Nos. 216007-09, 8 December 2015, 776 SCRA 672.
157 Id. at 683-684.
158Grace Park International Corp. v. Eastwest Banking Corp., G.R. No. 210606, 27 July 2016.
159Phil. Pharmawealth, Inc. v. Pfizer, Inc., 649 Phil. 423 (2010); Chua v. Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co., 613 Phil. 143 (2009).
160Bandillion v. La Filipina Uygongco Corp., G.R. No. 202446, 16 September 2015, 770 SCRA 624; Espiritu v. Tankiansee, 667 Phil. 9 (2011).
161 681 Phil. 536 (2012).
CARPIO, J.:
(1) | The Information does not allege any of the essential elements of the crime of illegal sale or illegal trade of drugs under Section 5 of R.A. No. 9165, hence the charge of illegal trade of drugs is void ab initio; |
(2) | The exclusive original jurisdiction over bribery, the offense actually alleged in the Information, lies with the Sandiganbayan; hence, the RTC has no jurisdiction over Criminal Case No. 17-165; and |
(3) | In the Memorandum of Agreement dated 29 March 2012 between the DOJ and the Ombudsman, the DOJ expressly recognizes the Ombudsman's primary jurisdiction to conduct preliminary investigations in complaints for crimes cognizable by the Sandiganbayan; hence, the DOJ Panel had no authority to file the Information. |
The undersigned Prosecutors, constituted as a Panel pursuant to Department Orders 706 and 790 dated October 14, 2016 and November 11, 2016, respectively, accuse LEILA M. DE LIMA, RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN, for violation of Section 5 of R.A. No. 9165, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b), and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, committed as follows:The allegations in the Information against petitioner do not constitute an offense under any provision of R.A. No. 9165. The investigation and eventual prosecution of her case fall under Section 4(b) of Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 1606, specifically as amended by R.A. No. 10660, bringing her case within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Sandigan bayan.That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.
CONTRARY TO LAW.3 (Emphasis supplied)
Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.R.A. No. 9165 took effect on 7 June 2002. Our jurisprudence is replete with the enumeration of the essential elements of the crime of illegal sale of drugs under Section 5 of R.A. No. 9165. For the present case, I refer to the enumeration of these essential elements in a non exhaustive recitation of cases prepared by the ponente and some incumbent Members of the Court.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.
If the sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical transpires within one hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.
For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical trade, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.
If the victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous drug and/or a controlled precursor and essential chemical involved in any offense herein provided be the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof, the maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
Section 3. Definitions. As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:
x x x x
(jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.
Section 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. - Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:
x x x x
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
x x x x
Section 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees. (Emphasis supplied)
In the prosecution of illegal sale of shabu, the essential elements have to be established, to wit: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment therefor. (Emphasis supplied)In December 2009, the ponente denied the parole of SPO3 Sangki Ara.5
For the successful prosecution of the illegal sale of shabu, the following elements must be established: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and its payment. What is material is the proof that the transaction or sale actually took place, coupled with the presentation in court of the corpus delicti as evidence.(Emphasis supplied)A few weeks later, the ponente enumerated the same elements m another case and affirmed the guilt of Victorio Pagkalinawan.6
It bears stressing that what is material to the prosecution for illegal sale of drugs is the proof that the transaction or sale actually took place, coupled with the presentation in court of evidence of corpus delicti. In other words, the essential elements of the crime of illegal sale of prohibited drugs are: (1) the accused sold and delivered a prohibited drug to another; and (2) he knew that what he had sold and delivered was a prohibited drug. (Emphasis supplied)The ponente affirmed the conviction of spouses Ewinie and Maria
In a successful prosecution for offenses involving the illegal sale of dangerous drugs under Sec. 5, Art. II of RA 9165, the following elements must concur: (1) the identities of the buyer and seller, object, and consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment for it. Such elements are present in this case. What is material is proof that the transaction or sale actually took place, coupled with the presentation in court of the prohibited or regulated drug or the corpus delicti as evidence. (Emphasis supplied)In a January 2011 case,8 the ponente affirmed the conviction of Francisco Manlangit as a seller of shabu and cited the elements as written in People v. Macatingag.9
People v. Macatingag prescribed the requirements for the successful prosecution of the crime of illegal sale of dangerous drugs, as follows:In January 2011, the ponente affirmed the conviction of Carlo Magno Aure and Melchor Austriaco using the same enumeration of elements.10The elements necessary for the prosecution of illegal sale of drugs are (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object, and consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment therefor. What is material to the prosecution for illegal sale of dangerous drugs is the proof that the transaction or sale actually took place, coupled with the presentation in court of evidence of corpus delicti. (Emphasis supplied)
In the prosecution for the crime of illegal sale of prohibited drugs under Sec. 5, Art. II of RA 9165, the following elements must concur: (1) the identities of the buyer and seller, object, and consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment for it. (Emphasis supplied)In the same month, the ponente affirmed the conviction of Nene Quiamanlon,11 thus:
Significantly, in the prosecution for the crime of illegal sale of prohibited drugs under Sec. 5, Art. II of RA 9165, the following elements must concur: (1) the identities of the buyer and seller, object, and consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment for it. It is worth noting that what is material to the prosecution for illegal sale of dangerous drugs is the proof that the transaction or sale actually occurred, coupled with the presentation in court of the substance seized as evidence.(Emphasis supplied)Jacquiline Pambid's conviction12 was affirmed under the same enumeration of elements:
Essentially, all the elements of the crime of illegal sale of drugs have been sufficiently established, i.e., (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment for it. (Emphasis supplied)The ponente used the enumeration of elements in the acquittal of Andrew Roble in April 2011.13
In the crime of sale of dangerous drugs, the prosecution must be able to successfully prove the following elements: "(1) identities of the buyer and seller, the object, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment therefor." Similarly, it is essential that the transaction or sale be proved to have actually taken place coupled with the presentation in court of evidence of corpus delicti. Corpus delicti means the "actual commission by someone of the particular crime charged." (Emphasis supplied)In June 2011, the ponente acquitted Garry dela Cruz.14
For the prosecution of illegal sale of drugs to prosper, the following elements must be proved: (1) the identity of the buyer and seller, the object, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and its payment. What is material is the proof that the transaction actually took place, coupled with the presentation before the court of the corpus delicti. (Emphasis supplied)In August 2011, the ponente affirmed the conviction of Adriano Pascua.15
In every case of illegal sale of dangerous drugs, the prosecution is obliged to establish the following essential elements: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and its payment. What is material is the proof that the transaction or sale actually took place, coupled with the presentation in court of the corpus delicti as evidence. The delivery of the illicit drug to the poseur-buyer and the receipt by the seller of the marked money successfully consummate the buy-bust transaction. (Emphasis supplied)In October 2012, the ponente affirmed with modification the convictions of Asia Musa, Ara Monongan, Faisah Abas, and Mike Solalo,16 thus:
In determining the guilt of the accused for the sale of dangerous drugs, the prosecution is obliged to establish the following essential elements: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and its payment. There must be proof that the transaction or sale actually took place and that the corpus delicti be presented in court as evidence. (Emphasis supplied)The ponente repeated these essential elements in his decision in People v. Adrid,17 a March 2013 case. This time, the ponente acquitted Edgardo Adrid and cited the elements as written in his previous ponencia in People v. Politico.18
In every prosecution for illegal sale of dangerous drugs under Sec. 5, Art. II of RA 9165, the following elements must concur: (1) the identities of the buyer and seller, object, and consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment for it. As it were, the dangerous drug itself forms an integral and key part of the corpus delicti of the offense of possession or sale of prohibited drugs. Withal, it is essential in the prosecution of drug cases that the identity of the prohibited drug be established beyond reasonable doubt. This means that on top of the elements of possession or illegal sale, the fact that the substance illegally sold or possessed is, in the first instance, the very substance adduced in court must likewise be established with the same exacting degree of certitude as that required sustaining a conviction. (Emphasis supplied)In similar manner, I also quote from the ponencias of other members of this Court to illustrate that any conviction or acquittal under Section 5 of R.A. No. 9165 goes through the test of proving the same essential elements. I limited my examples to the Justices' latest promulgated ponencias on the subject.
In every prosecution for the illegal sale of marijuana, the following elements must be proved: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller; (2) the object and the consideration; and (3) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment therefor.In People v. Cloma,20 my ponencia found accused-appellant Randy Cloma guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violation of Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165.
On the other hand, in a prosecution for the illegal possession of marijuana, the following elements must be proved: (1) that the accused was in possession of the object identified as a prohibited or regulated drug; (2) that the drug possession was not authorized by law; and (3) that the accused freely and consciously possessed the drug.
For both offenses, it is crucial that the prosecution establishes the identity of the seized dangerous drugs in a way that their integrity is well preserved - from the time of seizure or confiscation from the accused until the time of presentation as evidence in court. The fact that the substance said to have been illegally sold or possessed was the very same substance offered in court as exhibit must be established. (Emphasis supplied)
For the successful prosecution of the offense of illegal sale of dangerous drugs under Section 5, Article II of RA 9165, the following elements must be proven: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object, and consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment for it. The prosecution must establish proof that the transaction or sale actually took place, coupled with the presentation in court of evidence of the corpus delicti.In People v. Ocfemia,21 penned by Justice Leonardo-De Castro, the Court found accused-appellant Giovanni Ocfemia guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violation of Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165.
All the required elements are present in this case. SPO1 Ellevera testified that he was the poseur-buyer in the buy-bust operation. He identified Cloma as the seller of the shabu. SPO1 Ellevera confirmed the exchange of the five hundred peso (P500) marked money and shabu. Hence, the illegal sale of drugs was consummated. In People v. Gaspar, we held that the delivery of the contraband to the poseur-buyer and the receipt of the marked money consummate the buy-bust transaction between the entrapment officers and the accused. The crime of illegal sale of dangerous drugs is committed as soon as the sale transaction is consummated. (Emphasis supplied)
In the prosecution for the crime of illegal sale of prohibited drugs, the following elements must concur: (1) the identities of the buyer and seller, object, and consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment thereof. What is material to the prosecution for illegal sale of dangerous drugs is the proof that the transaction or sale actually occurred, coupled with the presentation in court of the substance seized as evidence.22 (Emphasis supplied)In People v. Barte,23 penned by Justice Peralta, the Court found accused-appellant Mercelita Arenas guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violation of Sections 5 and 11, Article II of R.A. No. 9165.
For the prosecution of illegal sale of drugs to prosper, the following elements must be proved: (1) the identities of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment for the thing. What is material is the proof that the transaction or sale actually took place, coupled with the presentation in court of the corpus delicti as evidence. We find all the elements necessary for appellant's conviction for illegal sale of shabu clearly established in this case.Justice Peralta also added, for good measure, that: "Public prosecutors are reminded to carefully prepare the criminal complaint and Information in accordance with the law so as not to adversely affect the dispensation of justice."
PO3 Rimando, the poseur-buyer, positively identified appellant as the person whom he caught in flagrante delicto selling white crystalline substance presumed to be shabu in the buy-bust operation conducted by their police team; that upon appellant's receipt of the P2,000.00 buy-bust money from PO3 Rimando, she handed to him the two sachets of white crystalline substance which when tested yielded positive results for shabu. Appellant's delivery of the shabu to PO3 Rimando and her receipt of the marked money successfully consummated the buy-bust transaction. The seized shabu and the marked money were presented as evidence before the trial court. (Emphasis supplied)
After thorough review, we consider the appeal to be impressed with merit. Thus, we acquit the accused-appellant.In People v. Ismael,25 penned by Justice Del Castillo, the Court acquitted accused-appellant Salim Ismael of violation of Sections 5 and 11, Article II of R.A. No. 9165.
In this jurisdiction, we convict the accused only when his guilt is established beyond reasonable doubt. Conformably with this standard, we are mandated as an appellate court to sift the records and search for every error, though unassigned in the appeal, in order to ensure that the conviction is warranted, and to correct every error that the lower court has committed in finding guilt against the accused. In this instance, therefore, the Court is not limited to the assigned errors, but can consider and correct errors though unassigned and even reverse the decision on grounds other than those the parties raised as errors.
x x x x
In the prosecution of the crime of selling a dangerous drug, the following elements must be proven, to wit: (1) the identities of the buyer, seller, the object, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment therefor. On the other hand, the essential requisites of illegal possession of dangerous drugs that must be established are the following, namely: (1) the accused was in possession of the dangerous drug; (2) such possession is not authorized by law; and (3) the accused freely and consciously possessed the dangerous drug. (Emphasis supplied)
To secure a conviction for illegal sale of dangerous drugs under Section 5, Article II of RA 9165, the prosecution must establish the following elements: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale and its consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment therefor. What is important is that the sale transaction of drugs actually took place and that the object of the transaction is properly presented as evidence in court and is shown to be the same drugs seized from the accused.In Belmonte v. People,26 penned by Justice Perlas-Bernabe, the Court found accused-appellant Kevin Belmonte guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violation of Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165.
On the other hand, for illegal possession of dangerous drugs, the following elements must be established: "[1] the accused was in possession of dangerous drugs; [2] such possession was not authorized by law; and [3] the accused was freely and consciously aware of being in possession of dangerous drugs."
In cases of illegal sale and illegal possession of dangerous drugs, the dangerous drug seized from the accused constitutes the corpus delicti of the offense. Thus, it is of utmost importance that the integrity and identity of the seized drugs must be shown to have been duly preserved. "The chain of custody rule performs this function as it ensures that necessary doubts concerning the identity of the evidence are removed."
x x x x
In sum, we find that the prosecution failed to: (1) overcome the presumption of innocence which appellant enjoys; (2) prove the corpus delicti of the crime; (3) establish an unbroken chain of custody of the seized drugs; and (3) offer any explanation why the provisions of Section 21, RA 9165 were not complied with. This Court is thus constrained to acquit the appellant based on reasonable doubt. (Emphasis supplied)
In order to secure the conviction of an accused charged with illegal sale of dangerous drugs, the prosecution must prove the: (a) identity of the buyer and the seller, the object, and the consideration; and (b) delivery of the thing sold and the payment.In Lescano v. People,27 penned by Justice Leonen, the Court acquitted accused-appellant Howard Lescano of violation of Sections 5 and 11, Article II of R.A. No. 9165.
In this relation, it is essential that the identity of the prohibited drug be established beyond reasonable doubt. In order to obviate any unnecessary doubts on the identity of the dangerous drugs, the prosecution has to show an unbroken chain of custody over the same. It must be able to account for each link in the chain of custody over the dangerous drug from the moment of seizure up to its presentation in court as evidence of the corpus delicti. (Emphasis supplied)
The elements that must be established to sustain convictions for illegal sale of dangerous drugs are settled:Justice Leonen ended his ponencia in Lescano with a quote from People v. Holgado,29 which he also wrote:In actions involving the illegal sale of dangerous drugs, the following elements must first be established: (1) proof that the transaction or sale took place and (2) the presentation in court of the corpus delicti or the illicit drug as evidence.28 (Emphasis supplied)
It is lamentable that while our dockets are clogged with prosecutions under Republic Act No. 9165 involving small-time drug users and retailers, we are seriously short of prosecutions involving the proverbial "big fish." We are swamped with cases involving small fry who have been arrested for minuscule amounts. While they are certainly a bane to our society, small retailers are but low-lying fruits in an exceedingly vast network of drug cartels. Both law enforcers and prosecutors should realize that the more effective and efficient strategy is to focus resources more on the source and true leadership of these nefarious organizations. Otherwise, all these executive and judicial resources expended to attempt to convict an accused for 0.05 gram of shabu under doubtful custodial arrangements will hardly make a dent in the overall picture. It might in fact be distracting our law enforcers from their more challenging task: to uproot the causes of this drug menace. We stand ready to assess cases involving greater amounts of drugs and the leadership of these cartels.30Finally, in People v. Cutura,31 penned by Justice Tijam, the Court found accused-appellant Jose Cutura guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violation of Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165.
To secure a conviction for illegal sale of dangerous drugs, like shabu, the following elements must be established: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object of the sale, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and its payment. The prosecution must also prove the illegal sale of the dangerous drugs and present the corpus delicti in court as evidence.To be sure, the stage in the prosecution of petitioner is different from those in the cases cited as examples above. Petitioner has yet to go into trial, while the accused-appellants in the above-mentioned cases have already been through this Court's review.
In this case, the prosecution duly established the following: (1) the identity of the buyer - PO3 Marcial, the seller - accused-appellant, the object of the sale one sachet of shabu which is an illegal drug, and the consideration - the two pieces of marked two hundred peso bills; and (2) PO3 Marcial positively identified accused-appellant as the one who transacted and sold the shabu to him in exchange for the marked money. He caught accused-appellant in flagrante delicto selling the shabu during a buy-bust operation. The seized item was sent to the crime laboratory and yielded positive results for presence of a dangerous drug. The seized sachet of shabu was likewise presented in court with the proper identification by PO3 Marcial. Evidently, what determines if there was, indeed, a sale of dangerous drugs is proof of the concurrence of all the elements of the offense. (Emphasis supplied)
x x x. What is material is proof that the transaction or sale actually took place, coupled with the presentation in court of evidence of corpus delicti.32 (Emphasis supplied)In illegal sale of drugs, the corpus delicti is "the actual sale"33 of the dangerous drugs, which must be alleged in the Information. This can be done only if the Information alleges the identities of the seller and buyer, the kind and quantity of the drugs which constitute the object of the sale, the consideration, the delivery of the dangerous drugs and the payment.
For complaint or information to be sufficient, it must state the name of the accused; the designation of the offense given by the statute; the acts or omissions complained of as constituting the offense; the name of the offended party; the approximate time of the commission of the offense, and the place wherein the offense was committed. What is controlling is not the title of the complaint, nor the designation of the offense charged or the particular law or part thereof allegedly violated, these being mere conclusions of law made by the prosecutor, but the description of the crime charged and the particular facts therein recited. The acts or omissions complained of must be alleged in such form as is sufficient to enable a person of common understanding to know what offense is intended to be charged, and enable the court to pronounce proper judgment. No information for a crime will be sufficient if it does not accurately and clearly allege the elements of the crime charged. Every element of the offense must be stated in the information. What facts and circumstances are necessary to be included therein must be determined by reference to the definitions and essentials of the specified crimes. The requirement of alleging the elements of a crime in the information is to inform the accused of the nature of the accusation against him so as to enable him to suitably prepare his defense. The presumption is that the accused has no independent knowledge of the facts that constitute the offense.37 (Emphasis supplied)In the present petition, the ponente himself believes in the importance of the accused's constitutional right to "be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation" against him. In his ponencia in Lim v. People,38 the ponente acquitted petitioner in that case. The Information there alleged that petitioner knew of the alleged theft of the thing sold, which is the first part of the third element of the crime of fencing. However, the trial court convicted petitioner on the ground that he should have known that the thing sold was derived from the proceeds of theft, which pertains to the second part of the third element of the crime of fencing. To support his decision to reverse the trial court and acquit petitioner, the ponente wrote:
We find that the conviction of petitioner violated his constitutional right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.Thus, as the ponente himself correctly stated in Lim v. People, the accused has the "constitutional right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him." In the same case, the ponente reiterated and affirmed the hornbook doctrine, by quoting Andaya v. People, that it is "fundamental that every element constituting the offense must be alleged in the information." The purpose of requiring the allegation in the Information of all the essential elements of the offense is to comply with the constitutional requirement that the accused must be "informed of the nature and cause of the accusation" against him.
In Andaya v. People of the Philippines, we ruled that:It is fundamental that every element constituting the offense must be alleged in the information. The main purpose of requiring the various elements of a crime to be set out in the information is to enable the accused to suitably prepare his defense because he is presumed to have no independent knowledge of the facts that constitute the offense. The allegations of facts constituting the offense charged are substantial matters and an accused's right to question his conviction based on facts not alleged in the information cannot be waived. No matter how conclusive and convincing the evidence of guilt may be, an accused cannot be convicted of any offense unless it is charged in the information on which he is tried or is necessarily included therein. To convict him of a ground not alleged while he is concentrating his defense against the ground alleged would plainly be unfair and underhanded. The rule is that a variance between the allegation in the information and proof adduced during trial shall be fatal to the criminal case if it is material and prejudicial to the accused so much so that it affects his substantial rights.From the foregoing, we find that the CA erred in affirming the trial court's findings and in convicting herein petitioner. It is necessary to remember that in all criminal prosecutions, the burden of proof is on the prosecution to establish the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt. It has the duty to prove each and every element of the crime charged in the information to warrant a finding of guilt for the said crime. Furthermore, the information must correctly reflect the charges against the accused before any conviction may be made.
x x x x
In the case at bar, the prosecution failed to prove the first and third essential elements of the crime charged in the information. Thus, petitioner should be acquitted due to insufficiency of evidence and reasonable doubt.39 (Emphasis in the original)
The issue on how the acts or omissions constituting the offense should be made in order to meet the standard of sufficiency has long been settled. It is fundamental that every element of which the offense is composed must be alleged in the information. No information for a crime will be sufficient if it does not accurately and clearly allege the elements of the crime charged. Section 6, Rule 110 of the Revised Rules of Court requires, inter alia, that the information must state the acts or omissions so complained of as constitutive of the offense. Recently, this Court emphasized that the test in determining whether the information validly charges an offense is whether the material facts alleged in the complaint or information will establish the essential elements of the offense charged as defined in the law. In this examination, matters aliunde are not considered. The law essentially requires this to enable the accused suitably to prepare his defense, as he is presumed to have no independent knowledge of the facts that constitute the offense.Indeed, there can be no dispute whatsoever that each and every essential element of the offense charged must be alleged in the Information. This, in fact and in law, is axiomatic. Nothing. can be more fundamental than this in initiating any criminal prosecution, as the right to be informed of the "nature and cause of the accusation" is a fundamental right of an accused enshrined in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution.
What facts and circumstances are necessary to be stated in the information must be determined by reference to the definitions and the essentials of the specific crime.41 (Emphasis supplied)
Probable cause is such set of facts and circumstances which would lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe that the offense charged in the Information or any offense included therein has been committed by the person sought to be arrested.43Clearly, it is impossible for the presiding judge to determine the existence of probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest where the Information does not allege any of the essential elements of the offense. Under Section 544 of Rule 112 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, the Regional Trial. Court judge may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence on record clearly fails to establish probable cause. As held in People v. Sandiganbayan,45 "[t]he absence of probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest is not a ground for the quashal of the Information but is a ground for the dismissal of the case."
The allegation in the information that accused-appellant "willfully, unlawfully and feloniously commit sexual abuse on his daughter [Jeannie Ann] either by raping her or committing acts of lasciviousness on her" is not a sufficient averment of the acts constituting the offense as required under Section 8, for these are conclusions of law, not facts. The information in Criminal Case No. 15368-R is therefore void for being violative of the accused-appellant's constitutionally-guaranteed right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.48 (Emphasis supplied)Thus, Justice Peralta unequivocally acknowledges that the failure to allege in the Information the essential elements of the offense, a failure that violates the constitutional right of the accused to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, renders the Information void. After quoting from People v. Dela Cruz, Justice Peralta stated further in People v. Pangilinan:
The right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against an accused cannot be waived for reasons of public policy. Hence, it is imperative that the complaint or information filed against the accused be complete to meet its objectives. As such, an indictment must fully state the elements of the specific offense alleged to have been committed.49The ponencia insists that the crime of illegal sale of drugs under Section 5 of R.A. No. 9165 is separate and distinct from the crime of illegal trade of drugs in Section 3(jj) of R.A. No. 91655.50 The ponencia asserts that the Information charges petitioner for illegal trade of drugs under Section 3(jj), not under Section 5. This is gross error.
Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.Contrary to the position of the ponencia, the crimes of "illegal sale" and "illegal trade" of drugs are both violations of Section 5, except that "illegal trade" involves the use of electronic devices in the sale of drugs. Thus, "trading" is defined in Section 3(jj) as "[t]ransactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs x x x using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act."
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.
If the sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical transpires within one hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.
For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical trade, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.
If the victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous drug and/or a controlled precursor and essential chemical involved in any offense herein provided be the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof, the maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section. (Emphasis supplied)
x x x. The grant to the Sandiganbayan of jurisdiction over offenses committed in relation to (public) office, similar to the expansion of the jurisdiction of the MTCs, did not divest the RTC of its exclusive and original jurisdiction to try written defamation cases regardless of whether the offense is committed in relation to office. The broad and general phraseology of Section 4, Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended by Republic Act No. 8249, cannot be construed to have impliedly repealed, or even simply modified, such exclusive and original jurisdiction of the RTC.53The Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over bribery, the crime actually alleged in the Information.
However, People v. Benipayo has clearly been superseded by R.A. No. 10660 which takes out of the exclusive original jurisdiction of the RTC cases involving public officials with Salary Grade 27 or higher where there is an allegation of damage to the government or bribery in an amount exceeding P1,000,000. In the present Information against petitioner, there is an allegation of bribery exceeding P1,000,000 and petitioner then had Salary Grade 31. This clearly takes the case out of the exclusive original jurisdiction of the RTC.
SEC. 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:Section 4 of P.D. No. 1606, as amended by R.A. No. 10660, explicitly states that the Sandiganbayan "shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases" involving:"a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:"(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade '27' and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:"(a) Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, and provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other provincial department heads:"(b) City mayors, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panlungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;"(c) Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher;"(d) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher rank;"(e) Officers of the Philippine National Police while occupying the position of provincial director and those holding the rank of senior superintendent and higher;"(f) City and provincial ,prosecutors and their assistants, and officials and prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor;"(g) Presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government-owned or controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations."(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;"(3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;"(4) Chairmen and members of the Constitutional Commissions, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and"(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989."b. Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a. of this section in relation to their office."c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
"Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).
"Subject to the rules promulgated by the Supreme Court, the cases falling under the jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court under this section shall be tried in a judicial region other than where the official holds office.
"In cases where none of the accused are occupying positions corresponding to Salary Grade '27' or higher, as prescribed in the said Republic Act No. 6758, or military and PNP officers mentioned above, exclusive original jurisdiction thereof shall be vested in the proper regional trial court, metropolitan trial court, municipal trial court, and municipal circuit trial court, as the case may be, pursuant to their respective jurisdictions as provided in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as amended.
"The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, resolutions or orders of regional trial courts whether in the exercise of their own original jurisdiction or of their appellate jurisdiction as herein provided.
"The Sandiganbayan shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over petitions for the issuance of the writs of mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, injunctions, and other ancillary writs and processes in aid of its appellate jurisdiction and over petitions of similar nature, including quo warranto, arising or that may arise in cases filed or which may be filed under Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986: Provided, That the jurisdiction over these petitions shall not be exclusive of the Supreme Court.
"The procedure prescribed in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as well as the implementing rules that the Supreme Court has promulgated and may hereafter promulgate, relative to appeals/petitions for review to the Court of Appeals, shall apply to appeals and petitions for review filed with the Sandiganbayan. In all cases elevated to the Sandiganbayan and from the Sandiganbayan to the Supreme Court, the Office of the Ombudsman, through its special prosecutor, shall represent the People of the Philippines, except in cases filed pursuant to Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
"In case private individuals are charged as co-principals, accomplices or accessories with the public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, they shall be tried jointly with said public officers and employees in the proper courts which shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over them.
"Any provisions of law or Rules of Court to the contrary notwithstanding, the criminal action and the corresponding civil action for the recovery of civil liability shall at all times be simultaneously instituted with, and jointly determined in, the same proceeding by the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate courts, the filing of the criminal action being deemed to necessarily carry with it the filing of the civil action, and no right to reserve the filing of such civil action separately from the criminal action shall be recognized: Provided, however, That where the civil action had heretofore been filed separately but judgment therein has not yet been rendered, and the criminal case is hereafter filed with the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, said civil action shall be transferred to the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, as the case may be, for consolidation and joint determination with the criminal action, otherwise the separate civil action shall be deemed abandoned." (Emphasis supplied)
All. Means the whole of - used with a singular noun or pronoun, and referring to amount, quantity, extent, duration, quality, or degree. The whole number or sum of - used collectively, with a plural noun or pronoun expressing an aggregate. Every member of individual component of; each one of - used with a plural noun. In this sense, all is used generically and distributively. "All" refers rather to the aggregate under which the individuals are subsumed than to the individuals themselves.Clearly, when the law says "all cases," the law means the whole number of cases, every one and each one of the cases. There is no exception, unless the same or subsequent law expressly grants an exception.
(1) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; orIn cases where none of the accused is occupying positions with Salary Grade 27 or higher, or military or PNP officers mentioned in Section 4a(l)(d) and (e), the exclusive original jurisdiction is vested in the proper Regional Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court, and Municipal Circuit Trial Court, as the case may be.
(2) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding P1,000,000.
Art. 210. Direct Bribery. - Any public officer who shall agree to perform an act constituting a crime, in connection with the performance of his official duties, in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present received by such officer, personally or through the mediation of another, shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor in its medium and maximum periods and a fine of [not less than the value of the gift and] not less than three times the value of the gift in addition to the penalty corresponding to the crime agreed upon, if the same shall have been committed.The elements of direct bribery are:
If the gift was accepted by the officer in consideration of the execution of an act which does not constitute a crime, and the officer executed said act, he shall suffer the same penalty provided in the preceding paragraph; and if said act shall not have been accomplished, the officer shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its medium period and a fine of not less than twice the value of such gift.
If the object for which the gift was received or promised was to make the public officer refrain from doing something which it was his official duty to do, he shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its minimum period and a fine of not less than three times the value of such gift.
In addition to the penalties provided in the preceding paragraphs, the culprit shall suffer the penalty of special temporary disqualification.
The provisions contained in the preceding paragraphs shall be made applicable to assessors, arbitrators, appraisal and claim commissioners, experts or any other persons performing public duties.
x x x. What is controlling is not the title of the complaint, nor the designation of the offense charged or the particular law or part thereof allegedly violated, these being mere conclusions of law made by the prosecutor, but the description of the [offense] charged and the particular facts therein recited. The acts or omissions complained of must be alleged in such form as is sufficient to enable a person of common understanding to know what offense is intended to be charged, and enable the court to pronounce proper judgment.67The ponencia further insists that as a co-principal and coconspirator, petitioner is liable for the acts of her co-principals and co conspirators even if the Information does not allege that petitioner actually participated in the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs but simply alleges that petitioner allowed the NBP inmates to do so.68 The Information does not identifY the actual "illegal traffickers" of drugs who are supposedly unnamed high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison. The Information does not also identify the buyers of the dangerous drugs, or the kind and quantity of the dangerous drugs illegally sold or traded. There is further no allegation on the delivery of the illegal drugs or payment for the illegal sale or trade of the drugs. How can petitioner be made liable as co-principal and co-conspirator when there is no allegation whatsoever that she committed an act constituting part of the illegal sale or trade of drugs and not one of the essential elements of the crime of illegal sale or illegal trade of dangerous drugs is alleged in the Information for "violation of Section 5, in relation to Sections 3(jj), 26(b), and 28 of R.A. No. 9165?" .
"Every" means each one of a group, without exception. It means all possible and all, taken one by one. (Italicization in the original)In the present case, petitioner cannot be held liable for conspiracy in the illegal sale or illegal trade of dangerous drugs where none of the essential elements of the crime of illegal sale or illegal trade of dangerous drugs is alleged in the Information. Besides, the Information does not even allege that petitioner actually participated in the commission of acts constituting illegal sale or illegal trade of dangerous drugs to make her liable as a co-principal and co-conspirator.
Section 4. Amendment of complaint or information. - If the motion to quash is based on an alleged defect of the complaint or information which can be cured by amendment, the court shall order that an amendment be made.The ponencia also cites Dio v. People72 and emphasizes its statement that "failure to provide the prosecution with the opportunity to amend is an arbitrary exercise of power." The ponencia further states that "in the case at bar where petitioner has not yet been arraigned, the court a quo has the power to order the amendment of the February 17, 2017 Infonnation filed against petitioner."
If it is based on the ground that the facts charged do not constitute an offense, the prosecution shall be given by the court an opportunity to correct the defect by amendment. The motion shall be granted if the prosecution fails to make the an1endment, or the complaint or information still suffers from the same defect despite the amendment.
Section 5. Effect of sustaining the motion to quash. - If the motion to quash is sustained, the court may order that another complaint or information be filed except as provided in section 6 of this rule. If the order is made, the accused, if in custody, shall not be discharged unless admitted to baiL If no order is made or if having been made, no new information is filed within the time specified in the order or within such further time as the court may allow for good cause, the accused, if in custody, shall be discharged unless he is also in custody for another charge. (Emphasis supplied)
Not all defects in an infom1ation can be cured by amendment, however. In Agustin v. Pamintuan, this Court held that the absence of any allegation in the information that the therein offended party was actually residing in Baguio City at the time of the commission of the alleged offense or that the alleged libelous articles were printed and first published in Baguio City is a substantial defect, which cannot be amended after the accused enters his plea. Amendment of the information to vest jurisdiction upon a court is not permissible.76 (Emphasis supplied)Thus, assuming that the RTC has exclusive original jurisdiction over all cases involving violations of R.A. No. 9165, the trial court cannot order the prosecution to amend the Information from one which charges direct bribery in an amount exceeding P1,000,000 and is cognizable by the Sandiganbayan to one which charges illegal trade of dangerous drugs in order to vest jurisdiction in the RTC, even assuming that the RTC has such jurisdiction which it does not have over petitioner, considering her salary grade and the allegation that she used her public office.
It must be clarified though that not all defects in an information are curable by amendment prior to entry of plea. An information which is void ab initio cannot be amended to obviate a ground for quashal. An amendment which operates to vest jurisdiction upon the trial court is likewise impermissible.78 (Emphasis supplied)An amendment that cures a defective Information is one that supplies a missing element to complete the other essential elements already alleged in the Information. But when none of the other elements is alleged in the Information, there is nothing to complete because not a single essential element is alleged in the Information.
Sec. 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:A petition for certiorari under this Section as provided in Rule 65 is an original action that waits for no final judgment or order of a lower court because what is assailed is the lower court's absepce of jurisdiction over the subject matter or its grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction. Petitioner is assailing an error of jurisdiction, not an error of judgment or order. Absence, lack or excess of jurisdiction is the very basis for a petition for certiorari under Rule 65.
(1) Exercise original jurisdiction x x x over petitions for certiorari x x x. (Emphasis supplied)
x x x. In Pineda vs. Bartolome, the ground invoked was duplicity of offenses charged in the information. In the case at bar, the petitioner assails the very jurisdiction of the court wherein the criminal case was filed. Certainly, there is a more compelling reason that such issue be resolved soonest, in order to avoid the court's spending precious time and energy unnecessarily in trying and deciding the case, and to spare the accused from the inconvenience, anxiety and embarrassment, let alone the expenditure of effort and money, in undergoing trial for a case the proceedings in which could possibly be annulled for want of jurisdiction. Even in civii actions, We have counseled that when the court's jurisdiction is attacked in a motion to dismiss, it is the duty of the court to resolve the same as soon as possible in order to avoid the unwholesome consequences mentioned above.The Information against petitioner was filed before the RTC of Muntinlupa City on 17 February 2017. Petitioner filed a Motion To Quash on 20 February 2017. Judge Guerrero found probable cause and issued Warrants of Arrest against petitioner and her co-accused on 23 February 2017.
Sec. 5. When warrant of arrest may issue. - (a) By the Regional Trial Court. - Within ten (10) days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge shall personally evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its supporting evidence. He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence on record clearly fails to establish probable cause. If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order when the complaint or information was filed pursuant to Section 6 of this Rule. In case of doubt on the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to present additional evidence within five (5) days from notice and the issue must be resolved by the court within thirty (30) days from the filing of the complaint or information.Maza v. Turla83 emphasized these options when it said:
x x x x
A plain reading of the provision shows that upon filing of the information, the trial court judge has the following options: (1) dismiss the case if the evidence on record clearly fails to establish probable cause; (2) issue a warrant of arrest or a commitment order if findings show probable cause; or (3) order the prosecutor to present additional evidence if there is doubt on the existence of probable cause.By issuing the Warrant of Arrest, Judge Guerrero found probable cause that petitioner most likely committed the offense of illegal trade of dangerous drugs. This means that Judge Guerrero believed that the Information alleged all the essential elements of the offense charged, her court had jurisdiction over the offense charged, the DOJ Panel had authority to file the Information, and the Infonnation does not charge more than one offense. In effect, Judge Guerrero already ruled on the merits of petitioner's Motion To Quash.
On January 13, 2017, petitioner filed before the Court of Appeals a Petition for Prohibition and Certiorari assailing the jurisdiction of the DOJ Panel over the complaints against her. The petitions, docketed as CA-G.R. No. 149097 and CA-G.R. No. 149385, are currently pending with the Special 6th Division of the appellate court. (Emphasis supplied)There is a clear recognition that petitioner filed the case in the Court of Appeals to question the jurisdiction of the DOJ Panel, and not the jurisdiction of Judge Guerrero. There is no identity of parties, neither is there an identity of reliefs. Thus, there is obviously no forum-shopping.
Endnotes:
1 Finding sufficient probable cause for the issuance of Warrants of Arrest against all the accused in Criminal Case No. 17-165, nameiy, Leila M. De Lima, Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, and Ronnie Palisoc Dayan.
2 Violation of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, Section 5, in relation to Sections 3(jj), 26(b), and 28, Republic Act No. 9165 (Illegal Drug Trading).
3 Annex F of the Petition.
4People v. Guiara, 616 Phil. 290, 302 (2009), citing People v. Gonzales, 430 Phil. 504 (2002); People v. Bongalon, 425 Phil. 96 (2002); People v. Lacap, 420 Phil. 153 (2001); People v. Tan, 401 Phil. 259 (2000); People v. Zheng Bai Hui, 393 Phil. 68 (2000).
5People v. Ara, 623 Phil. 939, 955 (2009), citing Cruz v. People, 507 Phil. 722 (2009).
6People v. Pagkalinawan, 628 Phil. 101, 114 (2010), citing People v. Pendatun, 478 Phil. 201 (2004), further citing People v. Cercado, 434 Phil. 492 (2002); People v. Pacis, 434 Phil. 148 (2002).
7People v. Politico, 647 Phil. 728, 738 (2010), citing People v. Alberto, 625 Phil. 545, 554 (2010) and People v. Rivera, 590 Phil. 894 (2008).
8People v. Manlangit, 654 Phil. 427, 436 (2011).
9 596 Phil. 376, 383-384 (2009).
10People v. Aure, 654 Phil. 541, 553 (2011), citing People v. Alberto, 625 Phil. 545, 554 (2010), further citing People v. Dumlao, 584 Phil. 732, 739 (2008).
11People v. Quiamanlon, 655 Phil. 695, 705 (2011), citing People v. Alberto, 625 Phil. 545, 554 (2010); citing People v. Dumlao, 584 Phil. 732, 739 (2008).
12People v. Pambid, 655 Phil. 719, 732 (2011), citing People v. Gonzales, 430 Phil. 504, 513 (2002); People v. Bongalon, 425 Phil. 96, 117 (2002); People v. Lacap, 420 Phil. 153, 175 (2001); People v. Tan, 401 Phil. 259, 269 (2000); People v. Zheng Bai Hui, 393 Phil. 68, 131 (2000).
13People v. Roble, 663 Phil. 147, 157 (2011), citing People v. Lorenzo, 633 Phil. 393, 402-403 (2010); People v. Ong, 568 Phil. 114, 121-122 (2008); with remaining citations omitted.
14People v. De la Cruz, 666 Phil. 593, 605-606 (2011).
15People v. Pascua, 672 Phil. 276, 283-284 (2011 ), citing People v. Midenilla, 645 Phil. 587, 601 (2010), citing People v. Guiara, 616 Phil. 290, 302 (2009).
16People v. Musa, 698 Phil. 204, 215 (2012), citing People v. Pascua, 672 Phil. 276 (2011).
17 705 Phil. 654, 670 (2013).
18 Supra note 7.
19 G.R. No. 217979, 22 February 2017. Citations omitted.
20 G.R. No. 215943, 16 November 2016. Citations omitted.
21 718 Phil. 330 (2013).
22 Id. at 345.
23 G.R. No. 213598, 27 July 2016, 798 SCRA 680, 689. Citations omitted.
24 G.R. No. 179749, 1 March 2017. Citations omitted.
25 G.R. No. 208093, 20 February 2017. Citations omitted.
26 G.R. No. 224143, 28 June 2017. Citations omitted.
27 G.R. No. 214490, 13 January 2016, 781 SCRA 73.
28 Id. at 82-83.
29 741 Phil. 78 (2014).
30 Id. at 100.
31 G.R. No. 224300, 7 June 2017. Citations omitted.
32People v. De Jesus, 695 Phil. 114, 124 (2012), citing People v. Opiana, 750 Phil. 140, 147 (2015); People v. Salonga, 717 Phil. 117, 125 (2013); People v. Unisa, 674 Phil. 89, 108 (2011); People v. Gaspar, 669 Phil. 122, 135 (2011); People v. Berdadero, 636 Phil. 199, 206-207 (2010); People v. Dilao, 555 Phil. 394, 409 (2007).
33People v. Uy, 392 Phil. 773 (2000).
34 710 Phil. 564 (2013).
35 703 Phil. 519 (2013).
36 506 Phil. 630 (2005).
37 Id. at 649-650.
38 G.R. No. 211977, 12 October 2016.
39 Id. Citations omitted.
40 462 Phil. 712 (2003).
41 Id. at 719-720.
42 582 Phil. 275 (2008).
43 Id. at 290.
44 Sec. 5. When warrant of arrest may issue. - (a) By the Regionai Trial Court. - Within ten (10) days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge shall personally evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its supporting evidence. He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence on record clearly fails to establish probable cause. If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order when the complaint or information was filed pursuant to Section 6 of this Rule. In case of doubt on the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to present additional evidence within five (5) days from notice and the issue must be resolved by the court within thirty (30) days from the filing of the complaint or information.
x x x x
45 482 Phil. 613, 630 (2004).
46 676 Phil. 16 (2011).
47 432 Phil. 988 (2002).
48 Id. at 28. Citations omitted.
49 Supra note 46 at 28. Citations omitted.
50Ponencia, pp. 27-30.
51Causing v. COMELEC, 742 Phil. 539 (2014); Rimando v. Commission on Elections, 616 Phil. 562 (2009); Evangelista v. People, 392 Phil. 449 (2000).
52 604 Phil. 317 (2009).
53 Id. at 331-332.
54 Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act.
55 An Act Declaring Forfeiture in Favor of the State any Property Found to have been Unlawfully Acquired by any Public Officer or Employee and Providing for the Proceedings Therefor.
56 Creating the Presidential Commission on Good Government.
57 Regarding the funds, moneys, assets, and properties illegally acquired or misappropriated by former President Ferdinand Marcos, Mrs. Imelda Romualdez Marcos, their close relatives, subordinates, business associates, dummies, agents or nominees.
58 Vesting in the Sandiganbayan original and exclusive jurisdiction over all criminal and civil suits filed by the Presidential Commission on Good Government.
59 Amending Executive Order No. 14.
60 Fifth edition, 1979, page 68.
61http://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-contentluploads/2012/03/Manual-on-PCC-Chapter-5.pdf (accessed 10 July 2017).
62http://www.bucor.gov.ph/facilities/nbp.html (accessed 10 July 2017).
63 See also Section 4, Chapter I, Title III, Book IV of Executive Order No. 292.
Section 8, Republic Act No. 10575, The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013 reads:
Supervision of the Bureau of Corrections. - The Department of Justice (DOJ), having the BuCor as a line bureau and a constituent unit, shall maintain a relationship of administrative supervision with the latter as defined under Section 38(2), Chapter 7, Book IV of Executive Order No. 292 (Administrative Code of 1987), except that the DOJ shall retain authority over th.e power to review, reverse, revise or modify the decisions of the BuCor in the exercise of its regulatory or quasi-judicial functions.
64Tad-y v. People, 504 Phil. 51 (2005); Mugno v. COMELEC, 439 Phil. 339 (2002).
65People v. Amistoso, 701 Phil. 345 (2013).
66 506 Phil. 630 (2005).
67 Id. at 649.
68Ponencia, pp. 26-27.
69 No. L-64313, 17 January 1985, 134 SCRA 172, 182.
70http://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/docs/references/OMB-DOJ_MOA.pdf (accessed 10 July 2017).
71 Annex A of the MOA provides as follows:
"Sec. 4 of RA 8249 provides that the Sandiganbayan shall have original exclusive jurisdiction over:
I.) Violations of RA 3019 (Anti-graft and Corrupt Practices Law); II.) RA 1379 (Forfeiture of Illegally Acquired Wealth); III.) Crimes by public officers or employees embraced in Ch. II, Sec. 2, Title VII, Bk. II of the RPC (Crimes committed by Public Officers) namely: a) Direct Bribery under Art 210 as amended by BP 871, May 29, 1985; b) Indirect Bribery under Art. 211 as amended by BP 871, May 29, 1985; c) Qualified Bribery under Art. 211-A as amended by RA 7659, December 13, 1993; d) Corruption of public officials under Art. 212 where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense: 1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade 27 and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758) specifically including: i. Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers and other provincial department heads; ii. City mayors, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panglungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers and other department heads; iii. Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher; iv. Philippine Army and Air force colonels, naval captains and all officers of higher rank; v. Officers of the PNP while occupying the position of Provincial Director and those holding the rank of Senior Superintendent or higher; vi. City and provincial prosecutors and their assistants, officials and the prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor; vii. President, directors or trustees or managers of government-owned or controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations; 2) Members of Congress and Officials thereof classified as Grade 27 and up under Compensation and Classification Act of 1989; 3) Members of the Judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; 4) Chairmen and members of Constitutional Commissions, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; 5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade 27 and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989. IV.) Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed in relation to their office by the public officials and employees mentioned above; V.) Civil and Criminal Cases filed pursuant to and in connection with EO 1, 2, 14 & 14-A issued in 1986; VI.) Petitions for issuance of Writ of mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, injunction and other ancillary writs and processes in aid of its appellate jurisdiction; Provided, jurisdiction is not exclusive of the Supreme Court; VII.) Petitions for Quo Warranto arising or that may arise in cases tiled or that may be filed under EO 1, 2, 14 & 14-A; VIII.) OTHERS provided the accused belongs to SG 27 or higher: a) Violation of RA 6713 Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards b) Violation of RA 7080 - THE PLUNDER LAW c) Violation of RA 7659 - The Heinous Crime Law d) RA 9160 - Violation of The Anti-Money Laundering Law when committed by a public officer. e) PD 46 referred to as the gift-giving decree which makes it punishable for any official or employee to receive directly or indirectly and for the private person to give or offer to give any gift, present or other valuable thing on any occasion including Christmas, when such gift, present or valuable thing is given by reason of his official position, regardless of whether or not the same is for past favors or the giver hopes or expects to receive a favor or better treatment in the future from the public official or employee concerned in the discharge of his official functions. Included within the prohibition is the throwing of parties or entertainment in honor of the official or employee or his immediate relatives. f) PD 749 which grants immunity from prosecution to any person who voluntarily gives information about any violation of Art. 210, 211 or 212 of the RPC, RA 3019, Sec. 345 of the NIRC, Sec. 3604 of the Customs and Tariff Code and other provisions of the said Codes penalizing abuse or dishonesty on the part of the public officials concerned and other laws, rules and regulations penalizing graft, corruption and other forms of official abuse and who willingly testifies against the public official or employee subject to certain conditions." (Emphasis supplied)
72 G.R. No. 208146, 8 June 2016, 792 SCRA 646.
73 Section 4, Rule 117; Gonzales v. Judge Salvador, 539 Phil. 25 (2006).
74Agustin v. Hon. Pamintuan, 505 Phil. 103 (2005).
79 Section 1, Rule 65, Rules of Court.
80 Rule 41, Section 1. Subject of appeal. - An appeal may be taken from a judgment or final order that completely disposes of the case, or of a particular matter therein when declared by these Rules to be appealable. No appeal may be taken from: (a) x x x; (b) An interlocutory order; x x x. In any of the foregoing circumstances, the aggrieved party may file an appropriate special civil action as provided in Rule 65. (Emphasis supplied)
81Marcelo v. De Guzman, 200 Phil. 137 (1982). See also People v. Tan, 623 Phil. 1 (2009).
82 200 Phil. 650, 658 (1982).
83 G.R. No. 187094, 15 February 2017, citing Ong v. Genio, 623 Phil. 835, 843 (2009).
84Gonzales v. Judge Salvador, 539 Phil. 25 (2006).
85People v. Macandog, 117 Phil. 216 (1963); Perez v. Court of Appeals, 250 Phil. 244 (1988).
86 Rule 41, Section 1. Subject of appeal. An appeal may be taken from a judgment or final order that completely disposes of the case, or of a particular matter therein when declared by these Rules to be appealable. No appeal may be taken from: (a) x x x; (b) An interlocutory order; x x x. In any of the foregoing circumstances, the aggrieved party may file an appropriate special civil action as provided in Rule 65. (Emphasis supplied)
LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.:
Petitioner prays that the Court render judgment:
(a) The Order dated 23 February 2017 wherein respondent judge found probable cause for issuance of arrest warrant against all accused, including Petitioner Leila M. de Lima; (b) The Warrant of Arrest against Petitioner Leila M. de Lima also dated 23 February 2017 issued by respondent judge pursuant to the Order dated the same day; (c) The Order dated 24 February 2017, committing Petitioner to the custody of the PNP Custodial Center; and (d) The omission of respondent judge in failing or refusing to act on Petitioner's Leila M. de Lima (sic) Motion to Quash, through which Petitioner seriously questions the jurisdiction of the lower court.
a. Granting a writ of certiorari annulling and setting aside the Order dated 23 February 2017, the Warrant of Arrest dated the same date, and the Order dated 24 February 2017 of the Regional Trial Court-Branch 204, Muntinlupa City, in Criminal Case No. 17-165 entitled People of the Philippines versus Leila M. de Lima et al.; b. Granting a writ of prohibition enjoining and prohibiting the respondent judge from conducting further proceedings until and unless the Motion to Quash is resolved with finality; c. Issuing an order granting the application for the issuance of temporary restraining order (TRO) and a writ of preliminary injunction to the proceedings; and d. Issuing a Status Quo Ante Order restoring the parties to the status prior to the issuance of the Order and Warrant of Arrest both dated February 23, 2017, thereby recalling both processes and restoring petitioner to her liberty and freedom.
Sec. 5. When warrant of arrest may issue. - (a) By the Regional Trial Court. - Within ten (10) days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge shall personally evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its supporting evidence. He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence on record clearly fails to establish probable cause. If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order if the accused has already been arrested pursuant to a warrant issued by the judge who conducted the preliminary investigation or when the complaint or information was filed pursuant to section 6 of this Rule. In case of doubt on the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to present additional evidence within five (5) days from notice and the issue must be resolved by the court within thirty (30) days from the filing of the complaint or information.Given the aforementioned 10-day period, it behooves respondent Judge to forthwith personally evaluate the evidence on record and determine the existence of probable cause for the issuance of warrants of arrest. Hence, the swiftness by which respondent Judge issued the. Warrant of Arrest against petitioner, by itself, does not constitute grave abuse of discretion. As the Court cited in one of its cases, "[s]peed in the conduct of proceedings by a judicial or quasi-judicial officer cannot per se be instantly attributed to an injudicious performance of functions. For one's prompt dispatch may be another's undue haste."6
It should be obvious that the petition for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus filed before respondent appellate court was premature, insofar as it relates to the motion to dismiss which has yet to be resolved. There was no order denying or granting the motion. Thus, there was really nothing to review insofar as the presence or absence of petitioner's cause of action is concerned. Petitioner's apprehension that it will be granted does not alone make it ripe for review by the Court of Appeals. There was no justiciable issue yet. Thus, it was error for the Court of Appeals to rule that the complaint, from the facts alleged by petitioner and hypothetically admitted by private respondents, does not state a cause of action.In another case, Tano v. Socrates,10 one set of petitioners was apprehended and criminally charged before the Municipal Circuit Trial Court (MCTC) for violating the ordinances of the City of Puerto Princesa and the Province of Palawan, which were enacted for the protection of marine life within their jurisdiction. Without seeking redress from the concerned local government units, the prosecutor's office, and other courts, the petitioners directly invoked the original jurisdiction of this Court by filing a petition for certiorari, essentially assailing the constitutionality of the ordinances for depriving petitioners of their means of livelihood without due process of law and seeking the dismissal of the criminal cases against them for violations of the said ordinances. The Court, in Tano, dismissed the petition for certiorari for being premature as therein petitioners had not even filed before the MCTC motions to quash the informations against them; and the Court then declared that even in the event that petitioners had filed such motions, the remedy of special civil action of certiorari would still be unavailing to them, thus:
The primary interest of the first set of petitioners is, of course, to prevent the prosecution, trial and determination of the criminal cases until the constitutionality or legality of the Ordinances they allegedly violated shall have been resolved. x x xAlthough not on all fours with the case at bar, the aforequoted ruling in Tano significantly presents several variables arising from the denial of a motion to quash which will determine the appropriate remedy the affected party may avail under each circumstance, and which may not necessarily be a petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court. It highlights even more the prematurity of the instant Petition wherein, as of yet, respondent Judge has not even granted or denied petitioner's Motion to Quash.
As to the first set of petitioners, this special civil [action] for certiorari must fail on the ground of prematurity amounting to a lack of cause of action. There is no showing that said petitioners, as the accused in the criminal cases, have filed motions to quash the informations therein and that the same were denied. The ground available for such motions is that the facts charged therein do not constitute an offense because the ordinances in question are unconstitutional. It cannot then be said that the lower courts acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion to justifY recourse to the extraordinary remedy of certiorari or prohibition. It must further be stressed that even if petitioners did file motions to quash, the denial thereof would not forthwith give rise to a cause of action under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court. The general rule is that where a motion to quash is denied, the remedy therefrom is not certiorari, but for the party aggrieved thereby to go to trial without prejudice to reiterating special defenses involved in said motion, and if, after trial on the merits an adverse decision is rendered, to appeal therefrom in the manner authorized by law. And, even where in an exceptional circumstance such denial may be the subject of a special civil action for certiorari, a motion for reconsideration must have to be filed to allow the court concerned an opportunity to correct its errors, unless such motion may be dispensed with because of existing exceptional circumstances. Finally, even if a motion for reconsideration has been filed and denied, the remedy under Rule 65 is still unavailable absent any showing of the grounds provided for in Section 1 thereof. For obvious reasons, the petition at bar does not, and could not have, alleged any of such grounds.11 (Emphasis ours.)
Even granting arguendo that the first set of petitioners have a cause of action ripe for the extraordinary writ of certiorari, there is here a clear disregard of the hierarchy of courts, and no special and important reason or exceptional and compelling circumstance has been adduced why direct recourse to us should be allowed. While we have concurrent jurisdiction with Regional Trial Courts and with the Court of Appeals to issue writs of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus and injunction, such concurrence gives petitioners no unrestricted freedom of choice of court forum, so we held in People v. Cuaresma:I fail to appreciate any exceptional or compelling circumstance in petitioner's case to justify her direct resort to this Court or would constitute as an exception to the well-established judicial policy of hierarchy of courts.This concurrence of jurisdiction is not ... to be taken as according to parties seeking any of the writs an absolute unrestrained freedom of choice of the court to which application therefor will be directed. There is after all hierarchy of courts. That hierarchy is determinative of the venue of appeals, and should also serve as a general determinant of the appropriate forum for petitions for the extraordinary writs. A becoming regard for that judicial hierarchy most certainly indicates that petitions for the issuance of extraordinary writs against first level ("inferior") courts should be filed with the Regional Trial Court, and those against the latter, with the Court of Appeals. A direct invocation of the Supreme Court's. original jurisdiction to issue these writs should be allowed only when there are special and important reasons therefor, clearly and specifically set out in the petition. This is established policy. It is a policy necessary to prevent inordinate demands upon the Court's time and attention which are better devoted to those matters within its exclusive jurisdiction, and to prevent further over-crowding of the Court's docket...In Santiago v. Vasquez, this Court forcefully expressed that the propensity of litigants and lawyers to disregard the hierarchy of courts must be put to a halt, not only because of the imposition upon the precious time of this Court, but also because of the inevitable and resultant delay, intended or otherwise, in the adjudication of the case which often has to be remanded or referred to the lower court, the proper forum under the rules of procedure, or as better equipped to resolve the issues since this Court is not a trier of facts. We reiterated "the judicial policy that this Court will not entertain direct resort to it unless the redress desired cannot be obtained in the appropriate courts or where exceptional and compelling circumstances justify availment of a remedy within and calling for the exercise of [its] primary jurisdiction."
The Court feels the need to reaffirm that policy at this time, and to enjoin strict adherence thereto in the light of what it perceives to be a growing tendency on the part of litigants and lawyers to have their applications for the so called extraordinary writs, and sometimes even their appeals, passed upon and adjudicated directly and immediately by the highest tribunal of the land....
As a final word, it is well to stress that "procedural rules are not to be disdained as mere technicalities that may be ignored at will to suit the convenience of a party x x x Justice has to be administered according to the Rules in order to obviate arbitrariness, caprice, or whimsicality." Resort to the liberal application of procedural rules remains the exception rather than the rule; it cannot be made without any valid reasons underpinning the said course of action. To merit liberality, the one seeking such treatment must show reasonable cause justifying its noncompliance with the Rules, and must establish that the outright dismissal of the petition would defeat the administration of substantial justice. Procedural rules must, at all times, be followed, save for instances when a litigant must be rescued from an injustice far graver than the degree of his carelessness in not complying with the prescribed procedure. The limited exception does not obtain in this case.
The undersigned Prosecutors, constituted as a Panel pursuant to Department Orders 706 and 790 dated October 14, 2016 and November 11, 2016, respectively, accuse LEILA M. DE LIMA, RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN, for violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b) and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, committed as follows:Petitioner challenges the Information on the grounds that the facts therein do not constitute an offense; and that it fails to precisely designate the offense with which petitioner and her co-accused are charged, and to particularly describe the actions or omissions complained of as constituting the offense. Petitioner disputes respondents' contention that petitioner and her co-accused are being charged with conspiracy to commit drug trading, and insists that they are being accused of consummated drug trading.That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City ofMuntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.
Sec. 3. Definitions. - As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:"Trading of dangerous drugs" refers to "transactions involving illegal trafficking." "Illegal trafficking" is broadly defined under Section 3(r) of Republic Act No. 9165 as "[t]he illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical." The trading of dangerous drugs evidently covers more than just the sale of such drugs and a singular buy-and-sell transaction. It connotes the conduct of a business involving a series of transactions, often for a sustained period of time. It may be committed by various ways, or even by different combinations of ways.
x x x x
(jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.
Sec. 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
Sec. 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. - Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:
x x x x
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
Sec. 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees. (Emphases ours.)
To discharge its burden of informing him of the charge, the State must specify in the information the details of the crime and any circumstance that aggravates his liability for the crime. The requirement of sufficient factual averments is meant to inform the accused of the nature and cause of the charge against him in order to enable him to prepare his defense. It emanates from the presumption of innocence in his favor, pursuant to which he is always presumed to have no independent knowledge of the details of the crime he is being charged with. To have the facts stated in the body of the information determine the crime of which he stands charged and for which he must be tried thoroughly accords with common sense and with the requirements of plain justice, for, as the Court fittingly said in United States v. Lim San:It may also do us well to remember that the Information only needs to state the ultimate facts; the evidentiary and other details can be provided during the trial.23 The purpose of an Information is to afford an accused his/her right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him/her. For this purpose, the Rules of Court require that the Information allege the ultimate facts constituting the elements of the crime charged. Details that do not go into the core of the crime need not be included in the Information, but may be presented during trial. The rule that evidence must be presented to establish the existence of the elements of a crime to the point of moral certainty is only for purposes of conviction. It finds no application in the determination of whether or not an Information is sufficient to warrant the trial of an accused.24From a legal point of view, and in a very real sense, it is of no concern to the accused what is the technical name of the crime of which he stands charged. It in no way aids him in a defense on the merits x x x. That to which his attention should be directed, and in which he, above all things else, should be most interested, are the facts alleged. The real question is not did he commit a crime. given in the law some technical and specific name, but did he perform the acts alleged in the body of the information in the manner therein set forth. If he did, it is of no consequence to him, either as a matter of procedure or of substantive right, how the law denominates the crime which those acts constitute. The designation of the crime by name in the caption of the information from the facts alleged in the body of that pleading is a conclusion of law made by the fiscal. In the designation of the crime the accused never has a real interest until the trial has ended. For his full and complete defense he need not know the name of the crime at all. It is of no consequence whatever for the protection of his substantial rights. The real and important question to him is, "Did you perform the acts alleged in the manner alleged?" not "Did you commit a crime named murder." If he performed the acts alleged, in the manner stated, the law determines what the name of the crime is and fixes the penalty therefor. It is the province of the court alone to say what the crime is or what it is named x x x.A practical consequence of the non-allegation of a detail that aggravates his liability is to prohibit the introduction or consideration against the accused of evidence that tends to establish that detail. The allegations in the information are controlling in the ultimate analysis. Thus, when there is a variance between the offense charged in the information and that proved, and the offense as charged is included in or necessarily includes the offense proved, the accused shall be convicted of the offense proved included in the offense charged, or of the offense charged included in the offense proved. In that regard, an offense charged necessarily includes the offense proved when some of the essential elements or ingredients of the former, as alleged in the information, constitute the latter; an offense charged is necessarily included in the offense proved when the essential ingredients of the former constitute or form part of those constituting the latter.
Outright quashal of the Information not properEven if the Information suffers from vagueness, the proper remedy may still not be a motion to quash, but a motion for a bill of particulars. The Court declared in Enrile v. People26 that if the Information charges an offense and the averments are so vague that the accused cannot prepare to plead or prepare for trial, then a motion for a bill of particulars is the proper remedy. The Court further expounded in Enrile that:
Even assuming for the sake of argument that the Information was defective on the ground that the facts charged therein do not constitute an offense, outright quashal of the Information is not the proper course of action.
Section 4, Rule 117 of the Rules of Court gives clear guidance on this matter. It provides -Sec. 4. Amendment of complaint or information. - If the motion to quash is based on an alleged defect of the complaint or information which can be cured by amendment, the court shall order that an amendment be made.When a motion to quash is filed challenging the validity and sufficiency of an Information, and the defect may be cured by amendment, courts must deny the motion to quash and order the prosecution to file an amended Information. Generally, a defect pertaining to the failure of an Information to charge facts constituting an offense is one that may be corrected by an amendment. In such instances, courts are mandated not to automatically quash the Information; rather, it should grant the prosecution the opportunity to cure the defect through an amendment. This rule allows a case to proceed without undue delay. By allowing the defect to be cured by simple amendment, unnecessary appeals based on technical grounds, which only result to prolonging the proceedings, are avoided.
If it is based on the ground that the facts charged do not constitute an offense, the prosecution shall be given by the court an opportunity to correct the defect by amendment. The motion shall be granted if the prosecution fails to make the amendment, or the complaint or information still suffers from the same defect despite the amendment.
More than this practical consideration, however, is the due process underpinnings of this rule. As explained by this Court in People v. Andrade, the State, just like any other litigant, is entitled to its day in court. Thus, a court's refusal to grant the prosecution the opportunity to amend an Information, where such right is expressly granted under the Rules of Court and affirmed time and again in a string of Supreme Court decisions, effectively curtails the State's right to due process.
In general, a bill of particulars is the further specification of the charges or claims in an action, which an accused may avail of by motion before arraignment, to enable him to properly plead and prepare for trial. x x xIt cannot be denied that a single act or incident might offend against two or more entirely distinct and unrelated provisions of law and the accused may be prosecuted for more than one offense. The only limit to this rule is the prohibition under Article III, Section 21 of the Constitution that no person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for "the same offense."28 When a single criminal act may give rise to a multiplicity of offenses and where there is variance or differences between the elements of an offense in one law and another law, there will be no double jeopardy because what the rule on double jeopardy prohibits refers to identity of elements in the two offenses.29
In criminal cases, a bill of particulars details items or specific conduct not recited in the Information but nonetheless pertain to or are included in the crime charged. Its purpose is to enable an accused: to know the theory of the government's case; to prepare his defense and to avoid surprise at the trial; to plead his acquittal or conviction in bar of another prosecution for the same offense; and to compel the prosecution to observe certain limitations in offering evidence.
In criminal proceedings, the motion for a bill of particulars is governed by Section 9 of Rule 116 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure which provides:Section 9. Bill of particulars. - The accused may, before arraignment, move for a bill of particulars to enable him properly to plead and prepare for trial. The motion shall specify the alleged defects of the complaint or information and the details desired.The rule requires the information to describe the offense with sufficient particularity to apprise the accused of the crime charged with and to enable the court to pronounce judgment. The particularity must be such that persons of ordinary intelligence may immediately know what the Information means.
The general function of a bill of particulars, whether in civil or criminal proceedings, is to guard against surprises during trial. It is not the function of the bill to furnish the accused with the evidence of the prosecution. Thus, the prosecutor shall not be required to include in the bill of particulars matters of evidence relating to how the people intend to prove the elements of the offense charged or how the people intend to prove any item of factual information included in the bill of particulars.27
The appellants also contend that the informations against them charge more than one offense, in violation of Section 12, Rule 106 of the old Rules of Court (now Section 12, Rule 117 of the new Rules of Court). This contention has no merit. A reading of the informations reveals the theory of the prosecution that the accused had committed the complex crime of rebellion with murders, robbery and arsons, enumerating therein eight counts regarding specific acts of murder, robbery and arson. These acts were committed, to quote the information, "to create and spread terrorism in order to facilitate the accomplishment of the aforesaid purpose", that is, to overthrow the Government. The appellants are not charged with the commission of each and every crime specified in the counts as crimes separate and distinct from that of rebellion. The specific acts are alleged merely to complete the narration of facts, thereby specifying the way the crime of rebellion was allegedly committed, and to apprise the defendants of the particular facts intended to be proved as the basis for a finding of conspiracy and/or direct participation in the commission of the crime of rebellion. An information is not duplicitous if it charges several related acts, all of which constitute a single offense, although the acts may in themselves be distinct offenses. Moreover, this Court has held that acts of murder, arson, robbery, physical injuries, etc. are absorbed by, and form part and parcel of, the crime of rebellion if committed as a means to or in furtherance of the rebellion charged. (Emphasis ours.)There is no need for us to belabor the question of why the DOJ would rather prosecute petitioner and her co-accused for violation of Republic Act No. 9165, but not for corruption or bribery. Who to charge with what crime or none at all is basically the prosecutor's call.32 Public prosecutors under the DOJ have a wide range of discretion, the discretion of whether, what, and whom to charge, the exercise of which depends on a smorgasbord of factors which are best appreciated by public prosecutors; and this Court has consistently adhered to the policy of non-interference in the conduct of preliminary investigations, and to leave to the investigating prosecutor sufficient latitude of discretion in the determination of what constitutes sufficient evidence as will establish probable cause for the filing of an information against the supposed offender.33
Sec. 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:Despite the amendments to its jurisdiction, the Sandiganbayan primarily remains an anti-graft court, as it is expressly recognized in the Constitution.35 Arguments that Republic Act No. 10660 expanded the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan are unfounded and contrary to the expressed intentions of the lawmakers in amending Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 1606 through Republic Act No. 10660.
a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade "27" and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:b. Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a. of this section in relation to their office.
x x x x
(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade "27" and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;
(3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;
(4) Chairmen and members of the Constitutional Commissions, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and
(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade "27" and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.
c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00). (Emphasis ours.)
Conformably with these rulings, we now hold that public respondent committed an error in ordering that the criminal case for libel be tried by the MTC of Bangued.In Benipayo, the Court upheld the jurisdiction of the RTC, as against that of the Sandiganbayan, over a libel case committed by a public official, reasoning as follows:
For, although R.A. 7691 was enacted to decongest the clogged dockets of the Regional Trial Courts by expanding the jurisdiction of first level courts, said law is of a general character. Even if it is a later enactment, it does not alter the provision of Article 360 of the RPC, a law of a special nature. "Laws vesting jurisdiction exclusively with a particular court, are special in character, and should prevail over the Judiciary Act defining the jurisdiction of other courts (such as the Court of First Instance) which is a general law." A later enactment like R.A. 7691 does not automatically override an existing law, because it is a well settled principle of construction that, in case of conflict between a general law and a special law, the latter must prevail regardless of the dates of their enactment. Jurisdiction conferred by a special law on the RTC must therefore prevail over that granted by a general law on the MTC.
Moreover, from the provisions of R.A. 7691, there seems to be no manifest intent to repeal or alter the jurisdiction in libel cases. If there was such intent, then the amending law should have clearly so indicated because implied repeals are not favored. As much as possible, effect must be given to all enactments of the legislature. A special law cannot be repealed, amended or altered by a subsequent general law by mere implication. Furthermore, for an implied repeal, a pre-condition must be found, that is, a substantial conflict should exist between the new and prior laws. Absent an express repeal, a subsequent law cannot be construed as repealing a prior one unless an irreconcilable inconsistency or repugnancy exists in the terms of the new and the old laws. The two laws, in brief, must be absolutely incompatible. In the law which broadened the jurisdiction of the first level courts, there is no absolute prohibition barring Regional Trial Courts from taking cognizance of certain cases over which they have been priorly granted special and exclusive jurisdiction. Such grant to the RTC (previously CFI) was categorically contained in the first sentence of the amended Sec. 32 of B.P. 129. The inconsistency referred to in Section 6 of R.A. 7691, therefore, does not apply to cases of criminal libel.39
As we have constantly held in Jalandoni, Bocobo, People v. Metropolitan Trial Court of Quezon City, Br. 32, Manzano, and analogous cases, we must, in the same way, declare herein that the law, as it still stands at present, dictates that criminal and civil actions for damages in cases of written defamations shall be filed simultaneously or separately with the RTC to the exclusion of all other courts. A subsequent enactment of a law defining the jurisdiction of other courts cannot simply override, in the absence of an express repeal or modification, the specific provision in the RPC vesting in the RTC, as aforesaid, jurisdiction over defamations in writing or by similar means. The grant to the Sandiganbayan of jurisdiction over offenses committed in relation to (public) office, similar to the expansion of the jurisdiction of the MTCs, did not divest the RTC of its exclusive and original jurisdiction to try written defamation cases regardless of whether the offense is committed in relation to office. The broad and general phraseology of Section 4, Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended by Republic Act No. 8249, cannot be construed to have impliedly repealed, or even simply modified, such exclusive and original jurisdiction of the RTC.40The phrase in the Information that petitioner and her co-accused committed the offense charged by "taking advantage of their public office" is not sufficient to bring the offense within the definition of "offenses committed in relation to public office" which are within the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. Such an allegation is to be considered merely as an allegation of an aggravating circumstance that petitioner and her co-accused are government officials and employees which will warrant the imposition of the maximum penalties, as provided under Section 28 of Republic Act No. 9165:
Sec. 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees. (Emphases ours.)For the foregoing reasons, I vote to dismiss the Petition.
Endnotes:
1 For: Violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 26(b) of Republic Act No. 9165.
2 For: Violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 26(b) of Republic Act No. 9165.
3 For: Violation of Section 3(e)(k) of Republic Act No. 3019, Section 5(a) of Republic Act No. 6713, Republic Act No. 9745, Presidential Decree No. 46 and Article 211 of the Revised Penal Code.
4 For: Violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 26(b) of Republic Act No. 9165 in relation to Article 211-A of the Revised Penal Code, Section 27 of Republic Act No. 9165, Section 3(e) of Republic Act No. 3019, Presidential Decree No. 46, Section 7(d) of Republic Act No. 6713, and Article 210 of the Revised Penal Code.
5 For: Violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 26 of Republic Act No. 9165.
6Napoles v. De Lima, G.R. No. 213529, July 13, 2016, citing Santos-Concio v. Department of Justice, 567 Phil. 70, 89 (2008).
7 Sec. 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
8Napoles v. De Lima, supra note 6.
9 348 Phil. 417, 425 (1998).
10 343 Phil. 670 (1997).
11 Id. at 697-698.
12Association of Medical Clinics for Overseas Workers, Inc. v. GCC Approved Medical Centers Association, Inc., G.R. No. 207132, December 6, 2016.
13Metro Transit Organization, Inc. v. PIGLAS NFWU-KMU, 574 Phil. 481, 491-492 (2008).
14Estrada v. Office of the Ombudsman, 751 Phil. 821, 877 (2015).
15 The recognized exceptions are: (a) where the order is a patent nullity, as where the court a quo had no jurisdiction; (b) where the questions raised in the certiorari proceeding have been duly raised and passed upon by the lower court, or are the same as those raised and passed upon in the lower court; (c) where there is an urgent necessity for the resolution of the question and any further delay would prejudice the interests of the Government or of the petitioner or the subject matter of the action is perishable; (d) where, under the circumstances, a motion for reconsideration would be useless; (e) where petitioner was deprived of due process and there is extreme urgency for relief; (f) where, in a criminal case, relief from an order of arrest is urgent and the granting of such relief by the trial court is improbable; (g) where the proceedings in the lower court are a nullity for lack of due process; (h) where the proceedings were ex parte, or in which the petitioner had no opportunity to object; and (i) where the issue raised is one purely of law or where public interest is involved. (Saint Louis University, Inc. v. Olairez, 730 Phil. 444, 458-459 [2014]).
16Tano v. Socrates, supra note 10 at 699-700.
17 Rule II, Section 6 of the 2004 Rules on Notarial Practice reads:
Sec. 6. Jurat. - "Jurat" refers to an act in which an individual on a single occasion:
(a) appears in person before the notary public and presents an instrument or document;
(b) is personally known to the notary public or identified by the notary public through competent evidence of identity as defined by these Rules;
(c) signs the instrument or document in the presence of the notary; and
(d) takes an oath or affirmation before the notary public as to such instrument or document. (Emphases ours.)
Rule II, Section 2 of the 2004 Rules on Notarial Practice defines "affirmation" or "oath" as follows:
Sec. 2. Affirmation or Oath. - The term "Affirmation" or "Oath" refers to an act in which an individual on a single occasion:
(a) appears in person before the notary public;
(b) is personally known to the notary public or identified by the notary public through competent evidence of identity as defined by these Rules; and
(c) avows under penalty of law to the whole truth of the contents of the instrument or document.
18William Go Que Construction v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 191699, April 19, 2016, 790 SCRA 309, 326.
19 G.R. No. 208181, August 31, 2016.
20 Supra note 18 at 326-327.
21 679 Phil. 279, 294-296 (2012).
22 17 Phil. 273 (1910).
23People v. Romualdez, 581 Phil. 462, 484 (2008).
24People v. Sandiganbayan (Fourth Division), G.R. No. 160619, September 9, 2015, 770 SCRA 162, 174-175.
25 Id. at 176-177.
26 766 Phil. 75 (2015).
27 Id. at 105-106.
28Loney v. People, 517 Phil. 408, 424 (2006).
29Nierras v. Dacuycuy, 260 Phil. 6, 13 (1990).
30Ramos, Jr. v. Pamaran, 158 Phil. 536, 541 (1974).
31 138 Phil. 77, 110 (1969).
32Elma v. Jacobi, 689 Phil. 307, 341 (2012).
33Aguirre v. Secretary of the Department of Justice, 571 Phil. 138, 161 (2008).
34 An Act Strengthening Further the Functional and Structural Organization of the Sandiganbayan, Further Amending Presidential Decree No. 1606, as Amended, and Appropriating Funds Therefor.
35 Article XI, Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution provides that "[t]he present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law."
36 LIX JOURNAL, SENATE 16TH CONGRESS 1ST REGULAR SESSION 32-33 (February 26, 2014).
37 354 Phil. 66 (1998).
38 604 Phil. 317 (2009).
39Manzano v. Valera, supra note 37 at 75-76.
40People v. Benipayo, supra note 38 at 330-331.
PERALTA, J.:
JUSTICE PERALTA:The OSG is correct that there are available plain, speedy and adequate remedies for petitioner to assail the questioned orders of the respondent judge, as well as the DOJ. Direct resort before the Court through a Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition cannot be justified with a mere speculation that all the remedies available to petitioner before the DOJ or the respondent judge are pointless, and that they acted with bias and undue haste.
Okay. Now, I was looking at your petition, and you missed out [on] a lot of remedies that should have been undertaken by Senator De Lima. In the conduct of the preliminary investigation before the DOJ, she did not file a counter-affidavit. Because if there was lack of jurisdiction from the very beginning, she should have filed a counter affidavit presenting her countervailing evidence. And alternatively, ask for the dismissal of the case because the DOJ has no jurisdiction, because a motion to dismiss is not allowed. You have to file a counteraffidavit, thus, she waived it That should have been the best time to argue that the DOJ has no jurisdiction. Then after that, x x x if there was a resolution by the DOJ, then you can file a motion for re-investigation.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Your Honor, according to the lawyers down below they filed an Omnibus Motion.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
Now, therefore, there was an Omnibus Motion.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Yes.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
There was a resolution, but she did not do anything. She should have filed a motion for re-investigation before the Information is filed before the court and ask the court to suspend the proceedings. And then, require the panel of the prosecutors to resolve the motion for reinvestigation which she did not do.
ATTY. HILBAY:
I think, Your Honor, given the lawyers' experience with the panel of prosecutors in that case because they realized that it was pointless...
JUSTICE PERALTA:
Yeah, the other thing is that. Assuming that there was already an information filed, and she was not given a chance to file her countervailing evidence with the DOJ, then, Senator De Lima could have filed a motion for leave of court to file a motion for re-investigation so that the judge could have required the panel of the prosecutors to reinvestigate or to reconsider the resolution, which she did not. There were remedies, so many remedies available under the rules.
ATTY. HILBAY
You're correct, Your Honor, that there are lot of abstract options that are available to petitioner in this case.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
Yeah.
ATTY. HILBAY:
But I think on the part of the lawyers, who handled the case down below, their reading of the situation was that it was already pointless.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
They may not act favorably, okay. But the case, well the court is already judicial in character because when the information is filed nobody can touch the information except the judge. Therefore, if the information was already filed before the court, Senator De Lima could have filed a motion for leave of court to file motion for reconsideration. So that the court should have required the public prosecutor to conduct a reinvestigation upon orders of the court.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Again, pleading have been filed, we don't even know whether the court obliged...
xxxx
JUSTICE PERALTA:
Let's go further. If the information was already filed, this has always been the practice but sometimes they say, this is not an available remedy. Senator De Lima could have filed a motion for judicial determination of probable cause and invoke paragraph (a) of Rule 112, Section 6 [now Sec. 5]. Because the judge is mandated within ten (10) days to determine the existence of probable cause. And if he or she is not satisfied, then he could have required the prosecution to present additional evidence. If she is not yet satisfied, that would have caused for the dismissal of the case for lack ofprobable cause.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Yes.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
Which she did not do.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Again, Your Honor, there's so many channels by which this case...
JUSTICE PERALTA:
Yes, it's already judicial, you cannot already claim that the judge is bias, because the remedy is already judicial in character. So anyway...
ATTY. HILBAY:
You are correct, Your Honor.
xxxx
JUSTICE PERALTA:
I'll go to another point. Is it not? If there is a defect in the Information, because according to you, it's not clear. If they are charged with illegal trading or charged with attempt or conspiracy, is it not that the [proper] remedy should have been Rule 116, Section 9 of the Rules of Court, a motion for bill of particulars?
ATTY. HILBAY:
No, Your Honor, in fact, Your Honor, it is rather clear what the prosecutors intended to charge the petitioner. It is the OSG that has a new interpretation of the charge.
xxxx
JUSTICE PERALTA:
xxxx
So I'll go to another point. Now, why did you not file a motion to quash the warrant of arrest on the ground of lack of probable cause before coming to court? Is that a valid remedy under the rules?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Your Honor, the lawyers down below say that that was placed on record, those arguments, Your Honor.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
That was placed on record. Was there a motion actually, a motion to quash the warrant of arrest on the ground of lack of probable cause? Was there any made...?
ATTY. HILBAY:
I am told, Your Honor, that there were observations placed on record.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
And the problem observations because...
ATTY. HILBAY:
We are questioning the jurisdiction in the first place.
xxx1
As a rule, forum shopping is committed by a party wh, having received an adverse judgment in one forum, seeks another opinion in another court other than by appeal or the special civil action of certiorari. Conceptually, forum shopping is the institution of two or more suits in different courts, either simultaneously or successively, in order to ask the courts to rule on the same or related causes and/or to grant the same or substantially the same reliefs.I agree with the ponencia that all the elements of forum shopping are present. First, there is substantial identity of parties in the criminal case before the respondent judge where the People of the Philippines is the complainant, while petitioner is one of the accused, and the petition at bar where the People is the respondent, while Sen. De Lima is the petitioner. Second, petitioner's prayers in her motion to quash and in this petition are essentially the same, i.e., the nullification of the information and restoration of her liberty, on the grounds of lack of jurisdiction over the offense, the duplicity and insufficiency of the information, and the lack of probable cause to issue an arrest warrant against her. Third, due to the identity of issues raised in both cases, the Court's decision in this petition would amount to res judicata in the criminal case before the respondent judge with respect to the issues of jurisdiction over the offense and of the existence of probable cause to issue an arrest warrant against petitioner.
Forum shopping also exists when, as a result of an adverse decision in one forum or in anticipation thereof, a party seeks a favorable opinion in another forum through means other than an appeal or certiorari.
There is likewise forum shopping when the elements of litis pendentia are present or where a final judgment in one case will amount to res judicata in another.
Litis pendentia is a Latin term meaning "a pending suit" and is variously referred to in some decisions as lis pendens and auter action pendant. As a ground for the dismissal of a civil action, it refers to the situation where two actions are pending between the same parties for the same cause of action, so that one of them becomes unnecessary and vexatious. It is based on the policy against multiplicity of suits.
There is litis pendentia when the following requisites are present: identity of the parties in the two actions; substantial identity in the causes of action and in the reliefs sought by the parties; and the identity between the two actions should be such that any judgment that may be rendered in one case, regardless of which party is successful, would amount to res judicata in the other.
Otherwise stated, the test is whether the two (or more) pending cases have identity of parties, of rights or causes of action, and of the reliefs sought. Willful and deliberate violation of the rule against it is a ground for summary dismissal of the case; it may also constitute direct contempt.
Appeals and petitions for certiorari are normally outside the scope of forum shopping because of their nature and purpose; they grant a litigant the remedy of elevating his case to a superior court for review.
It is assumed, however, that the filing of the appeal or petition for certiorari is properly or regularly invoked in the usual course of judicial proceedings, and not when the relief sought, through a petition for certiorari or appeal, is still pending with or has yet to be decided by the respondent court or court of origin, tribunal, or body exercising judicial or quasi-judicial authority, e.g., a still pending motion for reconsideration of the order assailed via a petition for certiorari under Rule 65.
JUSTICE PERALTA:While petitioner also failed to justify that her case falls under the exceptions to the doctrine on hierarchy of courts, I posit that the issue of jurisdiction over the offense should still be addressed due to its transcendental importance.
If an Information is filed, you determine the existence of probable cause from the allegations of the Information, that's the first thing that the judge will do. If the allegations are properly alleged as to jurisdiction, it took place in Muntinlupa, so the place of the commission of the crime is there, the allegations of 9165 under Section 90 she says that is jurisdiction, so what's the problem?
ATTY. HILBAY:
No subject matter, jurisdiction. Again, Your Honor, my point is...
JUSTICE PERALTA:
But that's not the basis of an issuance of a warrant of arrest precisely there is a motion to quash. If you do not agree and there's no jurisdiction, your remedy is to file a motion to quash the Information...
ATTY. HILBAY:
We did, Your Honor, file a motion to quash...
JUSTICE PERALTA:
That's the problem, it is pending, you come here. Why not wait for the RTC to determine as to whether or not there is jurisdiction over the person of the accused or over the subject matter? Because what you are saying is that, first determine jurisdiction. It is already there eh. The determination of probable cause will already include jurisdiction because that's alleged in the... she will not go beyond what's alleged in the Information. There is an allegation of jurisdiction eh. The crime is within the City of Muntinlupa, oh that's the jurisdiction over the place where the crime is committed.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Yeah, Your Honor, that's...
JUSTICE PERALTA:
You have the allegation in the Information, violation of Dangerous Drugs Act under Section 90, you have the accused, there is an allegation of relation to office. What's the problem?
ATTY. HILBAY:
She has subject matter jurisdiction, Your Honor.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
Yeah. In all the cases that came here on lack of probable cause, what happened in those cases is that the RTC first answered the queries posited by the accused that there is no probable cause. In the case of Allado v. Diokno, they filed a motion to determine probable cause. In the case of Senator Lacson, they filed a motion, and there were all hearings. Here, in this particular case, there is no hearing. So, how can we review the factual issues if in the first place these were not brought up in the RTC?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Your Honor, there are no factual issues here. The only issue is jurisdiction. There's no need...
JUSTICE PERALTA:
So, your issue is not lack of probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest, but lack of jurisdiction. So if you go, if your position now is lack of jurisdiction, then go to the RTC. And then, file a motion to quash. That's what she was asking. That should have been heard in the RTC.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Your Honor...
xxxx
JUSTICE PERALTA:
So to me, the procedure should have been to go first to the RTC. And then, come, if you cannot get a favorable decision, to Court. Justice iardeleza was saying there's no due process. I mean he did not say due process, but due process has been observed. The problem is she all waived her remedies. Hindi siya nag-file ng counter-affidavit. She did not file a counter-affidavit. She was given due process.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Yes.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
But she did not invoke all those remedies to comply with due process.
ATTY. HILBAY:
If I may, Your Honor, just clarify what happened so that we can now have full favor of the context of petitioner. She did not file a counter affidavit precisely because she was questioning the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice. And yet, the Department of Justice, proceeded with undue haste, and filed the case before the court without jurisdiction. She filed a motion to quash before a court that has no jurisdiction. The court decided again with undue haste to issue warrant of arrest. What do you expect, Your Honor, the petitioner to do?
JUSTICE PERALTA:
That wouldn't have been a good basis of coming here because... That wouldn't have been a good basis of coming here.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Your Honor.
JUSTICE PERALTA:
...she was only speculating. She should have availof the remedies and all of these have denied because they are biased and then, come here and then, release her. But this one, she did not follow.
ATTY. HILBAY:
Your Honor, what we're saying is that, we are now here, we have made out a very strong and clear case for an application of the exemptions of the procedures of this Court. Those exemptions are clearly stated in the jurisprudence of this Honorable Court.6
(a) when there are genuine issues of constitutionality that must be addressed at the most immediate time;The petition at bench raises an issue of transcendental importance and a novel question of law, if not a case of first impression, namely: whether the Sandiganbayan has exclusive original jurisdiction over drug cases under R.A. No. 9165 committed by public officers or employees in relation to their office,' pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1606, Revising Presidential Decree No. 1486 Creating a Special Court to be Known as "SANDIGANBAYAN" and for other purposes, as amended by R.A. No. 10660, revising Presidential Decree No. 1486 Creating a Special Court to be known as "SANDIGANBAYAN" and for other purposes. An Act Strengthening Further the Functional and Structural Organization of the Sandiganbayan Further Amending Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended, and Appropriating Funds Therefor.
(b) when the issues involved are of transcendental importance;
(c) cases of first impression where no jurisprudence yet exists that will guide the lower courts on the matter;
(d) the constitutional issues raised are better decided by the Court;
(e) where exigency in certain situations necessitate urgency m the resolution of the cases;
(f) the filed petition reviews the act of a constitutional organ;
(g) when petitioners rightly claim that they had no other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law that could free them from the injurious effects of respondents' acts in violation of their right to freedom of expression; and
(h) the petition includes questions that are dictated by public welfare and the advancement of public policy, or demanded by the broader interest of justice, or the orders complained of were found to be patent nullities, or the appeal was considered as clearly an inappropriate remedy.8
Granted that petitioner is neither the first public official accused of violating R.A. No. 9165 nor is she the first defendant to question the finding of probable cause for her arrest, she is foremost in raising a valid question of law on the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan over drug-related cases committed by a public servant in relation to her office.
NUMBER OF CASES FILED and DISPOSED OF ACCORDING TO NATURE OF OFFENSE (FEBRUARY, 1979 TO MAY 31, 2017) 11 NATURE OF OFFENSE TOTAL
[Filed] PERCENT DISTRIBUTION [Filed]
TOTAL
[Disposed]
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION [Disposed]Crimes Against Religious Worship 1 0.003 1 0.003Arbitrary Detention 72 0.206 69 0.208Violation of Domicile 18 0.051 20 0.061Assault Resistance and Disobedience 10 0.029 13 0.040Perjury 116 0.332 76 0.230Falsification Cases 6096 17.444 6215 18.776Mal/Misfeasance 7 0.020 7 0.021Bribery 365 1.044 347 1.048Malversation Cases 10336 29.576 10376 31.346Infidelity of Public Officers in the Custody of Prisoners/Documents 552 1.580 548 1.656Other Offense Committed by Public Officers 582 1.665 544 1.643Murder 317 0.907 350 1.057Homicide 203 0.581 220 0.665Physical Injuries 169 0.484 170 0.514Threats and Coercions 98 0.280 88 0.266Kidnapping 2 0.006 2 0.006Estafa Cases 4700 13.449 4974 15.027Robbery 123 0.352 132 0.399Theft 511 1.462 549 1.659Malicious Mischief 20 0.057 16 0.048Rape and Acts of Lasciviousness 21 0.060 18 0.054Slander 16 0.046 17 0.051Illegal Marriage 2 0.006 2 0.006Violation of R.A. 3019 8322 23.813 6564 19.830Violation of Presidential Decrees 476 1.362 381 1.151Qualified Seduction 5 0.014 8 0.024Unlawful Arrest 4 0.011 4 0.012Adultery and Concubinage 1 0.003 1 0.003Plunder 11 0.0324
0.012Others 1344 3.846 989 2.988Special Civil Action 94 0.269 74 0.224Civil Cases (including PCGG cases) 217 0.621 200 0.604Appealed Cases 135 0.386 121 0.365Special Proceedings 1 0.003 1 0.003Total 34947 100.00 33101 100.00
As we have constantly held in Jalandoni, Bocobo, People v. Metropolitan Trial Court of Quezon City, Br. 32, Manzano, and analogous cases, we must, in the same way, declare herein that the law, as it still stands at present, dictates that criminal and civil actions for damages in cases of written defamations shall be filed simultaneously or separately with the RTC to the exclusion of all other courts. A subsequent enactment of a law defining the jurisdiction of other courts cannot simply override, in the absence of an express repeal or modification, the specific provision in the RPC vesting in the RTC, as aforesaid, jurisdiction over defamations in writing or by similar means. The grant to the Sandiganbayan of jurisdiction over offenses committed in relation to (public) office, similar to the expansion of the jurisdiction of the MTCs, did not divest the RTC of its exclusive and original jurisdiction to try written defamation cases regardless of whether the offense is committed in relation to office. The broad and general phraseology of Section 4, Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended by Republic Act No. 8249, cannot be construed to have impliedly repealed, or even simply modified, such exclusive and original jurisdiction of the RTC.In Samson v. Daway,14 the Court ruled that certain violations of the Intellectual Property Code fall under the jurisdiction of the RTCs regardless of the imposable penalty:
Section 163 of the same Code [R.A. No. 8293] states that actions (including criminal and civil) under Sections 150, 155, 164, 166, 167, 168 and 169 shall be brought before the proper courts with appropriate jurisdiction under existing laws, thus -ln Morales v. CA,16 the Court held that the RTCs have exclusive jurisdiction over specific criminal cases, namely: (a) Art. 360 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by R.A. Nos. 1289 and 4363 on written defamations or libel; (b) violations of the Presidential Decree on Intellectual Property (P.D. No. 49, as amended), and (c) Section 39 of R.A.No. 6425, as amended by P.D. No. 44:SEC. 163. Jurisdiction of Court. - All actions under Sections 150, 155, 164 and 166 to 169 shall be brought before the proper courts with appropriate jurisdiction under existing laws. (Emphasis supplied)The existing law referred to in the foregoing provision is Section 27 of R.A. No. 166 (The Trademark Law) which provides that jurisdiction over cases for infringement of registered marks, unfair competition, false designation of origin and false description or representation, is lodged with the Court of First Instance (now Regional Trial Court) -SEC. 27. Jurisdiction of Court of First Instance. - All actions under this Chapter [V - Infringement] and Chapters VI [Unfair Competition] and VII [False Designation of Origin and False Description or Representation], hereof shall be brought before the Court of First Instance.We find no merit in the claim of petitioner that R.A. No. 166 was xpressly repealed by R.A. No. 8293. The repealing clause of R.A. No. 8293, reads -SEC. 239. Repeals. - 239.1. All Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent herewith, more particularly Republic Act No. 165, as amended; Republic Act No. 166, as amended; and Articles 188 and 189 of the Revised Penal Code; Presidential Decree No. 49, including Presidential Decree No. 285, as amended, are hereby repealed. (Emphasis added)Notably, the aforequoted clause did not expressly repeal R.A. No. 166 in its entirety, otherwise, it would not have used the phrases "parts of Acts" and "inconsistent herewith;" and it would have simply stated "Republic Act No. 165, as amended; Republic Act No. 166, as amended; and Articles 188 and 189 of the Revised Penal Code; Presidential Decree No. 49, including Presidential Decree No. 285, as amended are hereby repealed." It would have removed all doubts that said specific laws had been rendered without force and effect. The use of the phrases "parts of Acts" and "inconsistent herewith" only means that the repeal pertains only to provisions which are repugnant or not susceptible of harmonization with R.A. No. 8293. Section 27 of R.A. No. 166, however, is consistent and in harmony with Section 163 of R.A. No. 8293. Had R.A. No. 8293 intended to vest jurisdiction over violations of intellectual property rights with the Metropolitan Trial Courts, it would have expressly stated so under Section 163 thereof.
Moreover, the settled rule in statutory construction is that in case of conflict between a general law and a special law, the latter must prevail. Jurisdiction conferred by a special law to Regional Trial Courts must prevail over that granted by a general law to Municipal Trial Courts.
In the case at bar, R.A. No. 8293 and R.A. No. 166 are special laws conferring jurisdiction over violations of intellectual property rights to the Regional Trial Court. They should therefore prevail over R.A. No. 7691, which is a general law. Hence, jurisdiction over the instant criminal case for unfair competition is properly lodged with the Regional Trial Court even if the penalty therefor is imprisonment of less than 6 years, or from 2 to 5 years and a fine ranging from P50,000.00 to P200,000.00.15
Jurisdiction is, of course, conferred by the Constitution or by Congress. Outside the cases enumerated in Section 5(2) of Article VIII of the Constitution, Congress has the plenary power to define, pres ribe and apportion the jurisdiction of various courts. Accordingly, Congress may, by law, provide that a certain class of cases should be exclusively heard and determined by one court. Such would be a special law and :must be construed as an exception to the general law on jurisdiction of courts, namely, the Judiciary Act of 1948 as amended, or the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980. In short, the special law prevails over the general law.Having in mind the foregoing jurisprudence, I submit that R.A. No. 10660 cannot be considered as a special law on jurisdiction but merely an amendatory law intended to amend specific provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1606, the general law on the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. Hence, Section 90 of R.A. No. 9165, which specifically named RTCs designated as special courts to exclusively hear and try cases involving violation thereof, must be viewed as an exception to Section 4.b. of P.D. No. 1606, as amended by R.A. No. 10660, which is a mere catch-all provision on cases that fall under the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan.
R.A. No. 7691 can by no means be considered another special law on jurisdiction but merely an amendatory law intended to amend specific sections of the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980. Hence, it does not have the effect of repealing or modifying Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code; Section 57 of the Decree on Intellectual Property; and Section 39 of R.A. No. 6425, as amended by P.D. No. 44. In a manner of speaking, R.A. No. 7691 was absorbed by the mother law, the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980.
That Congress indeed did not intend to repeal these special laws vesting exclusive jurisdiction in the Regional Trial Courts over certain cases is clearly evident from the exception provided for in the opening sentence of Section 32 of B.P. Blg. 129, as amended by R.A. No. 7691. These special laws are not, therefore, covered by the repealing clause (Section 6) of R.A. No. 769.17
Sec. 100. Repealing Clause - Republic Act No. 6425, as amended, is repealed and all other laws, administrative orders, rules and regulations, or parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, e hereby repealed or modified accordingly.19The appropriate question of law that ought to be resolved is whether pursuant to Section 90 of R.A. No. 9165, the RTC still has exclusive original jurisdiction over drug-related cases similar to the express grant thereof under Section 39 of R.A. No. 6425:
That the exclusive original jurisdiction of RTCs over drug cases under R.A. No. 6425 was not intended to be repealed is revealed in the interpellation during the Second Reading of House Bill No. 4433, entitled "An Act Instituting the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, repealing Republic Act No. 6425, as amended":
Article X
Jurisdiction Over Dangerous Drugs Cases Article XI
Jurisdiction Over Dangerous Drugs Cases Section 39. Jurisdiction of the Circuit Criminal Court. - The Circuit Criminal Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over all cases involving offenses punishable under this Act.
xxx
Section 90. Jurisdiction. The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of courts designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in their respective jurisdiction.
xxx
Initially, Rep. Dilangalen referred to the fact sheet attached to the Bill which states that the measure will undertake a comprehensive amendment to the existing law on dangerous drugs - RA No. 6425, as amended. Adverting to Section 64 of the Bill on the repealing clause, he then asked whether the Committee is in effect amending or repealing the aforecited law.Records of the Bilateral Conference Committee on the Disagreeing Provisions of Senate Bill No. 1858 and House Bill No. 4433 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of2002) also show that Section 90 of R.A. No. 9165 does not repeal, but upholds the exclusive original jurisdiction of Regional Trial Court similar to that provided under Section 39 of R.A. No. 6425:
Rep. Cuenco replied that any provision of law which is in conflict with the provisions of the Bill is repealed and/or modified accordingly.
In this regard, Rep. Dilangalen suggested that if the Committee's intention as only to amend RA No. 6425, then the wording used should be "to amend" and not "to repeal" with regard to the provisions that are contrary to the provisions of the Bill.
Adverting to Article VIII, Section 60, on Jurisdiction Over Dangerous Drugs Case, which provides that the Supreme Court shall designate regional trial courts to have original jurisdiction over all offenses punishable by this Act, Rep. Dilangalen inquired whether it is the Committee's intention that certain RTC salas will be designated by the Supreme Court to try drug-related offenses, although all RTCs have original jurisdiction over those offenses.
Rep. Cuenco replied in the affirmative. He pointed that at present, the Supreme Court's assignment of drug cases to certain judges is not exclusive because the latter can still handle cases other than drug-related cases. He added that the Committee's intention is to assign drug-related cases to judges who will handle exclusively these cases assigned to them.
In this regard, Rep. Dilangalen stated that, at the appropriate time, he would like to propose the following amendment: "The Supreme Court shall designate specific salas of the RTC to try exclusively offenses related to drugs.
Rep. Cuenco agreed therewith, adding that the Body is proposing the creation of exclusive drug courts because at present, almost all of the judges are besieged by a lot of drug cases some of which have been pending for almost 20 years.
Whereupon, Rep. Dilangalen adverted to Section 60, Article VIII, lines 7 to 10 of the Bill, to wit: Trial of the case under this section shall be finished by the court not later than ninety (90) days from the date of the filing of the information. Decision on said cases shall be rendered within a period of fifteen (15) days from the date of submission of the case. He then asked whether the Committee intends to make this particular provision merely directory or compulsory.
Rep. Cuenco answered that said provision is mandatory because if the case is not finished within 90 days, the Supreme Court can impose administrative sanctions on the judge concerned.
However, Rep. Dilangalen pointed out that the Constitution specifically provides that the Supreme Court shall decide certain cases from the time they are submitted for resolution within a specific period. The same is true with the Court of Appeals, RTC and MTC. Rep. Cuenco affirmed this view.
In line with the pertinent provision of the Constitution, Rep. Dilangalen pointed out that if the aforementioned provision of the Bill is made mandatory and those judges fail to finish their assigned cases within the required period, he asked whether they would be criminally charged.
In response, Rep: Cuenco explained that the power to penalize belongs to the Supreme Court and Congress has no power to punish erring judges by sending them to jail for the reason that they have not finished their assigned cases within the prescribed period. He stressed that administrative sanctions shall be imposed by the Supreme Court on the erring judges.20
The CHAIRMAN (REP. CUENCO). xxx On other matters, we would like to propose the creation of drug courts to handle exclusively drug cases; the imposition of a 60-day deadline on courts within which to decide drug cases; and No. 3, provide penalties on officers of the law and government prosecutors for mishandling and delaying drug cases.Contrary to petitioner's claim that Section 90 of R.A. No. 9165 merely grants the Supreme Court administrative authority to designate particular branches .of RTCs to exclusively try drug cases, records of deliberation in Congress underscore the intention to confer to the RTCs exclusive original jurisdiction over drug cases. Section 90 of R.A. No. 9165 was worded to give emphasis on the Court's power to designate special courts to exclusively handle such cases, if only to avoid creation of drug courts which entails additional funds, the lack of which would defeat the very purpose of the law to prioritize prosecution of drug cases.
We will address these concerns one by one.
1. The possible creation of drug courts to handle exclusively drug cases. Any comments?
Congressman Ablan. Ah, first, the Chairman, the Chairman of the Senate Panel would like to say something.
THE CHAIRMAN (SEN. BARBERS). We have no objection to this proposal, Mr. Chairman. As a matter of fact, this is one of the areas where we come into an agreement when we were in Japan. However, I just would like to add a paragraph after the word "Act" in Section 86 of the Senate versions, Mr. Chairman. And this is in connection with the designation of special courts by "The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of court designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of pending cases in their respective jurisdiction." That is my proposal, Mr. Chairman.
THE CHAIRMAN (REP. CUENCO). We adopt the same proposal.
SEN. CAYETANO. Comment, comment.
THE CHAIRMAN (REP. CUENCO). Puwede ba 'yan. Okay, Sige, Senator Cayetano.
SEN. CAYETANO. Mr. Chairman, first of all, there is already an Administrative Order 104, if I'm not mistaken in 1996 designating special courts all over the country that handles heinous crimes, which includes, by the way, violations of the present Drugs Act, where the penalty is life to death.
Now, when it comes to crimes where the penalty is six years or below, this is the exclusive jurisdiction not of the RTC, not of the Regional Trial Court, but of the municipal courts.
So my observation, Mr. Chairman, I think, since there are already special courts, we need not created that anymore or ask the Supreme Court. And number two, precisely, because there are certain cases where the penalties are only six years and below.These are really handles by the municipal trial court.
As far as the 60-day period, again, in the Fernan law, if I'm not mistaken, there is also a provision there that all heinous crimes will have to be decided within 60 days. But if you want to emphasize as far as the speedy which all these crimes should be tried and decided, we can put it there. But as far as designated, I believe this may be academic because there are already special courts. And number two, we cannot designate special court as far as the municipal courts are concerned. In fact, the moment you do that, then you may limit the number of municipal courts all over the country that will only handle that to the prejudice of the other or several other municipal court that handles many of these cases.
THE CHAIRMAN (REP. CUENCO). Just briefly, a rejoinder to the comments made by Senator Cayetano. It is true that the Supreme Court has designated certain courts to handle exclusively heinous crimes, okay, but our proposal here is confined exclusively to drug cases, not all kinds of heinous crimes. There are many kinds of heinous crimes: murder, piracy, rape, et cetera. The idea here is to focus the attention of the court, that court and to handle only purely drug cases.
Now, in case the penalty provided for by law is below six years wherein the regional trial court will have no jurisdiction, then the municipal courts may likewise be designated as the trial court concerning those cases. The idea hear really is to assign exclusively a sala of a regional trial court to handle nothing else except cases involving illegal drug trafficking.
Right now, there are judges who have been so designated by the Supreme Court to handle heinous crimes, but then they are not exclusive to drugs eh. And aside from those heinous crimes, they also handle other cases which are not even heinous. So the idea here is to create a system similar to the traffic courts which will try and hear exclusively traffic cases. So in view of the gravity of the situation and in view of the ilrgency of the resolution of these drug cases because - the research that we have made on the drug cases filed is that, the number of decided cases is not even one percent of those filed. There have been many apprehensions, thousands upon thousands apprehensions, thousands upon thousands of cases filed in court but only one percent have been disposed of. The reason is that there is no special attention made or paid on these drug cases by our courts.
So that is my humble observation, we have no problem.
THE CHAIRMAN (SEN. BARBERS). I have no problem w.ith that, Mr. Chairman, but I'd like to call your attention to the fact that my proposal in only for a designation because if it is for a creation that would entail another budget, Mr. Chairman. And almost always, the Department of Budget would tell us at the budget hearing that we lack funds, we do not have money. So that might delay the very purpose why we want the RTC or the municipal courts to handle exclusively the drug cases.That's why my proposal is designation not creation.
THE CHAIRMAN (REP. CUENCO). Areglado. No problem, designation. Approved.21
After a careful evaluation of the herein Information and all the evidence presented during the preliminary investigation conducted in this case by the Department of Justice, Manila, the Court finds sufficient probable cause for the issuance of Warrants of Arrest against all accused x x x LEILA M. DE LIMA x x x.There being no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the respondent judge in issuing a warrant of arrest despite the pendency of petitioner's motion to quash, it is my view that respondent judge should be ordered to resolve the same motion in order to give her opportunity to correct the errors raised by petitioner. After all, in exercise of its power of review, the Court is not a trier of facts,32 and the issue of whether probable cause exists for the issuance of a warrant for the arrest of an accused is a question of fact, determinable as it is from a review of the allegations in the information, the Resolution of the Investigating Prosecutor, including other documents and/or evidence appended to the information.33
That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position, and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election, by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.In determining whether the afore-quoted acts or omiSSions constituting conspiracy to commit illegal drug trading are sufficiently alleged in the information, the respondent judge should carefully consider the definition of such crime under Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b) and Section 28 of R.A. No. 9165.
(jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.Significant note must be taken of Section 5, R.A. No. 9165 because it provides for the penalties for the various offenses covered, including "conspiracy to commit illegal drug trading," and identifies the persons who may be held liable for such offenses.
xxxx
SECTION 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. - Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:
xxxx
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
SECTION 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be Imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.As can be gleaned from the foregoing proviSions, the following persons may be held liable of conspiracy to commit illegal drug trading under Section 5 of R.A. No. 9165, namely:
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.
If the sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical transpires within one hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.
For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals trade, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.
If the victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous drug and/or a controlled precursor and essential chemical involved in any offense herein provided be the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof, the maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.35
1. Pusher - defined under Section 3(ff) as any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses or gives away to another, on any terms whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of such transaction, in violation of the law;Respondent judge would also do well to bear in mind that jurisdiction of a court over a criminal case is determined by the allegations of the complaint or information.36 In resolving a motion to dismiss based on lack of jurisdiction, the general rule is that the facts contained in the complaint or information should be taken as they are, except where the Rules of Court allow the investigation of facts alleged in a motion to quash such as when the ground invoked is the extinction of criminal liability, prescriptions, double jeopardy, or insanity of the accused.37 In these instances, it is incumbent upon the trial court to conduct a preliminary trial to determine the merit of the motion to dismiss.38
2. Organizer;
3. Manager;
4. Financier - defined under Section 3(q) as any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites any of the illegal activities prescribed under the law; and
5. Protector or coddler - defined under Section 3(ee) as any person who knowingly or willfully consents to the unlawful acts provided for in under the law and uses his/her influence, power or position in shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of any person who he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the provisions of the law in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator.
SEC. 4. Amendment of complaint or information. - If the motion to quash is based on an alleged defect of the complaint or information which can be cured by amendment, the court shall order that an amendment be made.All told, the Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition must be denied on the grounds of prematurity, forum shopping and for being improperly verified. Going over the records of Congressional deliberations due to the transcendental importance of the jurisdictional issue raised by petitioner, however, I found that the RTC, not the Sandiganbayan, has exclusive original jurisdiction over all drug cases even if they were committed by public officials or employees in relation to their office. There being no grave abuse of discretion committed by the respondent judge in issuing a warrant of arrest despite the pendency of petitioner's motion to quash, the Court should order the respondent judge to resolve the motion to quash the information, taking into account the definition of conspiracy to commit illegal drug trading, the principles in determining the sufficiency of an information, and the remedies relative to a motion to quash under Sections 4, 5 and 6, Rule 117 of the Rules of Court.
If it is based on the ground that the facts charged do not constitute an offense, the prosecution shall be given by the court an opportunity to correct the defect by amendment. The motion shall be granted if the prosecution fails to make the amendment, or the complaint or information still suffers from the same defect despite the amendment.
SEC. 5. Effect of sustaining the motion to quash. - If the motion to quash is sustained, the court may order that another complaint or information be filed except as provided in section 6 of this Rule. If the order is made, the accused, if in custody, shall not be discharged unless admitted to bail. If no order is made or if having been made, no new information is filed within the time specified in the order or within such further time as the court may allow for good cause, the accused, if in custody, shall be discharged unless he is also in custody for another charge.
SEC. 6. Order sustaining the motion to quash not a bar to another prosecution; exception. - An order sustaining the motion to quash is not a bar to another prosecution for the same offense unless the motion was based on the grounds specified in Section 3 (g) and (i) of this Rule.
Endnotes:
1 TSN, Oral Arguments - En Banc, G.R. No. 229781, Tuesday, March 14, 2017, pp. 64-74.
2 764 Phil. 456, 465-467 (2015).
3Bandillon v. La Filipina Uygongco Corporation, G.R. No. 202446, September 16, 2015, 770 SCRA 624, 649.
4 751 Phil. 821 (2015).
5Id.
6 TSN, Oral Arguments - En Banc, G.R. No. 229781, Tuesday, March 21, 2017. (Emphasis added)
7 751 Phil. 301, 330 (2015).
8Diocise of Bacolod v. Commission on Elections, supra, at 331-335.
9Republic v. Bantigue Point Development Corporation, 684 Phil. 192, 199 (2012).
10Tumpag Jr. v. Tumpag, 744 Phil. 423, 433 (2014).
11http://sb.judiciary.gov.ph/statistics_report.html. Last visited on July 3, 2017.
12 Black's Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition (1979).
13 604 Phil. 317, 330-332 (2009). (Emphasis added; citations omitted)
14 478 Phil. 784, 794 (2004).
15 Emphasis added and citations omitted.
16 347 Phil. 493, 506-507 (1997). (Emphasis ours)
17 Emphases added.
18Supra.
19 Emphasis added.
20 JOURNAL NO. 72, Wednesday and Thursday, March 6 and 7, 2002, 12th Regular Congress, 1st Session. http://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/printjournal.php?congnum=12&id=104, last visited July 10, 2017.
21 Bicameral Conference Committee on the Disagreeing Provisions of Senate Bill No. 1858 and House Bill No. 4433 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002), April 29, 2002. (Emphasis supplied)
22In Re: Partial Report on the Results of the Judicial Audit Conducted in the MTCC, Br. 1, Cebu City, 567 Phil. 103 (2009).
23 Sec. 5. When warrant of arrest may issue. - (a) By the Regional Trial Court. - Within ten (10) days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge shall personally evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its supporting evidence. He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence on record clearly fails to establish probable cause. If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order if the accused has already been arrested pursuant to a warrant issued by the judge who conducted the preliminary investigation or when the complaint or information was filed pursuant to section 7 of this Rule. In case of doubt on the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to present additional evidence within five (5) days from notice and the issue must be resolved by the court within thirty (30) days from the filing of the complaint or information.
24 Sec. 9. Failure to move to quash or to allege any ground therefor. - The failure of the accused to assert any ground of a motion to quash before he pleads to the complaint or information, either because he did not file a motion to quash or failed to allege the same in said motion, shall be deemed a waiver of any objections except those based on the grounds provided for in paragraphs (a), (b), (g) and (i) of section 3 of this Rule.
25 Sec. 5. When warrant of arrest may issue. - (a) By the regional Trial Court. - Within ten (10) days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge shall personally evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its supporting evidence. He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence on record clearly fails to establish probable cause. If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order if the accused has already been arrested pursuant to a warrant issued by a judge who conducted the preliminary investigation or when the complaint of information was filed pursuant to Section 6 of this Rule. In case of doubt on the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to present additional evidence within five (5) days from notice and the issue must be resolved by the court within thirty (30) days from the filing of the complaint or information. (Emphasis added)
26 302 Phil. 213, 233 (1994).
27 249 Phil. 394 (1988).
28Soliven v. Judge Makasiar, supra, at 399-400.
29Allado v. Judge Diokno, supra note 26, at 234.
30Id. at 234-235, citing Lim v. Felix, 272 Phil. 122 (1991).
31 Rule 131, Section 3 (m) and (n).
32Navaja v. Hon. De Castro, 761 Phil. 142, 155 (2015).
33Ocampo v. Abando, 726 Phil. 441, 465 (2014).
34 G.R. No. 214497, April 18, 2017.
35 Emphasis added.
36Macasaet v. People of the Philippines, 492 Phil. 355, 373 (2005)
37Id.
38Id.
39People v. Odtuhan, 714 Phil. 349, 356 (2013).
40Id.
41 34 Phil. 277 (1916).
42United States v. Ferrer, supra, at 279.
43 10 Phil. 682, 690 (1908), cited in People v. Camerino, et al., 108 Phil. 79, 83 (1960).
DEL CASTILLO, J.:
Docketed as Criminal Case No. 17-165, the case was raffled off to Branch 204 presided over by respondent Judge Juanita Guerrero. On February 23, 2017, the RTC issued an Order finding probable cause for the issuance of warrant of arrest against all the accused including petitioner. On even date, a warrant of arrest was issued. On February 24, 2017, the RTC issued an Order directing the commitment of petitioner at the PNP Custodial Center.INFORMATION
The undersigned Prosecutors, constituted as a Panel pursuant to Department Orders 706 and 790 dated October 14, 2016 and November 11, 2016, respectively, accuse LEILA M. DE LIMA, RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN, for violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b) and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, committed as follows:That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position, and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.CONTRARY TO LAW.
Aggrieved by the foregoing issuances, and by the RTC's alleged failure or refusal to act on her motion to quash Information whereby petitioner questions the jurisdiction of the RTC, petitioner instituted the instant Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition directly before this Court.
The issue that now confronts the Court is whether the RTC has jurisdiction over Crim. Case No. 17-165.
An examination of the Information reveals that petitioner was charged with violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b) and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Actof2002.
Section 5 refers to x x x trading x x x of dangerous drugs x x x. Here, the Information specifically alleged petitioner of having engaged in trading and trafficking of dangerous drugs.
Meanwhile, Section 3(jj) defines trading as transactions involving illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs x x x using electronic devices x x x. Again, the subject Information specifically alleged that petitioner and co-accused used mobile phones and other electronic devices in trading and drug trafficking.
On the other hand, Section 26(b) punishes "attempt or conspiracy" to trade illegal drugs. The Information specifically stated that petitioner conspired with Dayan and Ragos in trading in illegal drugs.
And lastly, Section 28 provides for the imposition of the maximum penalties if those found guilty are government officials and employees.
It is clear from the foregoing allegations that petitioner is being charged with conspiring to engage in trading of illegal drugs, a case that is cognizable by and within the jurisdiction of the RTC.
The mention in the Information of the phrases "taking advantage of public office" and "with the use of their power, position, and authority", vis-a-vis the rest of the allegations in the Information, does not wrest from the RTC its jurisdiction over the case. To my mind, said phrases were mentioned specifically to highlight the fact that some of the personalities involved are public officials, in view of the fact that Section 28 of RA 9165 specifically deals with the "criminal liability of government officials and employees" and provides for the imposition of the maximum penalties if the violators were government officials and employees. By their being government officials and employees, their liability is aggravated and would necessitate the imposition of the maximum penalty, pursuant to Section 28.
It could therefore be construed that said phrases were mentioned in the Information precisely in view of Section 28.
Similarly, the mention of the phrases "offense in connection with official duties" in Section 3, RA 3019, and "in relation to office" in Section 4(sub paragraph b) of RA 8249 (An Act Further Amending the Jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan) would not wrest from the RTC its jurisdiction over the case. As held in Barriga v. Sandiganbayan:1
x x x There are two classes of public office-related crimes under subparagraph (b) of Section 4 of Rep. Act No. 8249: first, those crimes or felonies in which the public office is a constituent element as defined by statute and the relation between the crime and the offense is such that, in a legal sense, the offense committed cannot exist without the office; second, such offenses or felonies which are intimately connected with the public office and are perpetrated by the public officer or employee while in the performance of his official functions, through improper or irregular conduct.
It is my opinion that that the offense with which petitioner was charged, that is, trading and trafficking of illegal drugs in conspiracy with her co-accused, can exist whether she holds public office or not, and regardless of the public position she holds, for the reason that public office is not a constituent element of the crime; otherwise stated, the offense of trading and trafficking of illegal drugs can exist independently of petitioner's public office. Moreover, the offense of trading in illegal drugs could not be said to be intimately connected to petitioner's office or that the same was done in the performance of her official functions.
The mere fact that the salary grade corresponding to the position of a Secretary of Justice is within the ambit of the Sandiganbayan jurisdiction does not necessarily mean that said court should take cognizance of the case. It must be stressed that it is not the salary grade that determines which court should hear or has jurisdiction over the case; it is the nature thereof and the allegations in the Information. RA 9165 specifically vested with the RTC the jurisdiction over illegal drugs cases. On the other hand, the Sandiganbayan was specially constituted as the anti-graft court. And since petitioner is being charged with conspiring in trading of illegal drugs, and not with any offense involving graft, it is crystal clear that it is the RTC which has jurisdiction over the matter as well as over the person of the petitioner.
Incidentally, it must be mentioned at this juncture that in the case of People v. Morilla2 decided by the Court on February 5, 2014, a case involving transportation of illegal drugs by a town mayor, the same was heard by the RTC although his salary grade was within the ambit of the Sandiganbayan.
Finally, the Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition suffers from several infirmities.
First, petitioner has several available remedies to take before resort is made to this Court. As enumerated in the Separate Concurring Opinion of Justice Peralta, the following options were available to petitioner: "1) filing of counter affidavit with an alternative prayer for referral of the case to the Ombudsman; 2) filing a motion for re-investigation before the information is filed in court; 3) filing of a motion for leave of court to file a motion for re-investigation if an information has been filed; 4) filing of a motion for judicial determination of probable cause; 5) motion for bill of particulars; and 6) motion to quash warrant of arrest."3 Unfortunately, petitioner did not opt to avail of any of these remedies before bringing her suit to the Court of last resort. Petitioner's claim, that it was pointless for her to avail of any of these remedies, not only lacks basis but also strikes at the very core of our judicial system. Rules are basically promulgated for the orderly administration of justice. The remedies chosen by the parties must be in accordance with the established rules and should not depend on their whims.
Second, petitioner is guilty of forum shopping; the petition suffers from prematurity. The instant Petition was filed before this Court despite the pendency of the motion to quash before respondent Judge. Suffice it to say that between the motion to quash and the instant Petition, there is identity of parties; the prayers in the two suits are similar; and the resolution of one will result in res judicata to the other.
Third, the Petition suffers from defective verification, a ground for outright dismissal pursuant to Ru1e 7 of the Rules of Court.
Endnotes:
1 496 Phil. 764, 773 (2005).
2 726 Phil. 244 (2014).
3 Separate and Concurring Opinion of J. Peralta, p. 2.
PERLAS-BERNABE, J.:
Illegal Drug Trading is penalized under Section 5, Article II of RA 9165, which reads in part:x ------------------------------------------------------------------- x
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Criminal Case No. 17-165 Plaintiff,(NPS No. XVI-INV-16J-00315 and NPS No. XVI-INV-16K-00336) versusFor:Violation of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, Section 5 in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b),and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165 (Illegal Drug Trading) LEILA M. DE LIMA xxx Accused.INFORMATION
The undersigned Prosecutors, constituted as a Panel pursuant to Department Orders 706 and 790 dated October 14, 2016 and November 11, 2016, respectively, [accused] LEILA M. DE LIMA, RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN, for violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b) and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, committed as follows:That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City ofMuntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.3 (Emphases and underscoring supplied)
Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions. (Emphases and underscoring supplied)Although the said crime is punished under the same statutory provision together with the more commonly known crime of Illegal Sale of Dangerous Drugs, it is incorrect to suppose that their elements are the same. This is because the concept of "trading" is considered by the same statute as a distinct act from "selling." Section 3 (jj), Article I of RA 9165 defines "trading" as:
Based on its textual definition, it may be gleaned that "trading" may be considered either as (1) an act of engaging in a transaction involving illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs using electronic devices; or (2) acting as a broker in any of said transactions.
(jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act. (Emphases supplied)
"Illegal trafficking" is defined under Section 3 (r), Article I as:Accordingly, it is much broader than the act of "selling," which is defined under Section 3 (ii), Article I as:
(r) Illegal Trafficking. - The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
However, in order to be considered as a form of trading under the first act, it is essential that the mode of illegal trafficking must be done through the use of an electronic device.
(ii) Sell. - Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration.
A broker is generally defined as one who is engaged, for others, on a commission, negotiating contracts relative to property with the custody of which he has no concern; the negotiator between other parties, never acting in his own name, but in the name of those who employed him; he is strictly a middleman and for some purposes the agent of both parties. A broker is one whose occupation it is to bring parties together to bargain or to bargain for them, in matters of trade, commerce or navigation. Judge Storey, in his work on Agency, defines a broker as an agent employed to make bargains and contracts between other persons, in matters of trade, commerce or navigation for a compensation commonly called brokerage.4 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)Essentially, a broker is a middleman whose occupation is to only bring parties together to bargain or bargain for them in matters of trade or commerce. He negotiates contracts relative to property with the custody of which he has no concern. In this sense, the act of brokering is therefore clearly separate and distinct from the transaction being brokered. As such, it may be concluded that brokering is already extant regardless of the perfection or consummation of the ensuing transaction between the parties put together by the broker.
In our criminal justice system, jurisprudence is replete with cases involving illegal possession and selling of prohibited drugs where the accused are caught in flagrante delicto during buy bust or entrapment operations.As will be elaborated upon below, the Information reflects the charge of Illegal Drug Trading in the sense that it pins against herein petitioner (acting in conspiracy with her other co-accused, Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos and Ronnie Palisoc Dayan) her failure to exercise her duties as DOJ Secretary, which failure effectively allowed the illegal drug trade to exist in the National Bilibid Prison (NBP). Although petitioner was not alleged to have directly engaged as a broker for the sale, distribution or delivery of dangerous drugs, the prosecution basically theorizes that her knowledge of the existence of such scheme, and her failure to quell the same under her watch make her a co-conspirator in the crime of Illegal Drug Trading. In this relation, it is relevant to state that:
That is not so, however, in the instant cases of illicit drug trade where the foundation or substance of the crime was clearly established by clear and unequivocal testimonies of inmates who admitted that they took part in the illicit activities, instead of the usual buy bust or entrapment operations.
These testimonies point to the fact that orders for drugs were transacted inside NBP while deliveries and payments were done outside. These transactions were done with the use of electronic devices. This is typical of drug trading as distinguished from illegal possession or sale of drugs.
At any rate, the recovery of several sachets of shabu from the kubols of Peter Co, Joio Baligad and Clarence Dongail during the raid on 15 December 2014, strongly suggests the existence of the objects of drug trading. These drugs as well as the sums of money and cellular phones confiscated from inmates are pieces of evidence that would prove that illegal transactions involving shabu through the use of mobile phones were consummated.6
It is common design which is the essence of conspiracy conspirators may act separately or together in different manners but always leading to the same unlawful result. The character and effect of conspiracy are not to be adjudged by dismembering it and viewing its separate parts but only by looking at it as a whole - acts done to give effect to conspiracy may be, in fact, wholly innocent acts.7Ultimately, it is incumbent upon the prosecution to present evidence to prove that their allegations against petitioner make her part of the conspiracy. As to what evidence will be adduced by the prosecution to this end is not yet relevant at this stage of the proceedings. Providing the details of the conspiracy - take for instance, what drugs were the objects of the trade inside the NBP is clearly a matter of evidence to be presented at the trial. Therefore, the Information's absence of such detail does not negate the charge as one for Illegal Drug Trading.
The prosecution of crimes pertains to the Executive Department of the Government whose principal power and responsibility are to see to it that our laws are faithfully executed. A necessary component of the power to execute our laws is the right to prosecute their violators. The right to prosecute vests the public prosecutors with a wide range of discretion - the discretion of what and whom to charge, the exercise of which depends on a smorgasbord of factors that are best appreciated by the public prosecutors. The public prosecutors are solely responsible for the determination of the amount of evidence sufficient to establish probable cause to justify the filing of appropriate criminal charges against a respondent. Theirs is also the quasi-judicial discretion to determine whether or not criminal cases should be filed in court.In light of the foregoing, it cannot therefore be said that petitioner was charged for a different crime, such as of Direct Bribery under Article 210 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC) although - as the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) itself admits - "some of the elements of direct bribery may be present in the Information, i.e., the accused are public officers and received drug money from the high-profile inmates."11 Verily, the charge of Illegal Drug Trading is not only apparent from the language of the Information vis-a-vis the nature of the crime based on its statutory definition; it may also be deduced from the surrounding circumstances for which probable cause was found against the accused. As above-mentioned, the choice of what to charge a particular accused is the prerogative of the Executive, to which this Court must generally defer.
Consistent with the principle of separation of powers enshrined in the Constitution, the Court deems it a sound judicial policy not to interfere in the conduct of preliminary investigations, and to allow the Executive Department, through the Department of Justice, exclusively to determine what constitutes sufficient evidence to establish probable cause for the prosecution of supposed offenders.10 (Emphases and underscoring supplied)
Section 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:"The above law is clear as to the composition of the original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. Under Section 4 (a), the following offenses are specifically enumerated: violations of R.A. No. 3019, as amended, R.A. No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII of the Revised Penal Code. In order for the Sandiganbayan to acquire jurisdiction over the said offenses, the latter must be committed by, among others, officials of the executive branch occupying positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade 27 and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989. However, the law is not devoid of exceptions. Those that are classified as Grade 26 and below may still fall within the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan provided that they hold the positions thus enumerated by the same law. x x x In connection therewith, Section 4 (b) of the same law provides that other offenses or felonies committed by public officials and employees mentioned in subsection (a) in relation to their office also fall under the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan."25a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade '27' and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:(a) Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, and provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other provincial department heads:(b) City mayors, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panlungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;(c) Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher;(d) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher rank;(e) Officers of the Philippine National Police while occupying the position of provincial director and those holding the rank of senior superintendent and higher;(f) City and provincial prosecutors and their assistants, and officials and prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor;(g) Presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government-owned or controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations.(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;(3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;(4) Chairmen and members of the Constitutional Commissions, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.b. Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a. of this section in relation to their office.c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.x x x x (Emphases and underscoring supplied)
Indeed, murder and homicide will never be the main function of any public office. No public office will ever be a constituent element of murder. When then would murder or homicide, committed by a public officer, fall within the exclusive and original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan? People v. Montejo provides the answer. The Court explained that a public officer commits an offense in relation to his office if he perpetrates the offense while performing, though in an improper or irregular manner, his official functions and he cannot commit the offense without holding his public office. In such a case, there is an intimate connection between the offense and the office of the accused. If the information alleges the close connection between the offense charged and the office of the accused, the case falls within the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. People v. Montejo is an exception that Sanchez v. Demetriou recognized.28"Thus, the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan over this case will stand or fall on this test: Does the Information allege a close or intimate connection between the offense charged and [the accused]'s public office?"29
[Petitioner], Ragos, Dayan, petitioner's admitted lover, confabulated with the high-profile inmates of the national penitentiary to commit illegal drug trading through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices. These inmates could not have plied their nefarious trade without the indispensable cooperation of [petitioner] and her DOJ factotums.31Tested against the standards set by jurisprudence, petitioner evidently stands charged of an offense which she allegedly committed in relation to her office. Contrary to the OSG's assertions, this conclusion is not merely derived from the generic phrases "as Secretary of Justice" or "taking advantage of their public office,"32 but rather, from the Information read as a whole, the overall context of the determination of the probable cause against her, and even the OSG's own characterization of petitioner's role in the entire conspiracy.
Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).34 (Emphasis supplied)The intent behind this provision, i.e., to streamline the anti-graft court's jurisdiction by making it concentrate on the "most significant cases filed against public officials," can be gleaned from the co-sponsorship speech of Senator Franklin Drilon during the deliberations of RA 10660:
The second modification under the bill involves the streamlining of the anti-graft court's jurisdiction, which will enable the Sandiganbayan to concentrate its resources in resolving the most significant cases filed against public official. The bill seeks to amend Section 4 of the law by transferring jurisdiction over cases which are classified as "minor" to the regional trial courts, which have sufficient capability and competence to handle these cases. Under this measure, the so-called "minor cases," although not really minor, shall pertain to those where the information does not allege any damage or bribe; those that allege damage or bribe that are unquantifiable; or those that allege damage or bribe arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts not exceeding One Million Pesos. As of the last quarter of 2013, about 60% of the cases before the Sandiganbayan constitute what we call "minor cases." With this amendment, such court will be empowered to focus on the most notorious cases and will be able to render judgment in a matter of months.35 (Emphases supplied)Thus, as it now stands, an Information against a particular accused should not merely charge him or her of an offense in relation to his or her office, but moreover, should show that the offense involves some damage to the government or any bribe in an amount not less than P1,000,000.00 so as to place the case within the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. Otherwise, the case falls within the jurisdiction of the proper RTCs.
Section 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees.Section 28, however, only provides for the penalties against a government official found guilty of the unlawful acts provided in RA 9165. As it only relates to the imposition of penalties, Section 28 has nothing to do with the authority of the courts to acquire jurisdiction over drugs cases. In fact - as it is the case here the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over cases involving violations of RA 9165, provided that they are committed in relation to the qualified official's public office. Only that if said public official is found guilty, the Sandiganbayan is mandated to impose the maximum penalties provided for in RA 9165, including the accessory penalty of absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office. Hence, Section 28 is only relevant on the matter of what penalty would be imposed, which comes only at the end of the proceedings after a proper determination of guilt, and not as to the matter of which court should acquire jurisdiction over the case.
Section 90. Jurisdiction. - The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of courts designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in their respective jurisdiction.
b. Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a. of this section in relation to their office. (Emphasis supplied)Article 3 of the RPC states that "[a]cts and omissions punishable by law are felonies." "The phrase 'punished by law' should be understood to mean 'punished by the Revised Penal Code' and not by special law. That is to say, the term 'felony' means acts and omissions punished in the revised Penal Code, to distinguish it from the words 'crime' and 'offense' which are applied to infractions of the law punishable by special statutes."40
Section 20. Jurisdiction in criminal cases. - Regional Trial Courts shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all criminal cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal or body, except those now falling under the exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan which shall hereafter be exclusively taken cognizance of by the latter. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)As a final point, allow me to express my reservations with the Court's ruling in People v. Benipayo,47 wherein it was held that libel cases, although alleged to have been committed in relation to one's public office, should nonetheless fall within the jurisdiction of the RTCs, and not the Sandiganbayan. The Court, applying the implied repeal rule, reasoned in this wise:
As we have constantly held in Jalandoni, Bocobo, People v. Metropolitan Trial Court of Quezon City, Br. 32, Manzano, and analogous cases, we must, in the same way, declare herein that the law, as it still stands at present, dictates that criminal and civil actions for damages in cases of written defamations shall be filed simultaneously or separately with the RTC to the exclusion of all other courts. A subsequent enactment of a law defining the jurisdiction of other courts cannot simply override, in the absence of an express repeal or modification, the specific provision in the RPC vesting in the RTC, as aforesaid, jurisdiction over defamations in writing or by similar means. The grant to the Sandiganbayan of jurisdiction over offenses committed in relation to (public) office, similar to the expansion of thejurisdiction of the MTCs, did not divest the RTC of its exclusive and original jurisdiction to try written defamation cases regardless of whether the offense is committed in relation to office. The broad and general phraseology of Section 4, Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended by Republic Act No. 8249, cannot be construed to have impliedly repealed, or even simply modified, such exclusive and original jurisdiction of the RTC.48In so ruling, the Court relied on past cases which consistently held that libel cases should fall under the jurisdiction of the RTC. However, as will be explicated below, it is my view that these cases are improper authorities to arrive at this conclusion.
[Respondent MTC Judge] did base his action on what for him was the consequence of the Judiciary Act as amended by Republic Act No. 3828, Section 87 of which would confer concurrent jurisdiction on municipal judges in the capital of provinces with the court of first instance where the penalty provided for by law does not exceed prision correccional or imprisonment for not more than six years or fine not exceeding six thousand pesos or both. Libel is one of those offenses included in such category. He would thus conclude that as the amendatory act came into effect on June 22, 1963, the provisions of Article 360 as last amended by Republic Act No. 1289 conferring exclusive jurisdiction on courts of first instance, was thus repealed by implication.52 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)(2) In Bocobo v. Estanislao (Bocobo)53 (which, in turn, cited the ruling in Jalandoni), therein respondents also invoked RA 3828 in a similar light:
The further point was raised by respondents that under Republic Act No. 3828, concurrent jurisdiction was conferred on municipal judges in the capitals of provinces with a court of first instance, in which the penalty provided for by law does not exceed prision correccional or imprisonment for not more than six years or a fine of P6,000.00 or both, such fine or imprisonment being the penalty for libel by means of radio broadcast as provided under Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code. For then that would mean that there was an implied repeal of the earlier amendatory act, Republic Act No. 1289 vesting exclusive jurisdiction on courts of first instance. Such a point was raised and rejected in the Jalandoni opinion x x x.54 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)(3) Later, in People v. MTC of Quezon City and Red (Red),55 citing Caro v. Court of Appeals (Caro),56 it was contended that RA 7691,57 which similarly expanded the jurisdiction of the MTCs, divested the RTCs of their jurisdiction over libel cases. Notably, Caro also cited both the cases of Bocobo and Jalandoni:
Anent the question of jurisdiction, [we find] no reversible error committed by public respondent Court of Appeals in denying petitioner's motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. The [contention that] R.A. No. 7691 divested the Regional Trial Courts of jurisdiction to try libel cases cannot be sustained. While libel is punishable by imprisonment of six months and one day to four years and two months (Art. 360, Revised Penal Code) which imposable penalty is lodged within the Municipal Trial Courts' jurisdiction under R.A. No. 7691 (Sec. 32 [21]), said law, however, excludes [therefrom cases] falling within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Regional Trial [Courts.] The Court in [Bocobo vs. Estanislao, and Jalandoni vs. Endaya,] correctly cited by the Court of Appeals, has laid down the rule that Regional Trial Courts have the exclusive jurisdiction over libel cases, hence, the expanded jurisdiction conferred by R.A. 7691 to inferior courts cannot be applied to libel cases.58 (Emphases and underscoring supplied)(4) And finally, in Manzano v. Hon. Valera59 (Manzano), in turn, citing Red:
The applicable law is still Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code, which categorically provides that jurisdiction over libel cases are lodged with the Courts of First Instance (now Regional Trial Courts).In all of these cases, this Court essentially held that the provisions expanding the MTCs' jurisdiction, by virtue of a general increase of penalty range, could not have meant an implied repeal of Article 360 of the RPC, whose clear and categorical language should prevail over the latter. In fact, it was observed that RA 7691, invoked in Red, Caro, and Manzano, excluded from the MTCs' jurisdiction "cases falling within the exclusive original jurisdiction of Regional Trial Courts and of the Sandiganbayan."61
This Court already had the opportunity to rule on the matter in G.R. No. 123263, People vs. MTC of Quezon City, Branch 32 and Isah V. Red wherein a similar question of jurisdiction over libel was raised. In that case, the MTC judge opined that it was the first level courts which had jurisdiction due to the enactment of R.A. 7691.60 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
[F]or an implied repeal, a pre-condition must be found, that is, a substantial conflict should exist between the new and prior laws. Absent an express repeal, a subsequent law cannot be construed as repealing a prior one unless an irreconcilable inconsistency or repugnancy exists in the terms of the new and old laws. The two laws, in brief, must be absolutely incompatible.62 (Emphases and underscoring supplied)Here, Section 90 of RA 9165, (and even Article 360 on libel) is not absolutely repugnant or incompatible with Section 4 of PD 1606, as amended. The special jurisdiction of the RTCs over drugs and libel cases still remain. However, when these offenses fall under the more specific scenarios contemplated under Section 4 of PD 1606, as amended, then it is the Sandiganbayan which has jurisdiction over the case. In other words, if it is a normal drugs or libel case, which was not committed by any of the public officers mentioned in Section 4, PD 1606, in relation to their office, and (under RA 10660) that no damage to the government and/or bribery involving an amount of not less than P1,000,000.00 was alleged, then clearly the said case falls within the jurisdiction of the RTCs; otherwise, under these very limited conditions, then the case falls within the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. Accordingly, the various provisions can be reconciled relative to the specificity of context, which means that there is really no implied repeal. Again, "[i]mplied repeal by irreconcilable inconsistency takes place when the two statutes [that] cover the same subject matter x x x are so clearly inconsistent and incompatible with each other that they cannot be reconciled or harmonized; and both cannot be given effect, that is, that one law cannot be enforced without nullifying the other."63 As herein demonstrated, harmony can be achieved.
Jurisdiction over subject matter is essential in the sense that erroneous assumption thereof may put at naught whatever proceedings the court might have had. Hence, even on appeal, and even if the parties do not raise the issue of jurisdiction, the reviewing court is not precluded from ruling that it has no jurisdiction over the case. It is elementary that jurisdiction is vested by law and cannot be conferred or waived by the parties or even by the judge. It is also irrefutable that a court may at any stage of the proceedings dismiss the case for want of jurisdiction.69With this fundamental lack of authority, it is unnecessary and, in fact, even inapt to resolve the other procedural issues raised herein.
Endnotes:
1 Entitled "AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6425, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, As AMENDED, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" (June 7, 2002).
2Rollo, pp. 197-201.
3 Id.; emphases and underscoring supplied.
4 Schmid & Oberly, Inc. v. RJL Martinez Fishing Corp., 248 Phil. 727, 736 (1988), citations omitted.
5 Rollo, pp. 203-254. Signed by Senior Assistant State Prosecutor Peter L. Ong, Senior Assistant City Prosecutors Alexander P. Ramos and Evangeline P. Viudez-Canobas, Assistant State Prosecutor Editha C. Fernandez, and Associate Prosecution Attorney Roxanne F. Cu and approved by Prosecutor General Victor C. Sepulveda.
6 See DOJ Resolution, p. 39; emphases and underscoring supplied.
7 Yongco v. People, 740 Phil. 322, 335 (2014).
8 See NPS No. XVI-INV-16J-00313 filed by Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption, NPS No. XVI-INV-16J-00315 filed by Reynaldo O. Esmeralda and Ruel M. Lasala, and NPS No. XVI-INV-16K-00336 and NPS No. XVI-INV-16L-00384 filed by National Bureau of Investigation; DOJ Resolution, pp. 1-2 and 4-5.
9 See NPS No. XVI-INV-16K-00331; DOJ Resolution, pp. 1 and 4. See also rollo, pp. 339-340.
10Ampatuan, Jr. v. De Lima, 708 Phil. 158, 163 (2013).
11 See OSG's Memorandum dated April 12, 2017, p. 61.
12Rollo, pp. 197-198; emphases and underscoring supplied.
13 See DOJ Resolution; pp. 39-42.
14 See id. at 8, 20-22, and 23-24.
15 See id. at 15.
16 Sec. 8. Supervision of the Bureau of Corrections. - The Department of Justice (DOJ), having the BuCor as a line bureau and a constituent unit, shall maintain a relationship of administrative supervision with the latter as defined under Section 38 (2), Chapter 7, Book IV of Executive Order No. 292 (Administrative Code of 1987), except that the DOJ shall retain authority over the power to review, reverse, revise or modify the decisions of the BuCor in the exercise of its regulatory or quasi-judicial functions.
17 Entitled "AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS (BUCOR) AND PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR," otherwise known as "THE BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS ACT OF 2013," approved on May 24, 2013.
18 Section 7, Chapter 2, Book IV of the Administrative Code of 1987 state the powers and functions of a Department Secretary, among others:Sec. 7. Powers and Functions of the Secretary. - The Secretary shall:19 RA 10575, Section 4.
(1) Advise the President in issuing executive orders, regulations, proclamations and other issuances, the promulgation of which is expressly vested by law in the President relative to matters under the jurisdiction of the Department; (2) Establish the policies and standards for the operation of the Department pursuant to the approved programs of government; (3) Promulgate rules and regulations necessary to carry out department objectives, policies, functions, plans, programs and projects; (4) Promulgate administrative issuances necessary for the efficient administration of the offices under the Secretary and for proper execution of the laws relative thereto. These issuances shall not prescribe penalties for their violation, except when expressly authorized by law; (5) Exercise disciplinary powers over officers and employees under the Secretary in accordance with law, including their investigation and the designation of a committee or officer to conduct such investigation; (6) Appoint all officers and employees of the Department except those whose appointments are vested in the President or in some other appointing authority; Provided, However, that where the Department is regionalized on a department-wide basis, the Secretary shall appoint employees to positions in the second level in the regional offices as defined in this Code; (7) Exercise jurisdiction over all bureaus, offices, agencies and corporations under the Department as are provided by law, and in accordance with the applicable relationships as specified in Chapters 7, 8, and 9 of this Book; (8) Delegate authority to officers and employees under the Secretary's direction in accordance with this Code; and (9) Perform such other functions as may be provided by law.
20Rodriguez v. Sandiganbayan, 468 Phil. 374, 387 (2004), citing People v. Montejo, 108 Phil. 613, 622 (1960); emphasis supplied.
21 495 Phil. 718 (2005).
22 Id. at 729, citing People v. Montejo, supra note 20; emphases and underscoring supplied.
23 Entitled "REVISING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1486 CREATING A SPECIAL COURT TO BE KNOWN AS 'SANDIGANBAYAN' AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" (December 10, 1978).
24 Amended by RA 8249, entitled "AN ACT FURTHER DEFINING THE JURISDICTION OF THE SANDIGANBAYAN, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1606, As AMENDED, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" (February 5, 1997), and further amended by RA 10660 entitled "AN ACT STRENGTHENING FURTHER THE FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE SANDIGANBAYAN, FURTHER AMENDING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1606, AS AMENDED, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR," (April 16, 2015).
25People v. Sandiganbayan, 645 Phil. 53, 63-64 (2010); emphases and underscoring supplied.
26 Id.
27 Id. at 67; underscoring supplied.
28Crisostomo, supra note 21, at 729; citations omitted.
29 Id.; emphasis and underscoring supplied.
30 See OSG 's Comment with Opposition dated March 3, 2017, p. 2.
31 See id. at 44.
32 See id. at 40.
33 Notably, the proviso makes it clear that an allegation of "any bribery" would suffice. The word "any" literally and ordinarily means "whichever of a specified class might be chosen" (https: www.google.com="" search?q="any+define&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b-ab&gfe_rd=cr&dcr=0&ei=V1bcWbrdL6nH8Ae06KW4DA)[last visited October 10, 2017]). The word "any" is used to generally qualify the succeeding term "bribery," which means that the allegation of bribery spoken of in the proviso does not necessarily pertain to Direct Bribery or any of the forms of bribery as defined and penalized under the RPC (under Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code). Thus, "any bribery" as used in Section 4 of PD 1606, as amended by RA 10660, should then be read in its common and non-technical acceptation that is, any form of "corrupt payment, receipt, or solicitation of a private favor for official action." (Black's Law Dictionary, 8th Edition, p. 204).
34 See Section 2 of RA 10660, amending Section 4 of PD 1606; emphasis supplied.
35 Record of the Senate, Vol. I, No. 59, February 26, 2014, pp. 22-23; emphases and underscoring supplied.
36 In this case, the Information against petitioner alleges that she had committed some form of bribery in an amount exceeding P1,000,000.00. On its face, the Information states that petitioner, together with her co-accused, "with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison" (see rollo, p. 198). As above-discussed, petitioner, in her capacity as DOJ Secretary, provided protections and/or special concessions to high-profile inmates, which paved the way for the illegal drug trade to flourish and fester inside the NBP. Petitioner, however, did not betray her official duties as DOJ Secretary for free, as she instead, demanded a price for her misfeasance. As the Information reads, in exchange for such protections and/or special concessions, high-profile inmates "g[a]ve and deliver[ed] to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million [(P]5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison" (id). These monetary considerations were intended "to support [her] Senatorial bid in the May 2016 [E]lection" (id.). The gravamen of bribery is basically, the demand of a public officer from another of money or any other form of consideration in exchange for the performance or non-performance of a certain act that is related to the public officer's official functions. Petitioner's acts of bribery are clearly attendant to the charge against her in the Information and, in fact, are more vivid when parsing through the DOJ Resolution.
37 Id. at 197.
38 See OSG's Comment with Opposition, p. 36.
39Jalosjos v. Commission on Elections, 711 Phil. 414, 431 (2013).
40 Reyes, L. B., The Revised Penal Code, Eighteenth Edition, p. 36; emphasis supplied.
41Duncano v. Sandiganbayan, 764 Phil. 67, 72-73 (2015).
42Serana v. Sandiganbayan, 566 Phil. 224, 240 (2008); emphasis and underscoring supplied.
43 Section 4. The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.
44Duncano v. Sandiganbayan, supra note 41, at 73-74.
45 Id. at 76-77, citing Record of the Senate, Vol. I, No. 24, September 25, 1996, p. 799.
46 Entitled "AN ACT REORGANIZING THE JUDICIARY, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," otherwise known as "THE JUDICIARY REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1980" (August 14, 1981 ). This provision was modified accordingly to reflect the amendment in Presidential Decree No. 1860, entitiled "AMENDING THE PERTINENT PROVISIONS OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1606 AND BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 129 RELATIVE TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE SANDIGANBAYAN AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES"(January 14, 1983).
47 604 Phil. 317 (2009).
48 Id. at 330-332; citations omitted.
49 Article 360 of the RPC provides in part: "[t]he criminal and civil action for damages in cases of written defamations as provided for in this chapter, shall be filed simultaneously or separately with the court of first instance of the province or city where the libelous article is printed and first published or where any of the offended parties actually resides at the time of the commission of the offense[.]"
50 154 Phil. 246 (1974).
51 Entitled "AN ACT TO AMEND CERTAIN SECTIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED TWO HUNDRED NINETY-SIX, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS 'THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1948,' AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" (June 22, 1963).
52Jalandoni, supra note 50, at 250-251.
53 164 Phil. 516 (1976).
54 Id. at 522.
55 333 Phil. 500 (1996).
56 See Court's Resolution dated June 19, 1996 in G.R. No. 122126.
57 Entitled "AN ACT EXPANDING THE JURISDICTION OF THE METROPOLITAN TRIAL COURTS, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS, AND MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURTS, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE BATAS PAMBANSA, BLG. 129, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE 'JUDICIARY REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1980,'" approved on March 25, 1994.
58Red, supra note 55, at 505; citations omitted.
59 354 Phil. 66 (1998).
60 Id. at 74.
61 See Section 2, RA 7691.
62Benipayo, supra note 47, at 330.
63Mecano v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 103982, December 11, 1992, 216 SCRA 500, 506.
64Flores v. People, 705 Phil. 119 (2013).
65 See Section 1 of PD 1606.
66 See second Whereas clause of PD 1606.
67 See Sandiganbayan's Statistics on Cases Filed, Pending and Disposed Of as of June 30, 2017 (last accessed on October 10, 2017).
68 See Ponencia, p. 40.
69Andaya v. Abadia, G.R.No. 104033, December 27, 1993, 228 SCRA 705, 717.
LEONEN, J.:
"For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others."1 | |
Nelson Mandela Prisoner of Conscience for 27 years Long Walk to Freedom |
Section 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:Jurisdiction over crimes committed by a Secretary of Justice in relation to his or her office is explicit, unambiguous and specifically granted to the Sandiganbayan by law.
....
b. Other offenses of felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and em loyees mentioned in subsection a of this section in relation to their office.3
Section 90. Jurisdiction. - The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among tlte existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of courts designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in their respective jurisdiction.5 (Emphasis supplied)There is no express grant of jurisdiction over any case in Republic Act No. 9165. Section 90 only authorizes the Supreme Court to designate among Regional Trial Courts special courts for drug offenses. Section 90 has not authorized the Supreme Court to determine which Regional Trial Court will have jurisdiction because Article VIII, Section 2 of the Constitution assigns that power only to Congress.6
Section 20. Jurisdiction in criminal cases. - Regional Trial Courts shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all criminal cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal or body, except those now falling under the exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan which shall hereafter be exclusively taken cognizance of by the latter. (Emphasis supplied)A responsible reading of this general grant of criminal jurisdiction will readily reveal that the law qualifies and defers to the specific jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. Clearly, Regional Trial Courts have jurisdiction over drug-related offenses while the Sandiganbayan shall have jurisdiction over crimes committed by public officers in relation to their office even if these happen to be drug-related offenses.
From a legal point of view, and in a very real sense, it is of no concern to the accused what is the technical name of the crime of which he stands charged. It in no way aids him in a defense on the merits. Whatever its purpose may be, its result is to enable the accused to vex the court and embarrass the administration of justice by setting up the technical defense that the crime set forth in the body of the information and proved in the trial is not the crime characterized by the fiscal in the caption of the information. That to which his attention should be directed, and in which he, above all things else, should be most interested, are the facts alleged. The real question is not did he commit a crime given in the law some technical and specific name, but did he perform the acts alleged in the body of the information in the manner therein set forth. If he did, it is of no consequence to him, either as a matter of procedure or of substantive right, how the law denominates the crime which those acts constitute. The designation of the crime by name in the caption of the information from the facts alleged in the body of that pleading is a conclusion of law made by the fiscaL In the designation of the crime the accused never has a real interest until the trial has ended. For his full and complete defense he need not know the name of the crime at alL It is of no consequence whatever for the protection of his substantial rights. The real and important question to him is, "Did you perform the acts alleged in the manner alleged?" not, "Did you commit a crime named murder?" If he performed the acts alleged, in the manner stated, the law determines what the name of the crime is and fixes the penalty therefor. It is the province of the court alone to say what the crime is or what it is named. If the accused performed the acts alleged in the manner alleged, then he ought to be punished and punished ade uately, whatever may be the name of the crime which those acts constitute.20Petitioner stands charged for violation of Republic Act No. 9165, Article II, Section 521 in relation to Article I, Section 3(jj),22 Article II, Section 26 (b),23 and Article II, Section 28.24 The Information filed against her read:
According to the ponencia and the Office of the Solicitor General, petitioner is charged with the crime of "Conspiracy to Commit Illegal Drug Trading."26 There is yet no jurisprudence on this crime or a definitive statement of its elements. The ponencia insists that while illegal sale of dangerous drugs defmed under Section 3(ii) is a different crime from illegal trading of dangerous drugs defined under Section 3(jj), illegal trading is essentially the same as the crime defmed under Section 3(r).27 For reference, Sections 3(ii), (jj), and (r) read:INFORMATION
The undersigned Prosecutors, constituted as a Panel pursuant to Department Orders 706 and 790 dated October 14, 2016 and November 11, 2016, respectively, [accused] LEILA M. DE LIMA, RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN, for violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b) and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of2002, committed as follows:That within the period of November 2012 to March 2013, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000.000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.
CONTRARY TO LAW.25
(ii) Sell. - Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration.A plain reading of the three provisions, however, shows that all three (3) crimes necessarily involve (1) dangerous drugs, (2) controlled precursors, or (3) essential chemicals. These are the corpus delicti of the crime. Without the dangerous drug, controlled precursor, or essential crimes, none of the acts stated would be illegal. Thus, in People v. Viterbo:28
(jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.
(r) Illegal Trafficking. - The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical. (Emphasis supplied)
As the dangerous drug itself forms an integral and key part of the corpus delicti of the crime, it is therefore essential that the identity of the prohibited drug be established beyond reasonable doubt.29 (Emphasis in the original)Similarly, in People v. Dimaano:30
In cases involving violations of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, the prosecution must prove "the existence of the prohibited drug[.]" "[T]he prosecution must show that the integrity of the corpus delicti has been preserved," because "the evidence involved - the seized chemical - is not readily identifiable by sight or touch and can easily be tampered with or substituted."31 (Emphasis supplied)In illegal sale of drugs, it is necessary to identify the buyer and the seller, as well as the dangerous drug involved. Illegal trading, being a different crime, does not only require the identities of the buyer and seller but also requires the identity of the broker: Regardless of the additional element, the fact remains that the essential element in all violations of Republic Act No. 9165 is the dangerous drug itself. The failure to identify the corpus delicti in the Information would render it defective.
Read, as a whole, and not picked apart with each word or phrase construed separately, the Information against De Lima go beyond an indictment for Direct Bribery under Article 210 of the [Revised Penal Code]. As Justice Martires articulately explained, the averments on solicitation of money in the Information, which may be taken as constitutive of bribery, form "part of the description on how illegal drug trading took place in the (National Bilibid Prisons]." The averments on how petitioner asked for and received money from the [Bilibid] inmates simply complete the links of conspiracy between her, Ragos, Dayan, and the [Bilibid] inmates in willfully and unlawfully trading dangerous drugs through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices under Section 5, in relation to Section 3 (jj), Section 26 (b), and Section 28 of [Republic Act No.] 9165.32The Information alleges crucial facts that do not merely "complete the links of conspiracy." It alleges that petitioner "being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice ... by taking advantage of [her] public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan," "all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison," "did then and there commit illegal drug trading" "with the use of their power, position and authority," "demand[ed], solicit[ed] and extort[ed] money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison Prison to support the Senatorial bid in the May 2016 election."33 The Information further provides that "proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly 'tara' each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison" were given and delivered to petitioner.
Under Batas Pambansa Blg. 129,36 Regional Trial Courts have exclusive original jurisdiction over all criminal cases, except those under the exclusive concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan:ARTICLE VIII
Judicial Department
....
SECTION 2. The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of various courts but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases emunerated in Section 5 hereof.
Sec. 20. Jurisdiction in criminal cases. Regional Trial Courts shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all criminal cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal or body, except those now falling under the exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan which shall hereafter be exclusively taken cognizance of by the latter. (Emphasis supplied)The Sandiganbayan was created under Presidential Decree No. 148637 as a special court with the original and exclusive jurisdiction to hear and decide crimes and offenses committed by public officers. Its creation was intrinsically linked to the principle of public accountability in the 1973 Constitution.38
Originally, its jurisdiction was stated in Presidential Decree No. 1486. Section 4 provided:ARTICLE XIII
ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
....
SEC. 5. The Batasang Pambansa shall create a special court, to be known as Sandiganbayan, which shall have jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other offenses committed by public officers and employees, including those in government-owned or controlled corporations, in relation to their office as may be determined by law.40
SECTION 4. Jurisdiction. - Except as herein provided, the Sandiganbayan shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction to try and decide:This provision was subsequently amended in Presidential Decree No. 160641 to read:
(a) Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act and Republic Act No. 1379;
(b) Crimes committed by public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, embraced in Title VII of the Revised Penal Code;
(c) Other crimes or offenses committed by public officers or employees including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations in relation to their office; Provided, that, in case private individuals are accused as principals, accomplices or accessories in the commission of the crimes hereinabove mentioned, they shall be tried jointly with the public officers or employees concerned.
Where the accused is charged of an offense in relation to his office and the evidence is insufficient to establish the offense so charged, he may nevertheless be convicted and sentenced for the offense included in that which is charged.
(d) Civil suits brought in connection with the aforementioned crimes for restitution or reparation of damages, recovery of the instruments and effects of the crimes, or forfeiture proceedings provided for under Republic Act No. 1379;
(e) Civil actions brought under Articles 32 and 34 of the Civil Code.
Exception from the foregoing provisions during the period of martial law are criminal cases against officers and members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and all others who fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the military tribunals. (Emphasis supplied)
SECTION 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall have jurisdiction over:Republic Act No. 824942 further amended Presidential Decree No. 1486 to grant the Sandiganbayan exclusive original jurisdiction over violations of Republic Act No. 3019 (graft and corruption), Republic Act No. 1379 (ill-gotten wealth), bribery under the Revised Penal Code, and the Executive Orders on sequestration:
(a) Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, and Republic Act No. 1379;
(b) Crimes committed by public officers and employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, embraced in Title VII of the Revised Penal Code, whether simple or complexed with other crimes; and
(c) Other crimes or offenses committed by public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, in relation to their office.
The jurisdiction herein conferred shall be original and exclusive if the offense charged is punishable by a penally higher than prision correccional, or its equivalent, except as herein provided; in otl1er offenses, it shall be concurrent with the regular courts.
In case private individuals are charged as co-principals, accomplices or accessories with the public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, they shall be tried jointly with said public officers and employees.
Where an accused is tried for any of the above offenses and the evidence is insufficient to establish the offense charged, he may nevertheless be convicted and sentenced for the offense proved, included in that which is charged.
Any provision of law or the Rules of Court to the contrary notwithstanding, the criminal action and the corresponding civil action for the recovery of civil liability arising from the offense charged shall at all times be simultaneously instituted with, and jointly
Excepted from the foregoing provisions, during martial law, are criminal cases against officers and members of the armed forces in the active service. (Emphasis supplied)
SECTION 4. Section 4 of the same decree is hereby further amended to read as follows:The question of whether the amended jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan included all other offenses was settled in Lacson v. Executive Secretary,43 where this Court stated that the Sandiganbayan would have jurisdiction over all other penal offenses, "provided it was committed in relation to the accused's official functions,"44 thus:
Sec. 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:
A. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, other known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:
(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade '27' and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:(a) Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, and provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;
(b) City mayor, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panlungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;
(c) Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher;
(d) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher rank;
(e) Officers of the Philippine National Police while occupying the position of provincial director and those holding the rank of senior superintended or higher;
(f) City and provincial prosecutors and their assistants, and officials and prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor;(g) Presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government-owned or -controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations.
(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade '27' and up under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;
(3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;
(4) Chairmen and members of Constitutional Commission, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and
(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.
b. Other offenses of felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a of this section in relation to their office.
c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
In cases where none of the accused are occupying positions corresponding to Salary Grade '27' or higher, as prescribed in the said Republic Act No. 6758, or military and PNP officer mentioned above, exclusive original jurisdiction thereof shall be vested in the proper regional court, metropolitan trial court, municipal trial court, and municipal circuit trial court, as the case may be, pursuant to their respective jurisdictions as provided in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as amended.
The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, resolutions or order of regional trial courts whether in the exercise of their own original jurisdiction or of their appellate jurisdiction as herein provided.
The Sandiganbayan shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over petitions for the issuance of the writs of mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, injunctions, and other ancillary writs and processes in aid of its appellate jurisdiction and over petitions of similar nature, including quo warranto, arising or that may arise in cases filed or which may be filed under Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986: Provided, That the jurisdiction over these petitions shall not be exclusive of the Supreme Court.
The procedure prescribed in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as well as the implementing rules that the Supreme Court has promulgated and may thereafter promulgate, relative to appeals/petitions for review to the Court of Appeals, shall apply to appeals and petitions for review filed with the Sandiganbayan. In all cases elevated to the Sandiganbayan and from the Sandiganbayan to the Supreme Court, the Office of the Ombudsman, through its special prosecutor, shall represent the People of the Philippines, except in cases filed pursuant to Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
In case private individuals are charged as co-principals, accomplices or accessories with the public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or -controlled corporations, they shall be tried jointly with said public officers and employees in the proper courts which shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over them.
Any provisions of law or Rules of Court to the contrary notwithstanding, the criminal action and the corresponding civil action for the recovery of civil liability shall at all times be simultaneously instituted with, and jointly determined in, the same proceeding by the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate courts, the filing of the criminal action being deemed to necessarily carry with it the filing of the civil action, and no right to reserve the filing such civil action separately from the criminal action shall be recognized: Provided, however, That where the civil action had heretofore been filed separately but judgment therein has not yet been rendered, and the criminal case is hereafter filed with the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, said civil action shall be transferred to the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, as the case may be, for consolidation and joint determination with the criminal action, otherwise the separate civil action shall be deemed abandoned. (Emphasis supplied)
A perusal of the aforequoted Section 4 of R.A. 8249 reveals that to fall under the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, the following requisites must concur: (1) the offense committed is a violation of (a) R.A. 3019, as amended (the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act), (b) R.A. 1379 (the law on ill-gotten wealth), (c) Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code (the law on bribery), (d) Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14, and 14-A, issued in 1986 (sequestration cases), or (e) other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes; (2) the offender committing the offenses in items (a), (b), (c) and (e) is a public official or employee holding any of the positions enumerated in paragraph a of Section 4; and (3) the offense committed is in relation to the office.The Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction, however, was recently amended in Republic Act No. 10660.46 Section 2 of this law states:
Considering that herein petitioner and intervenors are being charged with murder which is a felony punishable under Title VIII of the Revised Penal Code, the governing provision on the jurisdictional offense is not paragraph a but paragraph b, Section 4 of R.A. 8249. This paragraph b pertains to "other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a of [Section 4, R.A. 8249] in relation to their office." The phrase "other offinses or folonies" is too broad as to include the crime of murder, provided it was committed in relation to the accused's official functions. Thus, under said paragraph b, what determines the Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction is the official position or rank of the offender that is, whether he is one of those public officers or employees enumerated in paragraph a of Section 4. The offenses mentioned in paragraphs a, b and c of the same Section 4 do not make any reference to the criminal participation of the accused public officer as to whether he is charged as a principal, accomplice or accessory. In enacting R.A. 8249, the Congress simply restored the original provisions of P.D. 1606 which does not mention the criminal participation of the public officer as a requisite to determine the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan.45 (Emphasis supplied)
SECTION 2. Section 4 of the same decree, as amended, is hereby further amended to read as follows:Republic Act No. 10660 retained the Sandiganbayan's exclusive original jurisdiction over offenses and felonies committed by public officers in relation to their office. It contained, however, a new proviso:
SEC. 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:
a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade '27' and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including:(a) Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, and provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other provincial department heads;(b) City mayors, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panlungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads;(c) Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher;(d) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher rank;(e) Officers of the Philippine National Police while occupying the position of provincial director and those holding the rank of senior superintendent and higher;(f) City and provincial prosecutors and their assistants, and officials and prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor;(g) Presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government-owned or controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations.(2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989;(3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution;(4) Chairmen and members of the Constitutional Commissions, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and(5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.
b. Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a. of this section in relation to their office.
c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to tlae government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).
Subject to the rules promulgated by the Supreme Court, the cases falling under the jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court under this section shall be tried in a judicial region other than where the official holds office.
In cases where none of the accused are occupying positions corresponding to Salary Grade '27' or higher, as prescribed in the said Republic Act No. 6758, or military and PNP officers mentioned above, exclusive original jurisdiction thereof shall be vested in the proper regional trial court, metropolitan trial court, municipal trial court, and municipal circuit trial court, as the case may be, pursuant to their respective jurisdictions as provided in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as amended.
The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, resolutions or orders of regional trial courts whether in the exercise of their own original jurisdiction or of their appellate jurisdiction as herein provided.
The Sandiganbayan shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over petitions for the issuance of the writs of mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, injunctions, and other ancillary writs and processes in aid of its appellate jurisdiction and over petitions of similar nature, including quo warranto, arising or that may arise in cases filed or which may be filed under Executive Order Nos. 1, 2,14 and 14-A, issued in 1986: Provided, That the jurisdiction over these petitions shall not be exclusive of the Supreme Court.
The procedure prescribed in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as well as the implementing rules that the Supreme Court has promulgated and may hereafter promulgate, relative to appeals/petitions for review to the Court of Appeals, shall apply to appeals and petitions for review filed with the Sandiganbayan. In all cases elevated to the Sandiganbayan and from the Sandiganbayan to the Supreme Court, the Office of the Ombudsman, through its special prosecutor, shall represent the People of the Philippines, except in cases filed pursuant to Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
In case private individuals are charged as co-principals, accomplices or accessories with the public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, they shall be tried jointly with said public officers and employees in the proper courts which shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over them.
Any provisions of law or Rules of Court to the contrary notwithstanding, the criminal action and the corresponding civil action for the recovery of civil liability shall at all times be simultaneously instituted with, and jointly determined in, the same proceeding by the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate courts, the filing of the criminal action being deemed to necessarily carry with it the filing of the civil action, and no right to reserve the filing of such civil action separately from the criminal action shall be recognized: Provided, however, That where the civil action had heretofore been filed separately but judgment therein has not yet been rendered, and the criminal case is hereafter filed with the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, said civil action shall be transferred to the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, as the case may be, for consolidation and joint determination with the criminal action, otherwise the separate civil action shall be deemed abandoned. (Emphasis supplied)
Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).Inversely stated, Regional Trial Courts do not have exclusive original jurisdiction over offenses where the information alleges damage to the government or bribery, or where the damage to the government or bribery exceeds P1,000,000.00.
The phrase "exclusive original jurisdiction" does not appear anywhere in the cited provision. The Office of the Solicitor General attributes this to the previous drug law, Republic Act No. 6425,48 which stated:ARTICLE XI
JURISDICTION OVER DANGEROUS DRUGS CASES
SEC. 90. Jurisdiction. - The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of courts designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in their respective jurisdiction.
Republic Act No. 6425, however, has been explicitly repealed in the repealing clause of Republic Act No. 9165.49 The current drug law does not provide exclusive original jurisdiction to the Regional Trial Courts.ARTICLE X
Jurisdiction Over Dangerous Drug Cases
Section 39. Jurisdiction of the Circuit Criminal Court. The Circuit Criminal Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over all cases involving offenses punishable under this Act.
....
In this case, RA 9165 specifies the RTC as the court with the jurisdiction to "exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of (RA 9165)."50This citation in the ponencia has no footnote. Further examination shows that this was not quoted from any existinlaw or jurisprudence but from the Concurring Opinion of Justice Peralta51 in this case. What the ponencia cites instead are the following provisions of Republic Act No. 9165:
Section 20. Confiscation and Forfeiture of the Proceeds or lnstrwnents of the Unlawful Act, Including the Properties or Proceeds Derived from the Illegal Trafficking of Dangerous Drugs and/or Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - Every penalty imposed for the unlawful importation, sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution, transportation or manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, the cultivation or culture of plants which are sources of dangerous drugs, and the possession of any equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs including other laboratory equipment, shall carry with it the confiscation and forfeiture, in favor of the government, of all the proceeds and properties derived from the unlawful act, including, but not limited to, money and other assets obtained thereby, and the instrwnents or tools with which the particular unlawful act was committed, unless they are the property of a third person not liable for the unlawful act, but those which are not of lawful commerce shall be ordered destroyed without delay pursuant to the provisions of Section 21 of this Act.None of these provisions explicitly states that only the Regional Trial Court has exclusive and original jurisdiction over drug offenses. It merely implies that the Regional Trial Court has jurisdiction over the drug offenses.
After conviction in the Regional Trial Court in the appropriate criminal case filed, the Court shall immediately schedule a hearing for the confiscation and forfeiture of all the proceeds of the offense and all the assets and properties of the accused either owned or held by him or in the name of some other persons if the same shall be found to be manifestly out of proportion to his/her lawful income: Provided, however, That if the forfeited property is a vehicle, the same shall be auctioned off not later than five (5) days upon order of confiscation or forfeiture.
During the pendency of the case in the Regional Trial Court, no property, or income derived therefrom, which may be confiscated and forfeited, shall be disposed, alienated or transferred and the same shall be in custodia legis and no bond shall be admitted for the release of the same.
....
Sect;ion 62. Compulsory Submission of a Drug Dependent Charged with an Offense to Treatment and Rehabilitation. - If a person charged with an offense where the imposable penalty is imprisonment of less than six (6) years and one (1) day, and is found by the prosecutor or by the court, at any tage of the proceedings, to be a drug dependent, the prosecutor or the cou1f1: as the case may be, shall suspend all further proceedings and transmit copies of the record of the case to the Board.
In the event he Board determines, after medical examination, that public interest requires that such drug dependent be committed to a center for treatment and rehabilitation, it shall file a petition for his/her commitment with the regional trial court of the province or city where he/she is being investigated or tried[.]
SEC. 90. Jurisdiction. - The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of courts designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in their respective jurisdiction.The phrase "exclusively" in Section 90 of Republic Act No. 9165 only pertains to the limited operational functions of the specially designated courts. Thus, in the Concurring Opinion in Gonzales v. GJH Land:53
In this court's August 1, 2000 Resolution in A.M. No. 00-8-01-SC, this court designated certain Regional Trial Court branches as "Special Courts for drugs cases, which shall hear and decide all criminal cases in their respective jurisdictions involving violations of the Dangerous Drugs Act [of] 1972 (R.A. No. 6425) as amended, regardless of the quantity of the drugs involved."Designation of special courts does not vest exclusive original jurisdiction over a particular subject matter to the exclusion of any other court. It is Congress that has the power to define and prescribe jurisdiction of courts. This power cannot be delegated even to the Supreme Court. Thus, in Article VIII, Section 2 of the Constitution:
This court's Resolution in A.M. No. 00-8-01-SC made no pretenses that it was creating new courts of limited jurisdiction or transforming Regional Trial Courts into courts of limited jurisdiction. Instead, it repeatedly referred to its operational and administrative purpose: efficiency. Its preambular clauses emphasized that the designation of Special Courts was being made because "public policy and public interest demand that [drug] cases ... be expeditiously resolved[,]" and in view of "the consensus of many that the designation of certain branches of the Regional Trial Courts as Special Courts to try and decide drug cases ... may immediately address the problem of delay in the resolution of drugs cases." Moreover, its dispositive portion provides that it was being adopted "pursuant to Section 23 of [the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980], [and] in the interest of speedy and efficient administration of justice[.]"
Consistent with these operational and administrative aims, this court's October 11, 2005 Resolution in A.M. No. 05-9-03-SC, which addressed the question of whether "special courts for dr[u]g cases [may] be included in the raffle of civil and criminal cases other than drug related cases[,]" stated:The rationale behind the exclusion of dr[u]g courts from the raffle of cases other than drug cases is to expeditiously resolve criminal cases involving violations of [R.A. No.] 9165 (previously, of [R.A. No.] 6435). Otherwise, these courts may be sidelined from hearing drug cases by the assignment of non-drug cases to them and the purpose of their designation as special courts would be negated. The faithful observance of the stringent time frame imposed on drug courts for deciding dr[u]g related cases and terminating proceedings calls for the continued implementation of the policy enunciated in A.M. No. 00-8-01-SC.To reiterate, at no point did this court declare the Regional Trial Court branches identified in these administrative issuances as being transformed or converted into something other than Regional Trial Courts. They retain their status as such and, along with it, the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980's characterization of them as courts of general jurisdiction. However, this court, in the interest of facilitating operational efficiency and promoting the timely dispensation of justice, has opted to make these Regional Trial Court branches focus on a certain class of the many types of cases falling under their jurisdiction.54 (Citations omitted)
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of various courts but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Section 5 hereof. (Emphasis supplied)Thus, the Congress passed Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, which grants the Regional Trial Courts exclusive original jurisdiction over criminal cases that do not fall under the exclusive concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. The Sandiganbayan has exclusive original jurisdiction over all other offenses committed by public officers in relation to their office. Moreover, Regional Trial Courts may have exclusive original jurisdiction where the Information does not allege damage to the government or bribery, or where damage to the government or bribery does not exceed P1,000,000.00.
Section 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for the Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from the Unlawful Act Committed. - ....Petitioner was not an elective local or national official at the time of the alleged commission of the crime. She was an appointive official. This section would not have applied to her.
Any elective local or national official found to have benefited from the proceeds of the trafficking of dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, or have received any financial or material contributions or donations from natural or juridical persons found guilty of trafficking dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, shall be removed from office and perpetually disqualified from holding any elective or appointive positions in the government, its divisions, subdivisions, and intermediaries, including government-owned or -controlled corporations.
The remaining question to be resolved then is whether the offense of multiple murder was committed in relation to the office of the accused PNP officers.Even when holding public office is not an essential element of the offense, the offense would still be considered intimately connected to the public officer's functions if it "was perpetrated while they were in the performance, though improper or irregular, of their official functions:"56
In People vs. Montejo, we held that an offense is said to have been committed in relation to the office if it (the offense) is intimately connected with the office of the offender and perpetrated while he was in the performance of his official functions. This intimate relation between the offense charged and the discharge of official duties must be alleged in the Information.
As to how the offense charged be stated in the information, Section 9, Rule 110 of the Revised Rules of Court mandates:SEC. 9. Cause of Accusation. The acts or omtsstons complained of as constituting the offense must be stated in ordinary and concise language without repetition not necessarily in the terms of the statute defining the offense, put in such form as is sufficient to enable a person of common understanding to know what offense is intended to be charged, and enable the court to pronounce proper judgment.As early as 1954, we pronounced that the factor that characterizes the charge is the actual recital of the facts. The real nature of the criminal charges is determined not from the caption or preamble of the information nor from the specification of the provision of law alleged to have been violated, they being conclusions of law, but by the actual recital of facts in the complaint or information.
The noble object of written accusations cannot be overemphasized. This was explained in U.S. v. Karelsen:The object of this written accusations was First, To furnish the accused with such a description of the charge against him as will enable him to make his defense, and second, to avail himself of his conviction or acquittal for protection against a further prosecution for the same cause, and third, to inform the court of the facts alleged so that it may decide whether they are sufficient in law to support a conviction if one should be had. In order that this requirement may be satisfied, facts must be stated, not conclusions of law Every crime is made up of certain acts and intent these must be set forth in the complaint with reasonable particularity of time, place, names (plaintiff and defendant) and circumstances. In short, the complaint must contain a specific allegation of every fact and circumstance necessary to constitute the crime charged.
It is essential, therefore, that the accused be informed of the facts that are imputed to him as he is presumed to have no independent knowledge of the facts that constitute the offense.
....
... For the purpose of determining jurisdiction, it is these allegations that shall control, and not the evidence presented by the prosecution at the trial.
In the aforecited case of People vs. Montejo, it is noteworthy that the phrase committed in relation to public office does not appear in the information, which only signifies that the said phrase is not what determines the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. What is controlling is the specific factual allegations in the information that would indicate the close intimacy between the discharge of the accused's official duties and the commission of the offense charged, in order to qualify the crime as having been committed in relation to public office.
Consequently, for failure to show in the amended informations that the charge of murder was intimately connected with the discharge of official functions of the accused PNP officers, the offense charged in the subject criminal cases is plain murder and, therefore, within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court, not the Sandiganbayan.55 (Emphasis in the original)
In Sanchez v. Demetriou, the Court elaborated on the scope and reach of the term "offense committed in relation to [an accused's] office" by referring to the principle laid down in Montilla v. Hilario, and to an exception to that principle which was recognized in People v. Montejo. The principle set out in Montilla v. Hilario, is that an offense may be considered as committed in relation to the accused's office if "the offense cannot exist without the office" such that "the office [is) a constituent element of the crime as ... defined and punished in Chapter Two to Six, Title Seven of the Revised Penal Code." In People v. Montejo, the Court, through Chief Justice Concepcion, said that "although public office is not an element of the crime of murder in [the] abstract," the facts in a particular case may show thatThe Information clearly acknowledges that petitioner was the Secretary of Justice when the offense was allegedly committed. As Secretary of Justice, she exercised administrative supervision over the Bureau of Corrections,58 the institution in charge of the New Bilibid Prison. The preliminary investigation concluded that the inmates participated in the alleged drug trade inside the New Bilibid Prison based on privileges granted or punishments meted out by petitioner.59 This, in turn, leads to the conclusion that the offense was committed due to the improper or irregular exercise of petitioner's functions as Secretary of Justice. If she were not the Secretary of Justice at the time of the commission of the offense, she would not have been able to threaten or reward the inmates to do her bidding.". . . the offense therein charged is intimately connected with [the accuseds'] respective offices and was perpetrated while they were in the performance, though improper or irregular, of their official functions. Indeed, [the accused] had no personal motive to commit the crime and they would not have committed it had they not held their aforesaid offices. The co-defendants or respondent Leroy S. Brown obeyed his instructions because he was their superior officer, as Mayor of Basilan City."In the instant case, public office is not, of course, an element of the crime of murder, since murder may be committed by any person whether a public officer or a private citizen. In the present case, however, the circumstances quoted above found by the RTC bring petitioner Cunanan's case squarely within the meaning of an "offense committed in relation to the [accused's) public office" as elaborated in the Montejo case. It follows that the offense with which petitioner Cunanan is charged falls within the exclusive and original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, and that the RTC of San Fernando, Pampanga had no jurisdiction over that offense.57 (Citations omitted)
Art. 210. Direct Bribery. Any public officer who shall agree to perform an act constituting a crime, in connection with the performance of his official duties, in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present received by such officer, personally or through the mediation of another, shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor in its minimum and medium periods and a fine of not less than three times the value of the gift, in addition to the penalty corresponding to the crime agreed upon, if the same shall have been committed.The elements of direct bribery are:
. . . .
[1] That the accused is a public officer; [2] that he received directly or through another some gift or present, offer or promise; [3] that such gift, present or promise has been given in consideration of his commission of some crime, or any act not constituting a crime, or to refrain from doing something which it is his official duty to do, and [4] that the crime or act relates to the exercise of his functions as a public o:fficer.[5] The promise of a public officer to perform an act or to refrain from doing it may be express or implied.60I agree with Justice Perlas-Bemabe that Republic Act No. 10660 only refers to "any bribery" without specific mention of Direct Bribery under Article 210 of the Revised Penal Code. However, pending a conclusive definition of the term, resort must be made to existing penal statutes. The elements of Article 210 sufficiently correspond to the allegations in the Information. What is essential in bribery is that a "gift, present or promise has been given in consideration of his or her commission of some crime, or any act not constituting a crime, or to refrain from doing something which it is his or her official duty to do."
The 1973 Constitution, on the other hand, specified the types of warrants that may be issued. Likewise, it allowed other responsible officers authorized by law to determine the existence of probable cause:ARTICLE III
Bill of Rights
SECTION 1. (3) The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, to be determined by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
When the present 1987 Constitution was enacted, the authority to issue warrants of arrest again became exclusively the function of a judge. Moreover, it specified that the judge must do the determination of probable cause personally:ARTICLE IV
Bill of Rights
SECTION 3. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall not be violated, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined by the judge, or such other responsible officer as may be authorized by law, after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
ARTICLE III
Bill of Rights
SECTION 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
FR. BERNAS: Thank you, Madam President.In adding the word "personally" to the provision, the Constitutional Commission deliberations envisioned a judge personally conducting the examination in the courtroom, and not through any other officer or entity.
....
Section 2 is the same as the old Constitution.
The provision on Section 3 reverts to the 1935 formula by eliminating the 1973 phrase "or such other responsible officer as may be authorized by law," and also adds the word PERSONALLY on line 18. In other words, warrants under this proposal can be issued only by judges. I think one effect of this would be that, as soon as the Constitution is approved, the PCGG will have no authority to issue warrants, search and seizure orders, because it is not a judicial body. So, proposals with respect to clipping the powers of the PCGG will be almost unnecessary if we approve this. We will need explicit provisions extending the power of the PCGG if it wants to survive.
....
MR. SUAREZ: Mr. Presiding Officer, I think the Acting Floor Leader is already exhausted. So I will get through with my questions very quickly. May I call the sponsor's attention to Section 3, particularly on the use of the word "personally." This, I assume, is on the assumption that the judge conducting the examination must do it in person and not through a commissioner or a deputy clerk of court.
FR. BERNAS: Yes, Mr. Presiding Officer.
MR. SUAREZ: The other point is that the Committee deleted the phrase "through searching questions" which was originally proposed after the word "affirmation." May we know the reason for this, Mr. Presiding Officer.
FR. BERNAS: The sentiment of most of the members of the Committee was that it would still be understood even without that phrase.
MR. SUAREZ: For purposes of record, does this envision a situation where the judge can conduct the examination personally even in his own residence or in a place outside of the court premises, say, in a restaurant, bar or cocktail lounge? I ask this because I handled a case involving Judge Pio Marcos in connection with the Golden Buddha case, and I remember the search warrant was issued at 2:00 a.m. in his residence.
FR. BERNAS: May I ask Commissioner Colayco to answer that question from his vast experience as judge?
MR. COLAYCO: We have never come across an incident like that. But we always make sure that the application is filed in our court. It has to be done there because the application has to be registered, duly stamped and recorded in the book.
MR. SUAREZ: So it is clear to everybody that when we said "it shall be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation" that process must have to be conducted in the court premises.
MR. COLAYCO: Not only in the court premises but also in the courtroom itself. We do that at least in Manila.
MR. SUAREZ: Thank you, Mr. Presiding Officer.
MR. COLAYCO: For the information of the body, the words "searching questions," if I am not mistaken, are used in the Rules of Court.
FR. BERNAS: The phrase is not yet used in the Rules of Court.75
The second issue, raised by petitioner Beltran, calls for an interpretation of the constitutional provision on the issuance of warrants of arrest.Thus, in this earlier case, this Court implied that the actual personal examination of the complainant and his witnesses is not necessary if the judge has the opportunity to personally evaluate the report and the supporting documents submitted by the fiscal, or require the submission of supporting affidavits of witnesses if the former is not sufficient.78
...
The addition of the word "personally" after the word "determined" and the deletion of the grant of authority by the 1973 Constitution to issue warrants to "other responsible officers as may be authorized by law", has apparently convinced petitioner Beltran that the Constitution now requires the judge to personally examine the complainant and his witnesses determination of probable cause for the issuance of warrants of arrest. This is not an accurate interpretation.
What the Constitution underscores is the exclusive and personal responsibility of the issuing judge to satisfy himself of the existence of probable cause. In satisfying himself of the existence of probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest, the judge is not required to personally examine the complainant and his witnesses. Following established doctrine and procedure, he shall: (1) personally evaluate the report and the supporting documents submitted by the fiscal regarding the existence of probable cause and, on the basis thereof, issue a warrant of arrest; or (2) if on the basis thereof he finds no probable cause, he may disregard the fiscal's report and require the submission of supporting affidavits of witnesses to aid him in arriving at a conclusion as to the existence of probable cause.
Sound policy dictates this procedure, otherwise judges would be unduly laden with the preliminary examination and investigation of criminal complaints instead of concentrating on hearing and deciding cases filed before their courts.77
The extent of the Judge's personal examination of the report and its annexes depends on the circumstances of each case. We cannot determine beforehand how cursory or exhaustive the Judge's examination should be. The Judge has to exercise sound discretion for, after all, the personal determination is vested in the Judge by the Constitution. It can be as brief or as detailed as the circumstances of each case require. To be sure, the Judge must go beyond the Prosecutor's certification and investigation report whenever necessary. He should call for the complainant and witnesses themselves to answer the court's probing questions when the circumstances of the case so require.The extent of the judge's examination for the determination of probable cause, thus, depends on the circumstances of each case.95 It may be extensive or not extensive, but there must always be a personal determination.96
It is worthy to note that petitioners Vicente Lim, Sr. and Susana Lim presented to the respondent Judge documents of recantation of witnesses whose testimonies were used to establish a prima facie case against them. Although, the general rule is that recantations are not given much weight in the determination of a case and in the granting of a new trial, the respondent Judge before issuing his own warrants of arrest should, at the very least, have gone over the records of the preliminary examination conducted earlier in the light of the evidence now presented by the concerned witnesses in view of the "political undertones" prevailing in the cases.
We reiterate that in making the required personal determination, a Judge is not precluded from relying on the evidence earlier gathered by responsible officers. The extent of the reliance depends on the circumstances of each case and is subject to the Judge's sound discretion. However, the Judge abuses that discretion when having no evidence before him, he issues a warrant of arrest.94 (Emphasis supplied)
By itself, the Prosecutor's certification of probable cause is ineffectual. It is the report, the affidavits, the transcripts of stenographic notes (if any), and all other supporting documents behind the Prosecutor's certification which are material in assisting the Judge to make his determination.100Thus, this Court ruled that [t]he warrant issues not on the strength of the certification standing alone but because of the records which sustain it.101
Clearly, probable cause may not be established simply by showing that a trial judge subjectively believes that he has good grounds for his action. Good faith is not enough. If subjective good faith alone were the test, the constitutional protection would be demeaned and the people would be "secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects" only in the fallible discretion of the judge. On the contrary, the probable cause test is an objective one, for in order that there be probable cause the facts and circumstances must be such as would warrant a belief by a reasonably discreet and prudent man that the accused is guilty of the crime which has just been committed. This, as we said, is the standard. Hence, if upon the filing of the information in court the trial judge, after reviewing the information and the documents attached thereto, finds that no probable cause exists must either call for the complainant and the witnesses themselves or simply dismiss the case. There is no reason to hold the accused for trial and further expose him to an open and public accusation of the crime when no probable cause exists.It further emphasized the need for the government to be responsible with the exercise of its power so as to avoid unnecessary injury and disregard of rights:120
But then, it appears in the instant case that the prosecutors have similarly misappropriated, if not abused, their discretion. If they really believed that petitioners were probably guilty, they should have armed themselves with facts and circumstances in support of that belief; for mere belief is not enough. They should have presented sufficient and credible evidence to demonstrate the existence of probable cause. For the prosecuting officer "is the representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern all; and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done. As such, he is in a peculiar and very definite sense the servant of the law, the twofold aim of which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer. He may prosecute with earnestness and vigor - indeed, he should do so. But, while he may strike hard blows, he is not at liberty to strike foul ones. It is as much his duty to refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to bring about a just one."
....
Indeed, the task of ridding society of criminals and misfits and sending them to jail in the hope that they will in the future reform and be productive members of the community rests both on the judiciousness of judges and the prudence of prosecutors. And, whether it is preliminary investigation by the prosecutor, which ascertains if the respondent should be held for trial, or a preliminary inquiry by the trial judge which determines if an arrest warrant should issue, the bottomline is that there is a standard in the determination of the existence of probable cause, i.e., there should be facts and circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a prudent and cautious man to believe that the accused is guilty of the crime with which he is charged. Judges and prosecutors are not off on a frolic of their own, but rather engaged in a delicate legal duty defined by law and jurisprudence.119 (Emphasis supplied, citations omitted)
The facts of this case are fatefully distressing as they showcase the seeming immensity of government power which when unchecked becomes tyrannical and oppressive. Hence the Constitution, particularly the Bill of Rights, defines the limits beyond which lie unsanctioned state actions. But on occasion, for one reason or another, the State transcends this parameter. In consequence, individual liberty unnecessarily suffers. The case before us, if uncurbed, can be illustrative of a dismal trend. Needless injury of the sort inflicted by government agents is not reflective of responsible government. Judges and law enforcers are not, by reason of their high and prestigious office, relieved of the common obligation to avoid deliberately inflicting unnecessary injury.The powers granted to the judge are discretionary, but not arbitrary.122 Verily, there is grave abuse of discretion when the judge fails to personally examine the evidence, refuses to further investigate despite "incredible accounts" of the complainant and the witnesses, and merely relies on the prosecutor's certification that there is probable cause.123
The sovereign power has the inherent right to protect itself and its people from vicious acts which endanger the proper administration of justice; hence, the State has every right to prosecute and punish violators of the law. This is essential for its self-preservation, nay, its very existence. But this does not confer a license for pointless assaults on its citizens. The right of the State to prosecute is not a carte blanche for government agents to defY and disregard the rights of its citizens under the Constitution. Confinement, regardless of duration, is too high a price to pay for reckless and impulsive prosecution. Hence, even if we apply in this case the "multifactor balancing test" which requires the officer to weigh the manner and intensity of the interference on the right of the people, the gravity of the crime committed and the circumstances attending the incident, still we cannot see probable cause to order the detention of petitioners.
The purpose of the Bill of Rights is to protect the people against arbitrary and discriminatory use of political power. This bundle of rights guarantees the preservation of our natural rights which include personal liberty and security against invasion by the government or any of its branches or instrumentalities. Certainly, in the hierarchy of rights, the Bill of Rights takes precedence over the right of the State to prosecute, and when weighed against each other, the scales of justice tilt towards the former. Thus, relief may be availed of to stop the purported enforcement of criminal law where it is necessary to provide for an orderly administration of justice, to prevent the use of the strong arm of the law in an oppressive and vindictive manner, and to afford adequate protection to constitutional rights.
...
Let this then be a constant reminder to judges, prosecutors and other government agents tasked with the enforcement of the law that in the performance of their duties they must act with circumspection, lest their thoughtless ways, methods and practices cause a disservice to their office and aim their countrymen they are sworn to serve and protest. We thus caution government agents, particularly the law enforcers, to be more prudent in the prosecution of cases and not to be oblivious of human rights protected by the fundamental law. While we greatly applaud their determined efforts to weed society of felons, let not their impetuous eagerness violate constitutional precepts which circumscribe the structure of a civilized community. (Citations omitted, emphasis supplied)121
In light of the aforecited decisions of this Court, such justification cannot be upheld. Lest we be too repetitive, we only wish to emphasize three vital matters once more: First, as held in Inting, the determination of probable cause by the prosecutor is for a purpose different from that which is to be made by the judge. Whether there is reasonable ground to believe that the accused is guilty of the offense charged and should be held for trial is what the prosecutor passes upon. The judge, on the other hand, determines whether a warrant of arrest should be issued against the accused, i.e. whether there is a necessity for placing him under immediate custody in order not to frustrate the ends of justice. Thus, even if both should base their findings on one and the same proceeding or evidence, there should be no confusion as to their distinct objectives.Ho v. People138 reiterated the rule that the objective of the prosecutor in determining probable cause is different from the objective of the judge. The prosecutor determines whether there is cause to file an Information against the accused. The judge determines whether there is cause to issue a warrant for his arrest. Considering this difference in the objectives, the judge cannot rely on the findings of the prosecutor, and instead must make his own conclusion. Moreover, while the judge need not conduct a new hearing and look at the entire record of every case all the time, his issuance of the warrant of arrest must be based on his independent judgment of sufficient, supporting documents and evidence.139
Second, since their objectives are different, the judge cannot rely solely on the report of the prosecutor in finding probable cause to justify the issuance of a warrant of arrest. Obviously and understandably, the contents of the prosecutor's report will support his own conclusion that there is reason to charge the accused of an offense and hold him for trial. However, the judge must decide independently. Hence, he must have supporting evidence, other than the prosecutor's bare report, upon which to legally sustain his own findings on the existence (or nonexistence) of probable cause to issue an arrest order. This responsibility of determining personally and independently the existence or nonexistence of probable cause is lodged in him by no less than the most basic law of the land. Parenthetically, the prosecutor could ease the burden of the judge and speed up the litigation process by forwarding to the latter not only the information and his bare resolution fmding probable cause, but also so much of the records and the evidence on hand as to enable His Honor to make his personal and separate judicial finding on whether to issue a warrant of arrest.
Lastly, it is not required that the complete or entire records of the case during the preliminary investigation be submitted to and examined by the judge. We do not intend to unduly burden trial courts by obliging them to examine the complete records of every case all the time simply for the purpose of ordering the arrest of an accused. What is required, rather, is that the judge must have sufficient supporting documents (such as the complaint, affidavits, counter-affidavits, sworn statements of witnesses or transcripts of stenographic notes, if any) upon which to make his independent judgment or, at the very least, upon which to verify the findings of the prosecutor as to the existence of probable cause. The point is: he cannot rely solely and entirely on the prosecutor's recommendation, as Respondent Court did in this case. Although the prosecutor enjoys the legal presumption of regularity in the performance of his official duties and functions, which in turn gives his report the presumption of accuracy, the Constitution, we repeat, commands the judge to personally determine probable cause in the issuance of warrants of arrest. This Court has consistently held that a judge fails in his bounden duty if he relies merely on the certification or the report of the investigating officer.137 (Emphasis in the original, citations omitted)
Judges of Regional Trial Courts (formerly Courts of First Instance) no longer have authority to conduct preliminary investigations. That authority, at one time reposed in them under Sections 13, 14 and 16, Rule 112 of the Rules of Court of 1964, was removed from them by the 1985 Rules on Criminal Procedure, effective on January 1, 1985, which deleted all provisions granting that power to said Judges. We had occasion to point this out in Salta v. Court of Appeals, 143 SCRA 228, and to stress as well certain other basic propositions, namely: (1) that the conduct of a preliminary investigation is "not a judicial function ... (but) part of the prosecution's job, a function of the executive," (2) that wherever "there are enough fiscals or prosecutors to conduct preliminary investigations, courts are counseled to leave this job which is essentially executive to them," and the fact "that a certain power is granted does not necessarily mean that it should be indiscriminately exercised."Given this difference, this Court has explicitly ruled that the findings of the prosecutor do not bind the judge. In People v. Honorable Enrique B. Inting, et al.:142
The 1988 Amendments to the 1985 Rules on Criminal Procedure, declared effective on October 1, 1988, did not restore that authority to Judges of Regional Trial Courts; said amendments did not in fact deal at all with the officers or courts having authority to conduct preliminary investigations.
This is not to say, however, that somewhere along the line RTC Judges also lost the power to make a preliminary examination for the purpose of determining whether probable cause exists to justify the issuance of a warrant of arrest (or search warrant). Such a power - indeed, it is as much a duty as it is a power - has been and remains vested in every judge by the provision in the Bill of Rights in the 1935, the 1973 and the present (1987) Constitutions securing the people against unreasonable searches and seizures, thereby placing it beyond the competence of mere Court rule or statute to revoke. The distinction must, therefore, be made clear while an RTC Judge may no longer conduct preliminary investigations to ascertain whether there is sufficient ground for the filing of a criminal complaint or information, he retains the authority, when such a pleading is filed with his court, to determine whether there is probable cause justifying the issuance of a warrant of arrest. It might be added that this distinction accords, rather than conflicts, with the rationale of Salta because both law and rule, in restricting to judges the authority to order arrest, recognize that function to be judicial in nature.141 (Citations omitted)
First, the determination of probable cause is a function of the Judge. It is not for the Provincial Fiscal or Prosecutor nor for the Election Supervisor to ascertain. Only the Judge and the Judge alone makes this determination.Thus, the determination of probable cause by the judge is not inferior to the public prosecutor. In fact, this power of the judge is constitutionally guaranteed.
Second, the preliminary inquiry made by a Prosecutor does not bind the Judge. It merely assists him to make the determination of probable cause. The Judge does not have to follow what the Prosecutor presents to him. By itself the Prosecutor's certification of probable cause is ineffectual. It is the report, the affidavits, the transcripts of stereographic notes (if any), and all other supporting documents behind the Prosecutor's certification which are material in assisting the Judge to make his determination.
And third, Judges and Prosecutors alike should distinguish the preliminary inquiry which determines probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest from the preliminary investigation proper which ascertains whether the offender should be held for trial or released. Even if the two inquiries are conducted in the course of one and the same proceeding, there should be no confusion about the objectives. The determination of probable cause for the warrant of arrest is made by the Judge. The preliminary investigation proper - whether or not there is reasonable ground to believe that the accused is guilty of the offense charged and, therefore, whether or not he should be subjected to the expense, rigors and embarrassment of trial - is the function of the Prosecutor.143 (Emphasis supplied)
The foregoing findings of the DOJ find support in the affidavits and testimonies of several persons. For instance, in his Affidavit dated September 3, 2016, NBI agent Jovencio P. Ablen, Jr. narrated, viz:The evidence presented to the trial court does not show that petitioner conspired to trade illegal drugs in the New Bilibid Prison. On the contrary, it alleges that petitioner received certain amounts of money from Jovencio P. Ablen, Jr., co-accused Rafael Ragos, and inmate Wu Tian Yuan/Peter Co. The allegation that the money came from the sale of illegal drugs was mentioned in passing by an inmate of the New Bilibid Prison, presently incarcerated for violation of Republic Act No. 6425 or the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972.21. On the morning of24 November 20 12, I received a call from Dep. Dir. Ragos asking where I was. I told him I was at home. He replied that he will fetch me to accompany him on a very important task.....
22. Approximately an hour later, he arrived at my house. Iboarded his vehicle, a Hyundai Tucson, with plate no. RGU910. He then told me that he will deliver something to the then Secretary of Justice, Sen. Leila de Lima. He continued and said "Nior confidential 'to. Tayong dalawa Zang ang nakakaalam nito. Dadalhin natin yung quota kay lola. 5M 'yang nasa bag. Tingnan mo."
23. The black bag he was referring to was in front of my feet. It [was a] black handbag. When I opened the bag, I saw bundles of One Thousand Peso bills.
24. At about 10 o'clock in the morning, we arrived at the house located at Laguna Bay comer Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Paranaque City.
25. Dep. Dir. parked his vehicle in front of the house. We both alighted the vehicle but he told me to stay. He then proceeded to the house.
26. From our parked vehicle, Isaw Mr. Ronnie Dayan open the gate. Dep. Dir. Ragos then handed the black handbag containing bundles of one thousand peso bills to Mr. Dayan.
27. At that time, I also saw the then DOJ Sec. De Lima at the main door of the house. She was wearing plain clothes which is commonly known referred to as "duster."
28. The house was elevated from the road and the fence was not high that is why I was able to clearly see the person at the main door, that is, Sen. De Lima.
29. When Dep. Dir. Ragos and Mr. Dayan reached the main door, I saw Mr. Dayan hand the black handbag to Sen. De Lima, which she received. The three of them then entered the house.
30. After about thirty (30) minutes, Dep. Dir. Ragos went out of the house. He no longer has the black handbag with him.
31. We then drove to the BuCor Director's Quarters in Muntinlupa City. While cruising, Dep. Dir. Ragos told me "Nior 'wag kang maingay kahit kanino at wala kang Nakita ha" to which I replied "Sabi mo e. e di wala akong Nakita."
32. On the morning of 15 December 2012, Dep. Dir. Ragos again fetched me from my house and we proceeded to the same house located at Laguna Bay comer Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Paranaque City.
33. That time, I saw a plastic bag in front of my feet. I asked Dep. Dir. Ragos "Quota na naman Sir?" Dep. Dir. Ragos replied "Ano pang ba, 'tang ina sila lang meron."
Petitioner's co-accused, Rafael Ragos, recounted on his own Affidavit dated September 26, 2016 a similar scenario:8. One morning on the latter part of November 2012, I saw a black handbag containing a huge sum of money on my bed inside the Director's Quarters of the BuCor. I looked inside the black handbag and saw that it contains bundles of one thousand peso bills.....
9. I then received a call asking me to deliver the black handbag to Mr. Ronnie Dayan. The caller said the black handbag came from Peter Co and it contains "Limang Manok" which means Five Million Pesos (Php5,000,000.00) as a "manok" refers to One Million Pesos (Php1,000,000.00) in the vernacular inside the New Bilibid Prison.
10. As I personally know Mr. Dayan and knows that he stays in the house of the then DOJ Sec. Leila M. De Lima located at Laguna Bay comer Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Paranaque City, I kn[e]w I had to deliver the black handbag to Sen. De Lima at the said address.
11. Before proceeding to the house of Sen. De Lima at the above-mentioned address, I called Mr. Ablen to accompany me in delivering the money. I told him we were going to do an important task.
12. Mr. Ablen agreed to accompany me so I fetch[ed] him from his house and we proceeded to the house of Sen. De Lima at the above mentioned address.
13. While we were in the car, I told Mr. Ablen that the important task we will do is deliver Five Million Pesos (Php5,000,000.00) "Quota" to Sen. De Lima. I also told him that the money was in the black handbag that was on the floor of the passenger seat (in front of him) and he could check it, to which Mr. Ablen complied.
14. Before noon, we arrived at the house of Sen. De Lima located at Laguna bay corner Subic Bay Drive, South Bay Village, Paranaque City.
15. I parked my vehicle in front of the house. Both Mr. Ablen and I alighted from the vehicle but I went to the gate alone carrying the black handbag containing the Five Million Pesos (Php5,000,0000.00).
16. At the gate, Mr. Ronnie Dayan greeted me and opened the gate for me. I then handed the handbag containing the money to Mr. Dayan.
17. We then proceeded to the main door of the house where Sen. De Lima was waiting for us. At the main door, Mr. Dayan handed the black handbag to Sen. De Lima, who received the same. We then entered the house.
18. About thirty minutes after, I went out of the house and proceeded to my quarters at the BuCor, Muntinlupa City.
19. One morning in the middle part of December 2012, I received a call to again deliver the plastic bag containing money from Peter Co to Mr. Ronie Dayan. This time the money was packed in a plastic bag left on my bed inside my quarters at the BuCor, Muntinlupa City. From the outside of the bag, I could easily perceive that it contains money because the bag is translucent.
20. Just like before, I fetched Mr. Ablen from his house before proceeding to the house of Sen. De Lima located at Laguna Bay corner Subic bay Drive, South Bay Village, Paranaque City, where I know I could find Mr. Dayan.
21. In the car, Mr. Ablen asked me if we are going to deliver "quota." I answered yes.
22. We arrived at the house of Sen. De Lima at the above mentioned address at noontime. I again parked in front of the house.
23. I carried the plastic bag containing money to the house. At the gate, I was greeted by Mr. Ronnie Dayan. At that point, I handed the bag to Mr. Dayan. He received the bag and we proceeded inside the house.
The source of the monies delivered to petitioner de Lima was expressly bared by several felons incarcerated inside the NBP. Among them is Peter Co, who testified in the following manner:6. Noong huling bahagi ng 2012, sinabi sa akin ni Hans Tan na nanghihingi ng kontribusyon sa mga Chinese sa Maximum Security Compound ng NBP si dating DOJ Sec. De Lima para sa kanyang planong pagtakbo sa senado sa 2013 Elections. Dalawang beses akong nagbigay ng tig-P5 Million para tugunan ang hiling ni Sen. De Lima, na dating DOJ Secretary;
7. Binigay ko ang mga halagang ito kay Hans Tan para maibigay kay Sen. Leila De Lima na dating DOJ Secretary. Sa parehong pagkakataon, sinabihan na lang ako ni Hans Tan na naibigay na ang pera kay Ronnie Dayan na siyang tumatanggap ng pera para kay dating DOJ Sec. De Lima. Sinabi rin ni Hans Tan na ang nagdeliver ng pera ay si dating OIC ng BuCor nasi Rafael Ragos.
8. Sa kabuuan, nakapagbigay ang mga Chinese sa loob ng Maximum ng P10 Million sa mga huling bahagi ng taong 2012 kay dating DOJ Sec. De Lima para sa kanyang planong pagtakbo sa senado sa 2013 Elections. Ang mfa perang it ay mula sa pinagbentahan ng illegal na droga.147
JUSTICE LEONEN:There is nothing on record to support the finding of probable cause. Instead, the trial court issued a one (1)-page Order, which reads:
All the facts in the Affidavits are actually corroborated by each other, correct?
SOLICITOR GENERAL CALIDA:
Yes, Your Honor.
JUSTICE LEONEN:
Because I read every Affidavit that is contained there, and it was difficult for me and my staff to actually create a timeline, or there was a corroboration of substantial points. For example, do you have the Affidavit of Diaz with you?
SOLICITOR GENERAL CALIDA:
Right now, Your Honor?
JUSTICE LEONEN:
Right now.
SOLICITOR GENERAL CALIDA:
I don't have it, Your Honor.
....
JUSTICE LEONEN:
In any case, Counsel, paragraph 28 of the Affidavit of Diaz, states the source of the money that he has supposed to have given through intermediaries to De Lima. And it is very clear there that he says, it did not come from drugs. Except that there is a subsequent question, paragraph 29, which actually shows that it was the investigator that suggested by a leading question that drugs were involved. In any case, I'm just saying that there is such an affidavit which actually says that. And based on the Affidavit itself, would you say that any judge really wanting to be impartial, should have called that witness in order to ask more searching questions of that witness?
SOLICITOR GENERAL CALIDA:
Pardon me and forgive me for asking this, Your Honor, but are we now assessing the .....
JUSTICE LEONEN:
We are not assessing .....
SOLICITOR GENERAL CALIDA:
..... substantive evidence, Your Honor?
JUSTICE LEONEN:
We are not assessing the substance of the evidence, unless you are not familiar with it. We are not assessing it, we are just looking at the exceptions for the doctrine that the judge only relies on the document, and that the judge, in many cases of certiorari, have been told by this Court, that he or she should have called the witnesses when there were indicators that relying on the documents were not sufficient. That's a doctrine, that is Lim v. Felix, that is Haw v. People, that is People v. Ho. I am just asking you whether it is your opinion, right for Guerrero, or whether there was grave abuse of discretion in the determination of probable cause, that she did not call the witnesses. Considering that it was not clear where the sources of funds were coming from, case in point, the Affidavit of Diaz. In other words, I'm not saying that Diaz was telling the truth. I'm just saying that based on the Affidavit, there is doubt.148
After a careful evaluation of the herein Information and all the evidence presented during the preliminary investigation conducted in this case by the Department of Justice, Manila, the Court finds sufficient probable cause for the issuance of Warrants of Arrest against all the accused LEILA M. DE LIMA ...149These evidence sufficiently engender enough doubt that there is probable cause to support illegal trading, illegal trafficking, or even conspiracy to commit illegal trading. It was, therefore, error and grave abuse of discretion for respondent judge to have issued the Warrant of Arrest.
It is true, as respondents contend, that, as a general rule, a court of equity will not restrain the authorities of either a state or municipality from the enforcement of a criminal law, and among the earlier decisions, there was no exception to that rule. By the modem authorities, an exception is sometimes made, and the writ is granted, where it is necessary for the orderly administration of justice, or to prevent the use of the strong arm of the law in an oppressive or vindictive manner, or a multiplicity of actions. ....Again,in Aglipay v. Ruiz:152
The writ of prohibition is somewhat sui generis, and is more or less in the sound legal discretion of the court and is intended to prevent the unlawful and oppressive exercise of legal authority, and to bring about the orderly administration of justice.151
The statutory rule, therefore, in this jurisdiction is that the writ of prohibition is not confined exclusively to courts or tribunals to keep them within the limits of their 0wr1 jurisdiction and to prevent them from encroaching upon the jurisdiction of other tribunals but will issue, in appropriate cases, to an officer or person whose acts are without or in excess of his authority. Not infrequently, "the writ is granted, where it is necessary for the orderly administration of justice, or to prevent the use of the strong arm of the law in an oppressive or vindictive manner, or a multiplicity of actions."153Ramos v. Hon. Torres154 explained further:[I]t is well-settled that, as a matter of general rule, the writ of prohibition will not issue to restrain criminal prosecution. Hence, in Hernandez v. Albano, we called attention to the fact that:
The vindictive and oppressive manner of petitioner's prosecution is well documented. Petitioner submitted to this Court a listing of attacks made against her by President Rodrigo R. Duterte. President Duterte made 37 statements about petitioner on 24 different occasions from August 11, 2016 to November 28, 2016, accusing her of being involved in the drug trade and repeatedly threatening to jail her. Excerpts of those statements included:". . . a Rule now of long standing and frequent application - was formulated that ordinarily criminal prosecution may not be blocked by court prohibition or injunction. Really, if at every turn investigation of a crime will be halted by a court order, the administration of criminal justice will meet with an undue setback. Indeed, the investigative power of the Fiscal may suffer such a tremendous shrinkage that it may end up in hollow sound rather than as a part and parcel of the machinery of criminal justice."This general rule is based, inter alia:". . . on the fact that the party has an adequate remedy at law by establishing as a defense to the prosecution that he did not commit the act charged, or that the statute or ordinance on which the prosecution is based is invalid, and, in case of conviction, by taking an appeal."It is true that the rule is subject to exceptions. As pointed out in the Hernandez case:"We are not to be understood, however, as saying that the heavy hand of a prosecutor may not be shackled - under all circumstances. The rule is not an invariable one. Extreme cases may, and actually do, exist where relief in equity may be availed of to stop a purported enforcement of a criminal law where it is necessary (a) for the orderly administration of justice; (b) to prevent the use of the strong arm of the law in an oppressive and vindictive manner; (c) to avoid multiplicity of actions; (d) to afford adequate protection to constitutional rights; and (e) in proper cases, because the statute relied upon is unconstitutional, or was 'held invalid.'"155
"You elected a senator, kayong mga Pi1ipino na ... [w]ho was into narco politics, who was being financed from the inside." Speech during the oathtaking of MPC, MCA, and PPA, September 26, 2016156The current Secretary of Justice, Vitaliano Aguirre, actively participated in the Senate and House of Representatives inquiry on the alleged proliferation of the drug trade in the New Bilibid Prison, repeatedly signing off on grants of immunity to the inmates who testified.178
"the portals of the national government has been opened by her election as senator because of the drug money. We are now a narco-politics." - Media Interview before his departure for Vietnam, September 28, 2016157
"The portals of the invasion of drugs into the national government started with De Lima." - Speech at the Oathtaking of Newly-appointed Officials and LMP, October 11, 2016158
"the portals of the national government have been opened to drug influence... Look at De Lima. Do you think those officials who testified against her are lying?" - Press Conference with the Malacaftang Press Corps, Beijing, October 19, 2016159
"with the election of De Lima ... the national portals of narcopolitics has entered into the political life of our country." Meeting with the Filipino Community in Tokyo, Japan, October 25, 2016160
"De Lima opened the portals of narcopolitics that started in the National penitentiary." Launching of the Pilipinong may Puso Foundation, Waterfront Hotel, Davao City, November 11, 2016161
"Now the portals of the national government has been opened to the creeping influence of drug[s]. You must remember that Leila, si Lilia or whatever the name is, was the Secretary of Justice herself and she allowed the drug industry to take place." - Speech at the 80th Founding Anniversary of the NBI, Ermita, Manila, November 14, 2016162
"sadly, it was Sen. Leila De Lima who opened the 'portals of the national government to the contamination of narco politics." - During his meeting with Rep. Gloria Arroyo in Malacaftang, November 28, 2016163
"I will destroy her in public" - Media interview, Davao City, August 11, 2016164
"I will tell the public the truth of you" Press Conference, August 17, 2016165
"De Lima, you are finished." - Media Interview, Ahfat Seafood Plaza 1, Bajada, Davao City, August 24, 2016166
"She will be jailed." - Speech during the oathtaking of MPC, MCA, and PPA, September 26, 2016167
"De Lima, do not delude yourself about her kneeling down. I warned her 8 months ago, before the election." - Speech during the 115th Anniversary of the PCG, Port Area, Manila, October 12, 2016168
"She will rot in jail." - Meeting with the Filipino Community in Tokyo, Japan, October 25, 2016169
"[My sins] was just to make public what was or is the corruption of the day and how drugs prorate [sic] inside our penal institutions, not only in Muntinlupa but sa mga kolonya." Media Briefinbefore his departure for Malaysia, NAJA Terminal 2, November 9, 2016170
"her driver herself, who was her lover, was the one also collecting money for her during the campaign." - Speech during the 115th Police Service Anniversary, August 17, 2016171
"But in fairness, I would never state here that the driver gave the money to her. But by the looks of it, she has it."- Speech during the 115th Police Service Anniversary, August 17, 2016172
"The crux of the matter is, if I do not talk about that relationship with De Lima to her driver, then there is no topic to talk about. Because what is really very crucial is the fact of that relationship with her driver, which I termed 'immoral' because the driver has a family and a wife, gave risethat connection gave rise to the corruption of what was happening inside the national penitentiary." - Media Interview, Davao City, August 21, 2016173
"These illegal things which you saw on TV almost everyday for about a month, do you think that without De Lima giving [her driver] the authority to allow the inmates to do that?" Media Interview, Davao City, August 21 2016174
"She is lying through her teeth because now that she is ... You know in all her answers, she was only telling about drugs, now she denied there are leads about drugs, but she never said true or false about the driver. And the driver is the connect-lahat naman sa loob sinasabi ... ang driver." - Media Interview, Davao City, August 21, 2016175
"From the looks of it, it would be unfair to say that si De Lima was into drug trafficking but by implication kasi she allowed them through her driver, pati sila Baraan, I was correct all along because I was supplied with a matrix." - Speech during his visit to the 10th ID, Philippine Army, Compostela Valley, September 20, 2016176
"Ang tao, hindi talaga makapigil eh. Magregalo ng bahay, see. It has never been answered kung kaninong bahay, sinong gumastos. Obviously, alam natin lahat. But that is how narco-politics has set in." Speech at the Oathtaking ofNewly-appointed Officials and LMP, October 11, 2016177
May mga bumisita sa akin at tinatanong ang mga inpormasyon na ito at isa dito ay si Solicitor General Calida. Kami ay nagkaharap kasama ang kanyang grupo at nagbigay ako ng mga importanteng inpormasyon. Upang lubos ko silang matulungan ako ay humiling na malipat muli sa maximum kasama si Hanz Tan. Kinausap ni SOLGEN Calida sa telepono si OIC Ascuncion at pinakausap nya karni ni Hanz Tan ay dadalhin sa maxnnum sa lalong madaling panahon o ASAP ngunit hindi ito nangyari.179It is clear that the President, the Secretary of Justice, and the Solicitor General were already convinced that petitioner should be prosecuted even before a preliminary investigation could be conducted. The vindictive and oppressive manner by which petitioner was singled out and swiftly taken into custody is an exceptional circumstance that should have placed the courts on guard that a possible miscarriage of justice may occur.
Minsan kong kinausap ang mga kapwa ko bilanggo sa Bldg. 14 at kinumbinsi ko sila na samahan akong magbigay linaw sa ginagawang imbestigasyon hingil sa paglaganap ng droga sa bilibid bunsod ito ng pakikipag-usap sa akin ni Sol Gen. Calida at Miss Sandra Cam.180
Section 3. Grounds. - The accused may move to quash the complaint or information on any of the following grounds:On February 20, 2017, petitioner filed a Motion to Quash before the Regional Trial Court of Muntinlupa, alleging that the trial court had no jurisdiction over the offense charged in the Information filed against her. While the Motion was pending, the trial court issued an Order dated February 23, 2017 finding probable cause against petitioner. Warrants of arrest were issued for her and her co-accused.181
(a) That the facts charged do not constitute an offense;
(b) That the court trying the case has no jurisdiction over the offense charged;
(c) That the court trying the case has no jurisdiction over the person of the accused;
(d) That the officer who filed the information had no authority to do so;
(e) That it does not conform substantially to the prescribed form;
(f) That more than one offense is charged except when a single punishment for various offenses is prescribed by law;
(g) That the criminal action or liability has been extinguished;
(h) That it contains averments which, if true, would constitute a legal excuse or justification; and
(i) That the accused has been previously convicted or acquitted of the offense charged, or the case against him was dismissed or otherwise terminated without his express consent.
On the propriety of the writs prayed for, it may be said that, as a general rule, a court of equity will not issue a writ of certiorari to annul an order of a lower court denying a motion to quash, nor issue a writ of prohibition to prevent said court from proceeding with the case after such denial, it being the rule that upon such denial the defendant should enter his plea of not guilty and go to trial and, if convicted, raise on appeal the same legal questions covered by his motion to quash. In this as well as in other jurisdictions, however, this is no longer the hard and fast rule.If the trial court grants the Motion to Quash and fmds that it had no jurisdiction over the offense charged, the court cannot, as the ponencia states, "simply order that another complaint or information be filed without discharging the accused from custody"197 under Rule 117, Section 5, unless the order is contained in the same order granting the motion. Rule 117, Section 5 reads:
The writs of certiorari and prohibition, as extraordinary legal remedies, are, in the ultimate analysis, intended to annul void proceedings; to prevent the unlawful and oppressive exercise of legal authority and to provide for a fair and orderly administration of justice. Thus, in Yu Kong Eng vs. Trinidad . . . We took cognizance of a petition for certiorari and prohibition although the accused in the case could have appealed in due time from the order complained of, our action in the premises being based on the public welfare and the advancement of public policy. In Dimayuga vs. Fajardo . . . We also admitted a petition to restrain the prosecution of certain chiropractors although, if convicted, they could have appealed. We gave due course to their petition for the orderly administration of justice and to avoid possible oppression by the strong arm of the law. And in Arevalo vs. Nepomuceno . . . the petition for certiorari challenging the trial court's action admitting an amended information was sustained despite the availability of appeal at the proper time.
More recently, We said the following in Yap vs. the Hon. D. Lutero etc.:
...."Manifestly, the denial, by respondent herein, of the motion to quash the information in case No. 16443, may not be characterized as 'arbitrary' or 'despotic', or to be regarded as amounting to 'lack of jurisdiction'. The proper procedure, in the event of denial of a motion to quash, is for the accused, upon arraignment, to plead not guilty and reiterate his defense of former jeopardy, and, in case of conviction, to appeal therefrom, upon the ground that he had been twice put in jeopardy of punishment, either for the same offense, or for the same act, as the case may be. However, were we to require adherence to this pretense, the case at bar would have to be dismissed and petitioner required to go through the inconvenience, not to say the mental agony and torture, of submitting himself to trial on the merits in case No. 16443, apart from the expenses incidental thereto, despite the fact that his trial and conviction therein would violate one of his constitutional rights, and that, on appeal to this Court, we would, therefore, have to set aside the judgment of conviction of the lower court. This would, obviously, be most unfair and unjust. Under the circumstances obtaining in the present case, the flaw in the procedure followed by petitioner herein may be overlooked, in the interest of a more enlightened and substantial justice."Indeed, the lack of jurisdiction of the City Court of Angeles over the criminal offense charged being patent, it would be highly unfair to compel the parties charged to undergo trial in said court and suffer all the embarrassment and mental anguish that go with it.196
Section 5. Effect of sustaining the motion to quash. If the motion to quash is sustained, the court may order that another complaint or information be filed except as provided in section 6 of this rule. If the order is made, the accused, if in custody, shall not be discharged unless admitted to bail. If no order is made or if having been made, no new information is filed within the time specified in the order or within such further time as the court may allow for good cause, the accused, if in custody, shall be discharged unless he is also in custody for another charge.In Gonzales v. Hon. Salvador:198
The order to file another information, if determined to be warranted by the circumstances of the case, must be contained in the same order granting the motion to quash. If the order sustaining the motion to quash does not order the filing of another information, and said order becomes final and executory, then the court may no longer direct the filing of another information.199Thus, if the trial court has no jurisdiction, any subsequent order it issues would be void. It is for this reason that lack of jurisdiction can be raised at any stage of the proceedings, even on appeal.200 In a criminal case, any subsequent order issued by a court not having jurisdiction over the offense would amount to a harassment suit and would undoubtedly violate the constitutional rights of the accused.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, and in the interest of substantial justice and fair play, Petitioner respectfully prays the Honorable Court that judgmertt be rendered:Petitioner's Memorandum, however, states:
- Granting a writ of certiorari annulling and setting aside the Order dated 23 February 2017, the Warrant of Arrest dated the same date, and the Order dated 24 February 2017 of the Regional Trial Court-Branch 204, Muntinlupa City, in Criminal Case No. 17-165 entitled People of the Philippines versus Leila M. De Lima et al.;
- Granting a writ of prohibition enJommg and prohibiting respondent judge from conducting further proceedings until and unless the Motion to Quash is resolved with finality;
- Issuing an order granting the application for the issuance of temporary restraining order (TRO) and a writ of preliminary injunction to the proceedings; and
- Issuing a Status Quo Ante Order restoring the parties to the status prior to the issuance of the Order and Warrant of Arrest, both dated February 23, 2017, thereby recalling both processes and restoring petitioner to her liberty and freedom.201
WHEREFORE, premises considered, and in the interest of substantial justice and fair play, Petitioner respectfully prays the Honorable Court that judgment be rendered:Issues raised in previous pleadings but not raised in the memorandum are deemed abandoned.203 The memorandum, "[b]eing a summation of the parties' previous pleadings . . . alone may be considered by the Court in deciding or resolving the petition."204 Thus, it is inaccurate for the ponencia to insist that petitioner's prayer in the Petition was "an unmistakable admission that the RTC has yet to rule on her Motion to Quash."205 Petitioner's Memorandum does not mention the relief cited by the ponencia in her Petition, and thus, should be considered abandoned. Petitioner, therefore, does not admit that the Regional Trial Court must first rule on her Motion to Quash before seeking relief with this Court.
- Granting a writ of certiorari annulling and setting aside the Order dated 23 February 2017, the Warrant of Arrest dated the same date, and the Order dated 24 February 2017 of the Regional Trial Court-Branch 204, Muntinlupa City, in Criminal Case No. 17-165 entitled People of the Philippines versus Leila M. De Lima et al.; and
- Ordering the immediate release of Petitioner from detention. Petitioner likewise prays for other just and equitable reliefs.202
Top Rate Construction & General Services, Inc. v. Paxton Development Corporation explained that:There is forum shopping when "there is identity of parties, rights or causes of action, and reliefs sought."208 This Court, as discussed, is not precluded from entertaining a pure question of law, especially in this instance where the issue is a novel one. The rationale for the rule on forum shopping is to prevent conflicting decisions by different tribunals. There would be no conflicting decisions if this Court decides with finality that the trial court had no jurisdiction over the offense charged in the Information. It would be unjust to allow the trial court to proceed with the hearing of this case if, at some point, this Court finds that it did not have jurisdiction to try it in the first place.Forum shopping is committed by a party who institutes two or more suits in different courts, either simultaneously or successively, in order to ask the courts to rule on the same or related causes or to grant the same or substantially the same reliefs, on the supposition that one or the other court would make a favorable disposition or increase a party's chances of obtaining a favorable decision or action.First Philippine International Bank v. Court of Appeals recounted that forum shopping originated as a concept in private international law:To begin with, forum-shopping originated as a concept in private international law, where non-resident litigants are given the option to choose the forum or place wherein to bring their suit for various reasons or excuses, including to secure procedural advantages, to annoy and harass the defendant, to avoid overcrowded dockets, or to select a more friendly venue. To combat these less than honorable excuses, the principle of forum non conveniens was developed whereby a court, in conflicts of law cases, may refuse impositions on its jurisdiction where it is not the most "convenient" or available forum and the parties are not precluded from seeking remedies elsewhere.Further, Prubankers Association v. Prudential Bank and Trust Co. recounted that:
In this light, Black's Law Dictionary says that forum-shopping "occurs when a party attempts to have his action tried in a particular court or jurisdiction where he feels he will receive the most favorable judgment or verdict." Hence, according to Words and Phrases, "a litigant is open to the charge of 'forum shopping' whenever he chooses a forum with slight connection to factual circumstances surrounding his suit, and litigants should be encouraged to attempt to settle their differences without imposing undue expense and vexatious situations on the courts."The rule on forum-shopping was first included in Section 17 of the Interim Rules and Guidelines issued by this Court on January 11, 1983, which imposed a sanction in this wise: "A violation of the rule shall constitute contempt of court and shall be a cause for the summary dismissal of both petitions, without prejudice to the taking of appropriate action against the counsel or party concerned." Thereafter, the Court restated the rule in Revised Circular No. 28-91 and Administrative Circular No. 04-94. Ultimately, the rule was embodied in the 1997 amendments to the Rules of Court.207
The doctrine that requires respect for the hierarchy of courts was created by this court to ensure that every level of the judiciary performs its designated roles in an effective and efficient manner. Trial courts do not only determine the facts from the evaluation of the evidence presented before them. They are likewise competent to determine issues of law which may include the validity of an ordinance, statute, or even an executive issuance in relation to the Constitution. To effectively perform these functions, they are territorially organized into regions and then into branches. Their writs generally reach within those territorial boundaries. Necessarily, they mostly perform the all-important task of inferring the facts from the evidence as these are physically presented before them. In many instances, the facts occur within their territorial jurisdiction, which properly present the 'actual case' that makes ripe a determination of the constitutionality of such action. The consequences, of course, would be national in scope. There are, however, some cases where resort to courts at their level would not be practical considering their decisions could still be appealed before the higher courts, such as the Court of Appeals.Diocese of Bacolod, however, clarified that the doctrine of hierarchy of courts is not iron-clad. There are recognized exceptions to its application. Thus, in Aala v. Uy:219
The Court of Appeals is primarily designed as an appellate court that reviews the determination of facts and law made by the trial courts. It is collegiate in nature. This nature ensures more standpoints in the review of the actions of the trial court. But the Court of Appeals also has original jurisdiction over most special civil actions. Unlike the trial courts, its writs can have a nationwide scope. It is competent to determine facts and, ideally, should act on constitutional issues that may not necessarily be novel unless there are factual questions to determine.
This court, on the other hand, leads the judiciary by breaking new ground or further reiterating - in the light of new circumstances or in the light of some confusions of bench or bar - existing precedents. Rather than a court of first instance or as a repetition of the actions of the Court of Appeals, this court promulgates these doctrinal devices in order that it truly performs that role.
In other words, the Supreme Court's role to interpret the Constitution and act in order to protect constitutional rights when these become exigent should not be emasculated by the doctrine in respect of the hierarchy of courts. That has never been the purpose of such doctrine.218
Immediate resort to this Court may be allowed when any of the following grounds are present: (1) when genuine issues of constitutionality are raised that must be addressed immediately; (2) when the case involves transcendental importance; (3) when the case is novel; (4) when the constitutional issues raised are better decided by this Court; (5) when time is of the essence; (6) when the subject of review involves acts of a constitutional organ; (7) when there is no other plain, speedy, adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law; (8) when the petition includes questions that may affect public welfare, public policy, or demanded by the broader interest of justice; (9) when the order complained of was a patent nullity; and (10) when the appeal was considered as an inappropriate remedy.220The doctrine of hierarchy of courts does not apply in this case. The issue before this Court is certainly a novel one. This Court has yet to determine with finality whether the regional trial court exercises exclusive jurisdiction over drug offenses by public officers, to the exclusion of the Sandiganbayan. Likewise, the question of jurisdiction pertains to a pure question of law; thus, allowing a direct resort to this Court.
Endnotes:
1 NELSON MANDELA, LONG WALK TO FREEDOM 385 (1994).
2 An Act Further Defining the Jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, Amending for the Purpose Presidential Decree No. 1606, as Amended, Providing Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes (1997).
3 Subsection (A) in Section 4 includes "[o]fficials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher". This includes the Secretary of Justice. Republic Act No. 8249 by qualifying certain crimes to be referred to the Regional Trial Court also supports the interpretation that Section 4 [B] includes all crimes committed in relation to their office.
4 Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act (2002).
5 Similarly, sections 20, 61 and 62 also refers to the Regional Trial Court but are not exclusive grants of jurisdiction only to the Regional Trial Court.
Rep. Act No. 9165, sec. 20, 61 and 62 provides:
Section 20. Confiscation and Forfeiture of the Proceeds or Instruments of the Unlawful Act, Including the Properties or Proceeds Derived from the Illegal Trafficking of Dangerous Drugs and/or Precursors and Essential Chemicals. -
After conviction in the Regional Trial Court in the appropriate criminal case filed, the Court shall immediately schedule a hearing for the confiscation and forfeiture of all the proceeds of the offense and all the assets and properties of the accused either owned or held by him or in the name of some other persons if the same shall be found to be manifestly out of proportion to his/her lawful income: Provided, however, That if the forfeited property is a vehicle, the same shall be auctioned off not later than five (5) days upon order of confiscation or forfeiture.
SECTION 61. Compulsory Confinement of a Drug Dependent Who Refuses to Apply Under the Voluntary Submission Program. -
A petition for the confinement of a person alleged to be dependent on dangerous drugs to a Center may be filed by any person authorized by the Board with the Regional Trial Court of the province or city where such person is found.
Section 62. Compulsory Submission of a Drug Dependent Charged with an Offense to Treatment and Rehabilitation. - If a person charged with an offense where the imposable penalty is imprisonment of less than six (6) years and one (1) day, and is found by the prosecutor or by the court, at any stage of the proceedings, to be a drug dependent, the prosecutor or the court as the case may be, shall suspend all further proceedings and transmit copies of the record of the case to the Board.
In the event the Board determines, after medical examination, that public interest requires that such drug dependent be committed to a center for treatment and rehabilitation, it shall file a petition for his/her commitment with the regional trial courtof the province or city where he/she is being investigated or tried: Provided, That where a criminal case is pending in court, such petition shall be filed in the said court. The court shall take judicial notice of the prior proceedings in the case and shall proceed to hear the petition. If the court finds him to be a drug dependent, it shall order his/her commitment to a Center for treatment and rehabilitation. The head of said Center shall submit to the court every four (4) months, or as often as the court may require, a written report on the progress of the treatment. If the dependent is rehabilitated, as certified by the Center and the Board, he/she shall be returned to the court, which committed him, for his/her discharge therefrom.
6 CONST., art. VIII, sec. 2 provides:
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of various courts but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Section 5 hereof.
No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it undermines the security of tenure of its Members.
7 CONST., art. III, sec. 1 provides: Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
8 249 Phil. 394 (1988) [Per Curiam, En Banc].
9 272 Phil. 122 (1992) [Per J. Gutierrez, Jr., En Banc].
10 345 Phil. 597 (1997) [Per J. Panganiban, En Banc].
11See Cruz v. Court of Appeals, 436 Phil. 641, 654 (2002) [Per J. Carpio, Third Division] citing 4 Oscar M. Herrera, Remedial Law 3 (1992).
12See Valdepeñas v. People, 123 Phil. 734 (I966) [Per J. Concepcion, En Banc].
13See Cruz v. Court of Appeals, 436 Phil. 641, 654 (2002) [Per J. Carpio, Third Division].
14Soller v. Sandiganbayan, 409 Phil. 780, 789 (2001) [Per J. Gonzaga-Reyes, Third Division] citing CAMILO QUIAZON, PHILIPPINE COURTS AND THEIR JURISDICTIONS 36 (1993).
15See Gala v. Cui, 25 Phil. 522 (1913) [Per J. Moreland, First Division].
16 See United States v. Castañares, 18 Phil. 210 (1911) [Per J. Carson, En Banc].
17 Colmenares v. Hon. Villar, 144 Phil. 139, 142 (1970) [Per J. Reyes, J.B.L., En Banc].
18See Santos v. People, 260 Phil. 519 (1990) [Per J. Cruz, First Division].
19 17 Phil. 273 (1910) [Per J. Moreland, First Division].
20 Id. at 278-279.
21 Rep. Act No. 9165, art. II, sec. 5 provides:
Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.
22 Rep. Act No. 9165, art. I, sec. 3(jj) provides:
Section 3. Definitions. As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:
....
jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.
23 Rep. Act No. 9165, art. II, sec. 26(b) provides:
Section 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:
....
b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
24 Rep. Act No. 9165, art. II, sec. 28 provides:
Section 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees.
25 Annex F of the Petition, pp. 1-2.
26Ponencia, p. 24.
27 Id. at 27-28.
28 739 Phil. 593 (2014) [Per J. Perlas-Bernabe, Second Division].
29 Id. at 601 citing People v. Adrid, 705 Phil. 654 (2013) [Per J. Velasco, Jr., Third Division].
30 G.R. No. 174481, February 10, 2016, <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?file=/jurisprudence/2016/february2016/174481.pdf> [Per J. Leonen, Second Division].
31 Id. at 10 citing People v. Laba, 702 Phil. 301 (2013) [Per J. Perlas-Bernabe, Second Division]; People v. Watamama, 692 Phil. 102, 106 (2012) [Per J. Villarama, Jr., First Division]; and People v. Guzon, 719 Phil. 441 (2013) [Per J. Reyes, First Division].
32Ponencia, p. 26.
33 Annex F of the Petition, pp. 1-2.
34 Rep. Act No. 10575, sec. 8. Supervision of the Bureau of Corrections. - The Department of Justice (DOJ), having the BuCor as a line bureau and a constituent unit, shall maintain a relationship of administrative supervision with the latter as defined under Section 38(2), Chapter 7, Book IV of Executive Order No. 292 (Administrative Code of 1987), except that the DOJ shall retain authority over the power to review, reverse, revise or modify the decisions of the BuCor in the exercise of its regulatory or quasi-judicial functions.
35 Annex G of the Petition, p. 40, DOJ Resolution.
36 The Judicial Reorganization Act of 1980.
37 Creating a Special Court to be Known as "Sandiganbayan" and for Other Purposes (1978).
38See Pres. Decree No. 1486 (1978), Whereas Clauses.
39See Rep. Act No. 10660 (2015), sec. 1.
40 CONST. (1973), art XIII, sec. 5.
41 Revising Presidential Decree No. 1486 Creating a Special Court to be Known as "Sandiganbayan" and for Other Purposes (1978).
42 An Act Further Defining the Jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, Amending for the Purposes Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended, Providing Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes (1997).
43 361 Phil. 251 (1999) [Per J. Martinez, En Banc].
44 Id. at 270.
45 Id. at 270-271.
46 An Act Strengthening Further the Functional and Structural Organization of the Sandiganbayan, Further Amending Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended, and Appropriating Funds Therefor (2015).
47Comment, p. 30.
48 The Dangerous Drugs Act (1972).
49 Rep. Act No. 9165, sec. 100.
50Ponencia, p. 39.
51 Id. at 34, citing the Concurring Opinion of J. Peralta, p.12.
52 347 Phil. 493 (1997) [Per J. Davide, Jr. En Banc].
53 772 Phil. 483 (2015) [Per J. Perlas-Bernabe, En Banc].
54 Concurring Opinion of J. Leonen in Gonzales v. GJH Land, 772 Phil. 483, 534-535 (2015) [Per J. Perlas-Bernabe, En Banc].
55Lacson v. Executive Secretary, 361 Phil. 251, 278-284 (1999) [Per J. Martinez, En Banc] citing People v. Montejo, 108 Phil. 613 (1960) [Per J. Concepcion, En Banc]; Republic vs. Asuncion, 301 Phil. 216 (1994) [Per J. Davide, Jr., En Banc]; People vs. Magallanes, 319 Phil. 319 (1995) [Per J. Davide, Jr., First Division]; People vs. Cosare, 95 Phil 657, 660 (1954)[Per J. Bautista Angelo, En Banc]; People vs. Mendoza, 256 Phil. 1136 (1989) [Per J. Fernan, Third Division]; US v. Karelman, 3 Phil. 223, 226 (1904) [Per J. Johnson, En Banc].
56Cunanan v. Arceo, 312 Phil. 111, 118 (1995) [Per J. Feliciano, Third Division].
57 Id. at 118-119.
58 Rep. Act No. 10575, sec. 8.
59 Annex G of the Petition, p. 40, DOJ Resolution.
60Manipon v. Sandiganbayan, 227 Phil. 253 (1986) [Per J. Fernan, En Banc] citing Maniego vs. People, 88 Phil. 494 (1951) [Per J. Bengzon, En Banc] and US vs. Richards, 6 Phil. 545 (1906) [Per J. Willard, First Division].
61 People v. Castillo, 607 Phil. 754, 764 (2009) [Per J. Quisimbing, Second Division].
62 RULES OF COURT, Rule 112, sec. 1.
63People v. Castillo, G.R. No. 171188, June 19, 2009, 607 Phil. 754, 764 (2009) [Per J. Quisimbing, Second Division].
64 Id. at 765.
65Allado v. Diokno, 302 Phil. 213, 235 (1994) [Per J. Belosillo, First Division].
66 U.S. v. Ocampo, 18 Phil. 1, 42 (1910) [Per J. Johnson, En Banc]; Act of Congress of July 1, 1902, otherwise known as The Philippine Bill, §5.
67 Id.
68 RULES OF COURT, Rule 113, sec. 1.
69U.S. v. Ocampo, 18 Phil. 1, 37 (1910) [Per J. Johnson]; Act of Congress of July 1, 1902, otherwise known as The Philippine Bill, §5.
70 Id.
71 CONST. (1935), art. III, sec. 1(3); CONST.(1972), art. IV, sec. 3; CONST., art. III, sec. 2.
72 1987 Constitution, Article III, Section 2.
73People v. Honorable Enrique B. Inting, et al., 265 Phil. 817, 821 (1990) [Per J. Gutierrez, Jr., En Banc].
74 Record of the 1986 Constitutional Commission No. 032 (1986).
75 Record of the 1986 Constitutional Commission No. 032 (1986).
76 249 Phil. 394 (1988) [Per Curiam Resolution]
77 Id. at 399-400.
78 Id. at 399.
79 272 Phil. 122 (1991) [Per J. Gutierrez, Jr., En Banc].
80 Id. at 138.
81 Id. at 126.
82 Id. at 127.
83 Id. at 128.
84 Id.
85 Id. at 129.
86 Id. at 128.
87 Id. at 129.
88 Id.
89 Id. at 130.
90 Id. at 130.
91 Id. at 137.
92 Id. at 136.
93 Id.
94 Id. at 136-137.
95 Id. at 136.
96 Id.
97 Id. at 130.
98 Id.
99 Id. at 131, citing Placer v. Villanueva, 211 Phil. 615 (1983)[Per J. Escolin, Second Division].
100People v. Honorable Enrique B. Inting, et al., 265 Phil. 817, (1990) [Per J. Gutierrez, Jr., En Banc].
101Lim, Sr. v. Felix, 272 Phil. 122, 135 (1991) [Per J. Gutierrez, Jr., En Banc].
102 301 Phil. 213 (1994) [Per J. Belosillo, First Division].
103 Id. at 222.
104 Id. at 222-223.
105 Id. at 225.
106 Id.
107 Id. at 226.
108 Id. at 224.
109 Id. at 229.
110 Id. at 231.
111 Id. at 229.
112 Id. at 230.
113 Id.
114 Id. at 231.
115 Id.
116 Id. at 236.
117 Id. at 235 citing Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13 L.Ed. 2d. 142 (1964).
118 Id.
119 Id. at 235-237.
120 Id. at 238.
121 Id. at 237-239.
122 Id. at 228.
123 Id. at 233.
124 Id. at 229.
125 345 Phil. 597 (1997) [Per J. Panganiban, En Banc].
126 345 Phil. 597 (1997) [Per J. Panganiban, En Banc].
127 Id. at 611.
128 Id. at 610.
129 Id. at 609.
130 Id. at 609.
131 Id. at 613.
132 Id. at 609.
133 Id. at 613.
134 Id.
135 Id. at 604.
136 Id. at 613.
137 Id. at 611-612.
138 345 Phil. 597 (1997) [Per J. Panganiban, En Banc].
139 Id. at 611.
140 253 Phil. 30 (1989) [Per J. Narvasa, First Division].
141 Id. at 31-33.
142 265 Phil. 817 (1990) [Per J. Gutierrez, Jr., En Banc].
143 Id. at 821-822.
144Lim, Sr. v. Felix, 272 Phil. 122, 135 (1991) [Per J. Gutierrez, Jr., En Banc].
145 Id. at 136.
146Placer v. Villanueva, 211 Phil. 615, 621 (1983) [Per J. Escolin, Second Division].
147Ponencia, pp. 48-51 citing the affidavits of Jovencio P. Ablen, Jr., Rafael Ragos, and Wu Tian Yuan/Peter Co.
148 TSN Oral Arguments, March 28, 2017, pp. 58-59.
149 "Annex ____."
150 43 Phil. 304 (1922) [Per J. Johns, First Division].
151 Id. at 306-307.
152 64 Phil. 201 (1937) [Per J. Laurel, First Division].
153 Id. citing Dimayuga v. Fernandez, 43 Phil. 304 (1922) [Per J. Johns, First Division]. See also Planas v. Gil, 67 Phil. 62 (1939) [Per J. Laurel, En Banc]; University of the Philippines v. City Fiscal of Quezon City, 112 Phil. 880 (1961) [Per J. Dizon, En Banc]; Lopez v. The City Judge, 124 Phil. 1211 (1966) [Per J. Dizon, En Banc]; Ramos v. Central Bank, 222 Phil. 473 (1971) [Per Reyes, J.B.L., En Banc]; Fortun v. Labang, 192 Phil. 125 (1981) [Per J. Fernando, Second Division]; and Santiago v. Vasquez, 282 Phil. 171 (1992) [Per J. Regalado, En Banc].
154 134 Phil. 544 (1968) [Per J. Concepcion, En Banc].
155 Id. at 550-551 citing Hernandez v. Albano, 125 Phil. 513 (1967) [Per J. Sanchez, En Banc] and Gorospe v. Penaflorida, 101 Phil. 892 (1957) [Per J. Bautista Angelo, En Banc].
156 Annex A of the Compliance, pp. 5-6.
157 Id. at 4-5.
158 Id. at 4.
159 Id. at 3.
160 Id. at 2.
161 Id. at 1.
162 Id. at 1.
163 Id.
164 Id. at 19.
165 Id. at 18.
166 Id. at 14.
167 Id. at 5.
168 Id. at 3.
169 Id.
170 Id. at 2.
171 Id. at 17.
172 Id.
173 Id. at 14-15.
174 Id. at 15.
175 Id. at 16.
176 Id. at 9.
177 Id. at 4.
178See Annex 6 of the Compliance of the Office of the Solicitor General.
179 Compliance of the Office of the Solicitor General, Sinumpaang Salaysay by Sebastian, p. 15.
180 Compliance of the Office of the Solicitor General, Pinag-isang Sinumpaang Kontra Salaysay by Sebastian, p. 12.
181Ponencia, p. 4.
182 Id. at 15.
183 708 Phil. 96 (2013) [Per J. Leonardo-De Castro, First Division].
184 527 Phil. 443 (2006) [Per J. Corona, Second Division].
185 268 Phil. 433 (1990) [Per J. Gancayco, First Division].
186 383 Phil. 398 (2000) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].
187 268 Phil. 852 (1990) [Per J. Gancayco, En Banc].
188 288 Phil. 318 (1992) [Per J. Padilla, En Banc].
189Solid Builders v. China Bank, 709 Phil. 96, 117 (2013) [Per J. Leonardo-De Castro, First Division].
190State Investment House v. Court of Appeals, 527 Phil. 443, 451 (2006) [Per J. Corona, Second Division].
191Diaz v. Nora, 268 Phil. 433, 437-438 (1990) [Per J. Gancayco, First Division].
192Republic v. Court of Appeals, 383 Phil. 398, 410-412 (2000) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].
193Allied Broadcasting Center v. Republic, 268 Phil. 852, 858 (1990) [Per J. Gancayco, En Banc].
194De Vera v. Pineda, 288 Phil. 318, 328 (1992) [Per J. Padilla, En Banc].
195 124 Phil. 1211 (1966) [Per J. Dizon, En Banc].
196 Id. at 1217-1219.
197Ponencia, p. 18.
198 539 Phil. 25 (2006) [Per J. Carpio Morales, Third Division].
199 Id. at 34-35.
200See United States v. Castañares, 18 Phil. 210 (1911) [Per J. Carson, En Banc].
201 Petition, p. 64.
202 Memorandum for Petitioner, p. 61.
203 See A.M. No. 99-2-04-SC (2000).
204 A.M. No. 99-2-04-SC (2000).
205 Ponencia, p. 15.
206 G.R. No. 208393, June 15, 2016, <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?file=/jurisprudence/2016/june2016/208393.pdf> [Per J. Leonen, Second Division].
207 Id. citing Top Rate Construction & General Services, Inc. v. Paxton Development Corporation , 457 Phil. 740 (2003) [Per J. Bellosillo, Second Division); First Philippine International Bank v. Court of Appeals, 322 Phil. 280 (1996) [Per J. Panganiban, Third Division); and Prubankers Association v. Prudential Bank and Trust Co., 361 Phil. 744 (1999) [Per J. Panganiban, Third Division].
208Yap v. Chua, 687 Phil. 392, 400 (2012) [Per J. Reyes, Second Division] citing Young v. John Keng Seng, 446 Phil. 823, 833 (2003) [Per J. Panganiban, Third Division].
209 RULES OF COURT, Rule 7, sec. 4 provides:
Section 4. Verification.—Except when otherwise specifically required by law or rule, pleadings need not be under oath, verified or accompanied by affidavit.
210See RULES OF COURT, Rule 7, sec. 4 and sec. 5.
211See Jimenez vda. De Gabriel v. Court of Appeals, 332 Phil. 157, 165 (1996) [Per J. Vitug, First Division].
212Shipside v. Court of Appeals, 404 Phil. 981, 994-995 (2001) [Per J. Melo, Third Division].
213Ponencia, pp. 9-10.
214 G.R.No. 191699, April 19, 2016, <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?file=/jurisprudence/2016/april2016/191699.pdf> [Per J. Perlas-Bernabe, First Division].
215Ponencia, p. 11.
216See Memorandum for Petitioner, pp. 59-60.
217 751 Phil. 301 (2015) [Per. J. Leonen, En Banc].
218 Id. at 329 citing Ynot v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 232 Phil. 615, 621 (1987) [Per J. Cruz, En Banc]. J.M. Tuason & Co., Inc. et al. v. Court of Appeals, et al., 113 Phil. 673, 681 (1961) [Per J. J.B.L. Reyes, En Banc]; and Espiritu v. Fugoso, 81 Phil. 637, 639 (1948) [Per J. Perfecto, En Banc].
219 G.R. No. 202781, January 10, 2017, <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?file=/jurisprudence/2017/january2017/202781.pdf> [Per J. Leonen, En Banc].
220 Id. at 15 citing The Diocese of Bacolod v. Commission on Elections, 751 Phil. 301, 331-335 (2015) [Per. J. Leonen, En Banc].
221Dimayuga v. Fernandez, 43 Phil. 304, 306-307 (1922) [Per J. Johns, First Division].
222Brocka v. Enrile, 270 Phil. 271, 277-279 (1990) [Per J. Medialdea, En Banc].
JARDELEZA, J.:
Sec. 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.As applied to criminal proceedings, due process is satisfied if the accused is informed as to why he is proceeded against and what charge he has to meet, with his conviction being made to rest on evidence that is not tainted with falsity after full opportunity for him to rebut it and the sentence being imposed in accordance with a valid law.2 This formulation of due process in criminal procedure traces its roots from a US Supreme Court decision of Philippine origin, Ong Chang Wing v. United States,3 where the federal court held:
This court has had frequent occasion to consider the requirements of due process of law as applied to criminal procedure, and, generally speaking, it may be said that if an accused has been heard in a court of competent jurisdiction, and proceeded against under the orderly processes of law, and only punished after inquiry and investigation, upon notice to him, with an opportunity to be heard, and a judgment awarded within the authority of a constitutional law, then he has had due process of law.4 (Citation omitted.)For clarity, the criminal due process clause of the Bill of Rights refers to procedural due process. It simply requires that the procedure established by law or the rules5 be followed.6 "Criminal due process requires that the accused must be proceeded against under the orderly processes of law. In all criminal cases, the judge should follow the step-by-step procedure required by the Rules. The reason for this is to assure that the State makes no mistake in taking the life or liberty except that of the guilty."7 It applies from the inception of custodial investigation up to rendition of judgment.8 The clause presupposes that the penal law being applied satisfies the substantive requirements of due process.9 In this regard, the procedure for one of the early stages of criminal prosecution, i.e., arrests, searches and seizure, is laid down by the Constitution itself. Article III, Section 2 provides that a search warrant or warrant of arrest shall only be issued upon a judge's personal determination of probable cause after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Petitioners invoke the jurisdictional rules in the institution of criminal actions to invalidate the search warrant issued by the Regional Trial Court of Kalookan City because it is directed toward the seizure of firearms and ammunition allegedly cached illegally in Quezon City. This theory is sought to be buttressed by the fact that the criminal case against petitioners for violation of Presidential Decree No. 1866 was subsequently filed in the latter court. The application for the search warrant, it is claimed, was accordingly filed in a court of improper venue and since venue in criminal actions involves the territorial jurisdiction of the court, such warrant is void for having been issued by a court without jurisdiction to do so.Malaloan's reasoning is equally applicable to arrest warrants, particularly when historical, functional, and structural considerations of our criminal procedure are taken into account. An arrest warrant is a preliminary legal process, issued at an initial stage of the criminal procedure, in which a judge finds probable cause that a person committed a crime and should be bound over for trial. The principal purpose of the warrant procedure laid down by the rules is to satisfY the requirements of Article III, Section 2. Its placement in Rule 112 (preliminary investigation) reflects an assumption that the probable cause determination/issuance of arrest warrant precedes the criminal action proper which begins with arraignment. Prior to arraignment, we have held that the specific rights of the accused enumerated under Article III, Section 14(2), as reiterated in Rule 115, do not attach yet because the phrase "criminal prosecutions" in the Bill of Rights refers to proceedings before the trial court from arraignment (Rule 116) to rendition of the judgment (Rule 120).37 Following Justice Regalado's analysis in Malaloan, it may be concluded that the criminal action proper formally begins with arraingnment.38
The basic flaw in this reasoning is in erroneously equating the application for and the obtention of a search warrant with the institution and prosecution of a criminal action in a trial court. It would thus categorize what is only a special criminal process, the power to issue which is inherent in all courts, as equivalent to a criminal action, jurisdiction over which is reposed in specific courts of indicated competence. It ignores the fact that the requisites, procedure and purpose for the issuance of a search warrant are completely different from those for the institution of a criminal action.
For, indeed, a warrant, such as a warrant of arrest or a search warrant, merely constitutes process. A search warrant is defined in our jurisdiction as an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property and bring it before the court. A search warrant is in the nature of a criminal process akin to a writ of discovery. It is a special and peculiar remedy, drastic in its nature, and made necessary because of a public necessity.
In American jurisdictions, from which we have taken our jural concept and provisions on search warrants, such warrant is definitively considered merely as a process, generally issued by a court in the exercise of its ancillary jurisdiction, and not a criminal action to be entertained by a court pursuant to its original jurisdiction. We emphasize this fact for purposes of both issues as formulated in this opinion, with the catalogue of authorities herein.36 (Emphasis supplied, citations omitted.)
Endnotes:
1 CONSTITUTION, Art. III, Sec. 1.
2Vera v. People, G.R. No. L-31218, February 18, 1970, 31 SCRA 711, 717.
3 218 U.S. 272 (1910).
4 Id. at 279-280.
5 CONSTITUTION, Art. VIII, Sec. 5(5).
6United States v. Ocampo, 18 Phil. 1, 41 (1910).
7Romualdez v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 143618-41, July 30, 2002, 385 SCRA 436, 446. Citations omitted.
8 Id. at 445.
9 Bernas, The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A Commentary, 2009 Ed., p. 498.
10 CONSTITUTION, Art. III, Sec. 14(2).
11 CONSTITUTION, Art. III, Sec. 16. In Dansal v. Fernandez (G.R. No. 126814, March 2, 2000, 327 SCRA 145, 152-153), the Court succinctly explained the distinction between Section 14(2) and Section 16: "(Section 16] guarantees the right of all persons to 'a speedy disposition of their case'; includes within its contemplation the periods before, during and after trial, and affords broader protection than Section 14(2), which guarantees just the right to a speedy trial. It is more embracing than the protection under Article VII, Section 15, which covers only the period after the submission of the case. The present constitutional provision applies to civil, criminal and administrative cases." (Citations omitted.)
12Gonzales v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 94750, July 16, 1991, 199 SCRA 298, 307. Citation omitted.
13Corpuz v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 162214, November 11, 2004, 442 SCRA 294, 313.
14Allado v. Diokno, G.R. No. 113630, May 5, 1994, 232 SCRA 192, 209.
15Id.
16Corpuz v. Sandiganbayan, supra at 321.
17Id. at 313. See also Coscolluela v. Sandiganbayan (First Division), G.R. No. 191411, July 15, 2013, 710 SCRA 188; Olbes v. Buemio, G.R. No. 173319, December 4, 2009, 607 SCRA 336; and People v. Tampal, G.R. No. 102485, May 22, 1995, 244 SCRA 202.
18Lumanlaw v. Peralta, Jr., G.R. No. 164953, February 13, 2006, 482 SCRA 396, 409.
19Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148560, November 19, 2001, 369 SCRA 394, 427
20Corpuz v. Sandiganbayan, supra note 13 at 321.
21 We only review, in an appropriate case, whether the prosecutorial arm gravely abused its discretion. (Information Technology v. Comelec, G.R. Nos. 159139 & 174777, June 6, 2017.) This is not at issue here because it is the subject of the consolidated cases filed by petitioner which are presently pending before the Court of Appeals, docketed as G.R. SP Nos. 149097 and 149358.
22People v. Mariano, G.R. No. L-40527, June 30, 1976, 71 SCRA 600, 605.
23 Republic Act No. 296.
24 Republic Act No. 296, Sec. 44(f).
25 1964 RULES OF COURT, Rule 112, Secs. 1 & 2.
26 1964 RULES OF COURT, Rule 112, Sec. 13.
27Batas Pambansa Blg. 129.
28Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, Sec. 37.
29 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, Rule 112, Sec. 6(b).
30 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, Rule 112, Sec. 6(a).
31 FEDERAL RULES or CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, Rules 4, 5.1 and 18.
32 2000 REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, Rule 112, Sec. 6.
33 A.M. No. 05-8-26-SC, Amendment of Rules 112 and 114 of the Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure by Removing the Conduct of Preliminary Investigation from Judges of the First Level Courts, August 30, 2005.
34 The 2000 Rules did not have any explanatory note, though it may be gleaned that the reason is to streamline the criminal procedure and to ease the burden on MTCs or, more generally, to ensure the speedy and efficient administration of justice.
35 G.R. No. 104879, May 6, 1994, 232 SCRA 249.
36Id. at 255-257. See also Worldwide Web Corporation v. People, G.R. No. 161106, January 13, 2014, 713 SCRA 18.
37People v. Jose, G.R. No. L-28232, February 6, 1971, 37 SCRA 450, 472-473, citing U.S. v. Beecham, 23 Phil. 258 (1912).
38 An arraignment is that stage where, in the mode and manner required by the rules, an accused, for the first time, is granted the opportunity to know the precise charge that confronts him. The accused is formally informed of the charges against him, to which he enters a plea of guilty or not guilty (Albert v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 164015, February 26, 2009, 580 SCRA 279, 287. Italics supplied, citation omitted.). See also the rule in double jeopardy, which requires arraignment and plea for jeopardy to attach (People v. Ylagan, 58 Phil. 851 [1933]). Jeopardy does not attach in the preliminary investigation stage because it "has no purpose except that of determining whether a crime has been committed and whether there is probable cause to believe the accused guilty thereof" (Paderanga v. Drilon, G.R. No. 96080, April 19, 1991, 196 SCRA 86, 90).
39 "The power of the judge to determine probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest is enshrined in Section 2, Article III of the Constitution." (Fenix v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 189878, July 11, 2016, 796 SCRA 117, 131.)
40 See Taglay v. Daray, G.R. No. 164258, August 22, 2012, 678 SCRA 640; Romualdez v. Sandiganbayan, supra note 7; and United States v. Ocampo, supra note 6.
41 RULES OF COURT, Rule 112, Sec. 5(a).
42 RULES OF COURT, Rule 112, Sec. 5(a).
43 RULES OF COURT, Rule 117, Sec. 3(b).
44 RULES OF COURT, Rule 117, Sec. 1.
45People v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 126005, January 21, 1999, 301 SCRA 475, 492-493.
46State Prosecutors v. Muro, A.M. No. RTJ-92-876, December 11, 1995, 251 SCRA 111, 117-118.
47 RULES OF COURT, Rule 114, Sec. 17.
48 RULES OF COURT, Rule 126, Sec. 14.
49 RULES OF COURT, Rules 116-120.
50 RULES OF COURT, Rule 110, Secs. 4, 5 & 15.
51Coscolluela v. Sandiganbayan (First Division), supra note 17 at 199, citing Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972).
52Id. at 200-201.
53People v. Hernandez, et al., 99 Phil. 515, 551 (1956).
54Alejandro v. Pepito, G.R. No. L-52090, February 21, 1980, 96 SCRA 322, 327.
55 RULES OF COURT, Rule 117, Sec. 6.
56 Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended. Sec. 4(b) in relation to 4(a)(1).
57 Relevant portions of the information reads that "accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice x x x having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading x x x De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates x x x."
CAGUIOA, J.:
Civil liberty may be said to mean that measure of freedom which may be enjoyed in a civilized community, consistently with the peaceful enjoyment of like freedom in others. The right to liberty guaranteed by the Constitution includes the right to exist and the right to be free from arbitrary personal restraint or servitude. The term cannot be dwarfed into mere freedom from physical restraint of the person of the citizen, but is deemed to embrace the right of man to enjoy the faculties with which he has been endowed by his Creator, subject only to such restraints as are necessary for the common welfare. x x x [L]iberty includes the right of the citizen to be free to use his faculties in all lawful ways; to live and work where he will; to earn his livelihood by any lawful calling; to pursue any avocation, and for that purpose, to enter into all contracts which may be proper, necessary, and essential to his carrying out these purposes to a successful conclusion. x x x7Section 2 of the Article on Bill of Rights is indispensably linked with Section 1. It provides:
SEC. 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.Without cavil, before a person is deprived of his liberty, he must be accorded due process, and a determination of probable cause by the judge is mandatory before a warrant for his arrest may issue. Truly, the proper determination of probable cause is the cornerstone of the right to liberty.
Article 3: Right to lifeAnd, under the Covenant:
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. x x x x
Article 9: Ban on arbitrary detention
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 9The Rules of Court echo the right "[t]o be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved beyond reasonable doubt,"8 and re-affirm the right of the accused in all criminal proceedings "[t]o be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him."9 These rights reinforce the accused's right to due process before his liberty may be curtailed.
1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law.
2. Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him.
3. Anyone arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release. It shall not be the general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be detained in custody, but release may be subject to guarantees to appear for trial, at any other stage of the judicial proceedings, and, should occasion arise, for execution of the judgement.
4. Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if the detention is not lawful.
5. Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest or detention shall have an enforceable right to compensation.
SEC. 5. When warrant of arrest may issue. - (a) By the Regional Trial Court. - Within ten (10) days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge shall personally evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its supporting evidence. He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence on record fails to clearly establish probable cause. If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order if the accused has already been arrested pursuant to a warrant issued by the judge who conducted the preliminary investigation or when the complaint or information was filed pursuant to section 6 of this Rule. In case of doubt on the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to present additional evidence within five (5) days from notice and the issue must be resolved by the court within thirty (30) days from the filing of the complaint or information.Still another mechanism in the Rules to safeguard the accused's right to liberty is the motion to quash under Rule 117 of the Rules of Court. Section 1 of Rule 117 allows the accused to file a motion to quash the Information or complaint at any time before entering his plea. Under Section 3 of Rule 117, the accused may move to quash the complaint or Information on the grounds, among others, that (a) the facts charged do not constitute an offense, and (b) the court trying the case has no jurisdiction over the offense charged.
The undersigned Prosecutors, constituted as a Panel pursuant to Department Orders 706 and 790 dated October 14, 2016 and November 11, 2016, respectively, accuse LEILA M. DE LIMA, RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN, for violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b) and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, corrunitted as follows:The plain language of the Information reveals that it: (1) does not charge Petitioner with "attempt or conspiracy to commit illegal trading of dangerous drugs" under Section 26(b) of RA 9165; (2) does not charge Petitioner with illegal "Trading" of dangerous drugs as defined under the Act; (3) is fatally defective as an indictment of illegal drug "trading" as the term is ordinarily understood; (4) does not charge Petitioner with violation of Sections 27 and 28 of the Act; and (5) does not validly charge Petitioner with any unlawful act under the Act.That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City ofMuntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.
CONTRARY TO LAW. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
SEC. 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. - Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:Clearly, the foregoing provision punishes the mere agreement or conspiracy to commit illegal trading. This is one of those situations where the law itself makes the mere agreement punishable. That said, it is likewise ineluctably clear that what Section 26(b) means is that the illegal trading has not been committed - which is completely opposite to the situation of Section 5 which requires that the trading has already been committed. In other words, the moment the illegal trading has been committed, then it is Section 5 that is the applicable provision of RA 9165 and no longer Section 26(b) - which is the commonsensical conclusion to make especially since the penalty in the latter is provided to be the same penalty provided for Section 5, or the consummated act.
x x x x
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima; all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)On its face, the Information unmistakably describes past or consummated acts - "all of them [including Petitioner] DID x x x commit illegal drug trading," "the inmates x x x DID x x x trade and traffic dangerous drugs," and "[the inmates] DID give and deliver to De Lima (Petitioner) x x x the proceeds of illegal drug trading."12
The information reads:Similar to Macapagal-Arroyo, the phrase "conspiring and confederating" in the Information against Petitioner precede$ the overt acts of "trad[ing] and traffic[king]" and "giv[ing] and deliver[ing]" which means that "conspiring and confederating" was alleged to be the means by which the crime of trading was committed. As well, the phrase "did then and there commit" confirms the consummation of a prior alleged agreement. In fact, to dispel all doubt, the narration of the alleged delivery of the proceeds of illegal trading to Petitioner unmistakably shows that the alleged conspiracy of illegal drug trading had already been carried out and that Petitioner was to be prosecuted for such - and not for her act of allegedly agreeing to commit the same. Indeed, even as to the allegations of giving and delivering of the so-called "tara" by the unidentified high-profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison (NBP), this is clearly phrased as being the result of consummated acts of illegal trading.x x x xA perusal of the information suggests that what the Prosecution sought to show was an implied conspiracy to commit plunder among all of the accused on the basis of their collective actions prior to, during and after the implied agreement. It is notable that the Prosecution did not allege that the conspiracy among all of the accused was by express agreement, or was a wheel conspiracy or a chain conspiracy.
That during the period from January 2008 to June 2010 or sometime prior or subsequent thereto, in Quezon City, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused GLORIA MACAPAGALARROYO, then the President of the Philippines, x x x, all public officers committing the offense in relation to their respective offices and taking undue advantage of their respective official positions, authority, relationships, connections or influence, conniving, conspiring and confederating with one another, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and criminally amass, accumulate and/or acquire[, d]irectly or indirectly, ill-gotten wealth in the aggregate amount or total value of THREE HUNDRED SIXTY-FIVE MILLION NINE HUNDRED NINETY SEVEN THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED FIFTEEN PESOS (PHP365,997,915.00), more or less, through any or a combination or a series of overt or criminal acts, or similar schemes or means, described as follows:
x x x x
x x x x
Nevertheless, the Prosecution insists that GMA, Uriarte and Aguas committed acts showing the existence of an implied conspiracy among themselves, thereby making all of them the main plunderers. On this score, the Prosecution points out that the sole overt act of GMA to become a part of the conspiracy was her approval via the marginal note of "OK" of all the requests made by Uriarte for the use of additional intelligence fund. x x x17 (Emphasis supplied)
From the foregoing, it is clear that there was conspiracy among De Lima, Bucayu, Elli, Sebastian, Dayan, Sanchez and JAD to commit illegal drug trading, hence, the guilt of one of them is the guilt of all x x x.On this score, in People v. Fabro,20 the very case cited by the OSG,21 the Court appreciated the language of the Information there - which is almost identical to the Information against Petitioner here - as charging the crime of consummated drug sale and not a conspiracy to commit.
It is a time-honored principle in law that direct proof is not essential to prove conspiracy. x x x In other words, conspiracy may be inferred from the collective acts of respondents before, during and after the commission of the crime which point to a joint purpose, design, concerted action, and community of interests.19 (Emphasis supplied)
Appellant Berly Fabro y Azucena, together with her common-law husband Donald Pilay y Calag and Irene Martin, was charged with the crime of "violation of Section 21 (b) Art. IV, in relation to Section 4, Art. II of Republic Act No. 6425, as amended," under Criminal Case No. 11231-R of the Regional Trial Court of Baguio City, in an information that reads:Following Fabro, which is on all fours with the situation of Petitioner, there is therefore no other acceptable reading of the Information than that it actually charges Petitioner with illegal drug trading under Section 5 and not a conspiracy to commit under Section 26(b).That on or about the 7th day of April 1993, in the City of Baguio, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, conspiring, confederating and mutually aiding one another, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously sell and/or deliver to PO2 ELLONITO APDUHAN, who acted as poseur-buyer, one (1) kilo of dried marijuana leaves, a prohibited drug without any authority of law, in violation of the aforementioned provision of law.On January 4, 1994, the trial court rendered the Decision disposing of Criminal Case No. 11231-R as follows:
CONTRARY TO LAW.
x x x xWHEREFORE, the Court Finds the accused Berly Fabro guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the offense of Violation of Section 4 Article II of Republic Act No. 6425 as amended (Sale and/or Delivery of Marijuana) as charged in the body of the Information, not its caption, and hereby sentences her to Life Imprisonment and to pay a Fine of Twenty Thousand Pesos (P20,000.00) without subsidiary imprisonment in case of Insolvency and to pay the costs.A final note. The information denotes the crime as a "VIOLATION OF SECTION 21 (b) ART. IV IN RELATION TO SECTION 4/ARTICLE II OF REPUBLIC ACT 6425 AS AMENDED." This is an erroneous designation of the crime committed. Section 21 of R.A. 6425 reads:
x x x xSEC. 21. Attempt and Conspiracy. - The same penalty prescribed by this Act for the commission of the offense shall be imposed in case of any x x x conspiracy to commit the same in the following cases:It is clear that Section 21 (b) of R.A. 6425 punishes the mere conspiracy to commit the offense of selling, delivering, distributing and transporting of dangerous drugs. Conspiracy herein refers to the mere agreement to commit the said acts and not the actual execution thereof. While the rule is that a mere conspiracy to commit a crime without doing any overt act is not punishable, the exception is when such is specifically penalized by law, as in the case of Section 21 of Republic Act 6425. Conspiracy as crime should be distinguished from conspiracy as a manner of incurring criminal liability the latter being applicable to the case at bar.
x x x x
b) Sale, administration, delivery, distribution and transportation of dangerous drugs.
In any event, such error in the information is not fatal. The body of the information states that the crime for which the petitioner is charged is as follows:"the above-named accused, conspiring, confederating and mutually aiding one another, did there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously sell and/or deliver to PO2 Elonito Apduhan, who acted as poseur buyer, one (1) kilo of dried marijuana leaves ..."It has been our consistent ruling that what is controlling [is] the actual recital of facts in the body of the information and not the caption or preamble of the crime.
Having considered the assignments of error and finding no basis which, from any aspect of the case, would justify us in interfering with the findings of the trial court, it results that the appealed decision must be AFFIRMED in toto.23 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
SEC. 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.Section 3(jj) in turn defines "Trading" in the following manner:
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions. (Underscoring supplied)
SEC. 3. Definitions. - As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:Based on the foregoing definitions, the term "illegal trading" is nothing more than "illegal trafficking" "using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions." Or stated differently, illegal trading is "[t]he illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical" "using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions."
x x x x
(r) Illegal Trafficking. The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
x x x x
It cannot be otherwise, for, indeed, the real nature of the criminal charge is determined not from the caption or preamble of the information, or from the specification of the provision of law alleged to have been violated, which are mere conclusions of law, but by the actual recital of facts in the complaint or information. In People v. Dimaano, the Court elaborated:Does the Information under scrutiny comply with the requirement of sufficiency as explained above? It clearly does not. The elements of the offense or unlawful act charged are not contained in the Information.For complaint or information to be sufficient, it must state the name of the accused; the designation of the offense given by the statute; the acts or omissions complained of as constituting the offense; the name of the offended party; the approximate time of the commission of the offense[;] and the place wherein the offense was committed. What is controlling is not the title of the complaint, nor the designation of the offense charged or the particular law or part thereof allegedly violated, these being mere conclusions of law made by the prosecutor, but the description of the crime charged and the particular facts therein recited. The acts or omissions complained of must be alleged in such form as is sufficient to enable a person of common understanding to know what offense is intended to be charged, and enable the court to pronounce proper judgment. No information for a crime will be sufficient if it does not accurately and clearly allege the elements of the crime charged. Every element of the offense must be stated in the information. What facts and circumstances are necessary to be included therein must be determined by reference to the definitions and essentials of the specified crimes. The requirement of alleging the elements of a crime in the information is to inform the accused of the nature of the accusation against him so as to enable him to suitably prepare his defense. The presumption is that the accused has no independent knowledge of the facts that constitute the offense. [emphasis supplied]To discharge its burden of informing him of the charge, the State must specify in the information the details of the crime and any circumstance that aggravates his liability for the crime. The requirement of sufficient factual averments is meant to inform the accused of the nature and cause of the charge against him in order to enable him to prepare his defense. It emanates from the presumption of innocence in his favor, pursuant to which he is always presumed to have no independent knowledge of the details of the crime he is being charged with. To have the facts stated in the body of the information determine the crime of which he stands charged and for which he must be tried thoroughly accords with common sense and with the requirements of plain justice, for, as the Court fittingly said in United States v. Lim San:
x x x xFrom a legal point of view, and in a very real sense, it is of no concern to the accused what is the technical name of the crime of which he stands charged. It in no way aids him in a defense on the merits. x x x. That to which his attention should be directed, and in which be, above all things else, should be most interested, are the facts alleged. The real question is not did he commit a crime given in the law some technical and specific name, but did be perform the acts alleged in the body of the information in the manner therein set forth. If be did, it is of no consequence to him, either as a matter of procedure or of substantive right, how the law denominates the crime which those acts constitute,The designation of the crime by name in the caption of the information from the facts alleged in the body of that pleading is a conclusion of law made by the fiscal. In the designation of the crime the accused never has a real interest until the trial has ended. For his full and complete defense he need not know the name of the crime at all. It is of no consequence whatever (or the protection of his substantial rights. The real and important question to him is, "Did you perform the acts alleged in the manner alleged?" not "Did you commit a crime named murder." If he performed the acts alleged, in the manner stated, the law determines what the name of the crime is and fixes the penalty therefor. It is the province of the court to say what the crime is or what it is named. x x x. (emphasis supplied)34 (Italics supplied)
SEC. 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transaction. The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions. (Underscoring supplied)While "sell" is defined under Section 3(ii), "trade" is not defined in the same fashion. It is "trading" that is defined under Section 3(jj) and, as explained above, the defined term "illegal trafficking" is imbedded therein. Since "trade" in Section 5, for purposes of this discussion, is to be understood in its ordinary meaning, and "sell" and "trade" involve analogous or similar acts, then logic dictates that the elements of illegal trade of dangerous drugs or "illegal drug trading" should have the same jurisprudentially sanctioned elements of illegal sale of dangerous drugs.
That x x x accused Leila M. De Lima x x x and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, x x x conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan x x x did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos x x x demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)As to the averments of the Information regarding Petitioner's acts, it only states that Petitioner "commit(ted) illegal drug trading in the following manner: [Petitioner] x x x demand[ed], solicit[ed] and extort[ed] money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison" and Petitioner received from the inmates proceeds of illegal drug trading.
The unfortunate fact of this case is that rather than separately charging Emily for the sale of the one sachet of shabu and charging both Emily and Roger for possession of the 12 sachets of shabu, the public prosecutor lumped the charges together to sale of 12 sachets of shabu. This is wrong. The Information is defective for charging the accusedappellants of selling 12 sachets of shabu when, in fact, they should have been charged of selling one sachet of shabu and possessing 12 sachets of shabu. From the evidence adduced, Emily and Roger never sold the 12 sachets of shabu. They possessed them. Thus, they should have not been convicted for selling the 12 sachets of shabu. However, this was exactly what was done both by the trial court and the CA. Without basis in fact, they convicted the couple for selling the 12 sachets of shabu.If an averment of commingled sachets of shabu in an Information is not sufficient, then, with greater reason, the mere invocation of the term "dangerous drugs," - a defined term in RA 9165, and thus a conclusion of law, without identifying the specific drug - renders the Information fatally defective.
Indeed, it must be pointed out that the prosecution filed a defective Information. An Information is fatally defective when it is clear that it does not charge an offense39 or when an essential element of the crime has not been sufficiently alleged.40 In the instant case, while the prosecution was able to allege the identity of the buyer and the seller, it failed to particularly allege or identify in the Information the subject matter of the sale or the corpus delicti. We must remember that one of the essential elements to convict a person of sale of prohibited drugs is to identify with certainty the corpus delicti. Here, the prosecution took the liberty to lump together two sets of corpora delicti when it should have separated the two in two different informations. To allow the prosecution to do this is to deprive the accused-appellants of their right to be informed, not only of the nature of the offense being charged, but of the essential element of the offense charged; and in this case, the very corpus delicti of the crime.
Furthermore, when ambiguity exists in the complaint or information, the court has no other recourse but to resolve the ambiguity in favor of the accused.41 Here, since there exists ambiguity as to the identity of corpus delicti, an essential element of the offense charged, it follows that such ambiguity must be resolved in favor of the accusedappellants. Thus, from the foregoing discussion, we have no other choice but to acquit the accused-appellants of sale of 12 sachets of shabu.x x x xFinally, we cannot let this case pass us by without emphasizing the need for the public prosecutor to properly evaluate all the pieces of evidence and file the proper information to serve the ends of justice. The public prosecutor must exert all efforts so as not to deny the People a remedy against those who sell prohibited drugs to the detriment of the community and its children. Many drug cases are dismissed because of the prosecutor's sloppy work and failure to file airtight cases. If only the prosecution properly files the Information and prosecutes the same with precision, guilty drug pushers would be punished to the extent allowed under the law, as in this case.43
Possession is a necessary element in a prosecution for illegal sale of prohibited drugs. It is indispensable that the prohibited drug subject of the sale be identified and presented in court. That the corpus delicti of illegal sale could not be established without a showing that the accused possessed, sold and delivered a prohibited drug clearly indicates that possession is an element of the former. The same rule is applicable in cases of delivery of prohibited drugs and giving them away to another.42 x x x
x x x x
It is settled that in prosecutions for illegal sale of dangerous drug, not only must the essential elements of the offense be proved beyond reasonable doubt, but likewise the identity of the prohibited drug. The dangerous drug itself constitutes the corpus delicti of the offense and the fact of its existence is vital to a judgment of conviction.In People v. Climaco, citing Malillin v. People, the Court held:
Necessarily, the prosecution must establish that the substance seized from the accused is the same substance offered in court as exhibit. In this regard, the prosecution must sufficiently prove the unbroken chain of custody of the confiscated illegal drug. In People v. Watamama, the Court held:In all prosecutions for the violation of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, the existence of the prohibited drug has to be proved. The chain of custody rule requires that testimony be presented about every link in the chain, from the moment the item was seized up to the time it is offered in evidence. To this end, the prosecution must ensure that the substance presented in court is the same substance seized from the accused.
While this Court recognizes substantial adherence to the requirements of R.A. No. 9165 and its implementing rules and regulations, not perfect adherence, is what is demanded of police officers attending to drugs cases, still, such officers must present justifiable reason for their imperfect conduct and show that the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items had been preserved x x x
x x x [T]o establish guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt in cases involving dangerous drugs, it is important that the substance illegally possessed in the first place be the same substance offered in court as exhibit. This chain of custody requirement ensures that unnecessary doubts are removed concerning the identity of the evidence. When the identity of the dangerous drug recovered from the accused is not the same dangerous drug presented to the forensic chemist for review and examination, nor the same dangerous drug presented to the court, the identity of the dangerous drug is not preserved due to the broken chain of custody. With this, an element in the criminal cases for illegal sale and illegal possession of dangerous drugs, the corpus delicti, is not proven, and the accused must then be acquitted based on reasonable doubt. For this reason, [the accused] must be acquitted on the ground of reasonable doubt due to the broken chain of custody over the dangerous drug allegedly recovered from him.50Indeed, the State can never fulfill its burden to establish the chain of custody of the concerned dangerous drug, as required under Section 21 of RA 9165, without the dangerous drug being identified with specificity in the Information. Absent such allegation in the Information, it is impossible to validate that the dangerous drug presented in court is the very same one that the Information speaks of and for which the accused stands indicted.
SEC. 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for the Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from the Unlawful Act Committed. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00), in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who misappropriates, misapplies or fails to account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts as provided for in this Act.The Information partly states that:
Any elective local or national official found to have benefited from the proceeds of the trafficking of dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, or have received any financial or material contributions or donations from natural or juridical persons found guilty of trafficking dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, shall be removed from office and perpetually disqualified from holding any elective or appointive positions in the government, its divisions, subdivisions, and intermediaries, including government-owned or -controlled corporations.
x x x De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority [as then Secretary of the Department of Justice and Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, respectively], demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, x x x through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading, amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison. (Underscoring provided)The quoted portion of the Information is not sufficient to charge Petitioner with the unlawful act of misappropriation, misapplication and failure to account for the proceeds obtained from illegal drug trading allegedly committed by high-profile NBP inmates. Petitioner, as then DOJ Secretary, did not have any legal duty or obligation to take custody of or account for proceeds obtained from unlawful acts committed under RA 9165. Without the allegation in the Information that, as DOJ Secretary, Petitioner had such duty or obligation, she could not have committed misappropriation, misapplication and failure to account for the so-called "proceeds of illegal drug trading." Besides, as explained above, "illegal drug trading" is a conclusion of law and not an averment of specific facts. At the very least, the specific acts of Petitioner constituting illegal "trading" of dangerous drugs should be alleged in the Information. Again, there is even no mention in the Information that Petitioner transacted dangerous drugs "using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, e-mail, mobile or landlines, [etc.]."
x x x We again quote the charging part of the Information for easy reference, thus:The dispositive portion of People v. Pangilinan is noteworthy, thus:That on or about 1995 up to about June 2001 at Barangay Apsayan, Municipality of Gerona, Province of Tar1ac, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused with lewd design, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and criminally commit acts of lasciviousness upon the person of AAA, a minor subjected to sexual abuse.Under Section 8, Rule 110 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure, it provides:
That accused is the stepfather of AAA who was born on January 29, 1988.
Contrary to law.Sec. 8. Designation of the offense. - The complaint or information shall state the designation of the offense given by the statute, aver the acts or omissions constituting the offense, and specify its qualifying and aggravating circumstances. If there is no designation of the offense, reference shall be made to the section or subsection of the statute punishing it.A reading of the allegations in the above-quoted Information would show the insufficiency of the averments of the acts alleged to have been committed by appellant. It does not contain the essential facts constituting the offense, but a statement of a conclusion of law. Thus, appellant cannot be convicted of sexual abuse under such Information.
In People v. Dela Cruz, wherein the Information in Criminal Case No. 15368-R read:That on or about the 2nd day of August, 1997, in the City of Baguio, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of the Honorable Court, the above-named accused, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously commit sexual abuse on his daughter either by raping her or committing acts of lasciviousness on her, which has debased, degraded and demeaned the intrinsic worth and dignity of his daughter, x x x as a human being.We dismissed the case after finding the Information to be void and made the following ratiocinations:
CONTRARY TO LAW.The Court also finds that accused-appellant cannot be convicted of rape or acts of lasciviousness under the information in Criminal Case No. 15368-R, which charges accused-appellant of a violation of R.A. No. 7610 (The Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act), "either by raping her or committing acts of lasciviousness."The right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against an accused cannot be waived for reasons of public policy. Hence, it is imperative that the complaint or information filed against the accused be complete to meet its objectives. As such, an indictment must fully state the elements of the specific offense alleged to have been committed.54 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
It is readily apparent that the facts charged in said information do not constitute an offense. The information does not cite which among the numerous sections or subsections ofR.A. No. 7610 has been violated by accused appellant. Moreover, it does not state the acts and omissions constituting the offense, or any special or aggravating circumstances attending the same, as required under the rules of criminal procedure. Section 8, Rule 110 thereof provides:
x x x x
The allegation in the information that accused-appellant "willfully, unlawfully and feloniously commit sexual abuse on his daughter x x x either by raping her or committing acts of lasciviousness on her" is not a sufficient averment of the acts constituting the offense as required under Section 8, for these are conclusions of law, not facts. The information in Criminal Case No. 15368-R is therefore void for being violative of the accusedappellant's constitutionally-guaranteed right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.
WHEREFORE, x x xThus, an Information which fails the sufficiency requirement of Section 8, Rule 110 of the Rules of Court is null and void for being violative of the accused's right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.
The Information in Criminal Case No. 11769 is declared null and void for being violative of the appellant's constitutionally-guaranteed right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. The case for Child Sexual Abuse under Section 5 (b) of RA No. 7160 against appellant is therefore DISMISSED.55
SEC. 9. The acts or omissions complained of as constituting the offense and the qualifying and aggravating circumstances must be stated in ordinary and concise language and not necessarily in the language used in the statute but in terms sufficient to enable a person of common understanding to know what offense is being charged as well as its qualifying and aggravating circumstances and for the court to pronounce judgment.The Information in this case, following People v. Pangilinan and People v. Dela Cruz, is, without doubt, fatallv defective as an indictment against Petitioner for an unlawful act under RA 9165. The allegation in the Information that Petitioner "did then and there commit illegal drug trading" is not a sufficient averment of the essential facts constituting the offense or unlawful act as required under Section 8, Rule 110 of the Rules of Court for this is a conclusion of law, and not an averment of facts. The same holds true with respect to the allegation in the Information that "the inmates x x x through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs" because this too is a conclusion of law.
SEC. 4. Amendment of complaint or information. - If the motion to quash is based on an alleged defect of the complaint or information which can be cured by amendment, the court shall order that an amendment be made.However, these provisions simply do not, as they cannot, apply to a situation where, as here, there are no factual allegations in the Information constituting an offense or unlawful act that Petitioner purportedly committed under RA 9165, which accordingly renders the Information null and void. In plain terms, the foregoing remedies need not be availed of by the accused - they do not apply when the defect of the Information cannot be cured by an amendment because a null and void Information cannot be cured by an amendment.
If it is based on the ground that the facts charged do not constitute an offense, the prosecution shall be given by the court an opportunity to correct the defect by amendment. The motion shall be granted if the prosecution fails to make the amendment, or the complaint or information still suffers from the same defect despite the amendment.
x x x (1) that the accused is a public officer; (2) that he received directly or through another some gift or present, offer or promise; (3) that such gift, present or promise has been given in consideration of his commission of some crime, or any act not constituting a crime, or to refrain from doing something which it is his official duty to do; and (4) that the crime or act relates to the exercise of his functions as a public officer.Accordingly, Petitioner's Memorandum asserts:
72. The allegations in the Information and the import of the plain terms used therein refer to the crime of bribery.However, while the first, second, and fourth elements of direct bribery are indeed alleged in the Information, the third is not. Nowhere within the four corners of the Information is it alleged that the money or "proceeds" purportedly delivered to Petitioner by the NBP high-profile inmates was premised upon any agreement to afford special consideration and/or treatment in their favor.
73. First, [Petitioner] is a public officer as defined in Article 203 x x x
74. Second, the Information alleges that [Petitioner] demanded, solicited and/or extorted and eventually received through intermediaries, money from the NBP Inmates x x x
75. Third, it is also alleged that the money is given in exchange for special consideration, such as convenient and comfortable spaces in the NBP or just not being transferred to a less hospitable detention area.
76. Lastly, the Information also alleged facts that relate the special consideration/protection to be a function of the accused as Secretary of Justice. x x x57 (Emphasis supplied)
It is well to note and distinguish direct bribery from indirect bribery. In both crimes, the public officer receives gift. While in direct bribery, there is an agreement between the public officer and the giver of the gift or present, in indirect bribery, usually no such agreement exists. In direct bribery, the offender agrees to perform or performs an act or refrains from doing something, because of the gift or promise; in indirect bribery, it is not necessary that the officer should do any particular act or even promise to do an act, as it is enough that he accepts gifts offered to him by reason of his office.61 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)Indirect bribery is an offense cognizable by the Sandiganbayan and not the Regional Trial Court.
SEC. 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:Under the Compensation and Position Classification Act,63 the position of department secretary is classified as Salary Grade 31. Hence, the offense - indirect bribery - that Petitioner may be charged with in the Information, having been allegedly committed at the time when Petitioner occupied the office ofDOJ Secretary, undoubtedly falls within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. Thus, the respondent Judge had no jurisdiction to take cognizance of the case and issue the warrant of arrest against Petitioner.
a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:
(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade "27" and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 x x x[.] (Emphasis supplied)
Where a petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court alleges grave abuse of discretion, the petitioner should establish that the respondent court or tribunal acted in a capricious, whimsical, arbitrary or despotic manner in the exercise of its jurisdiction as to be equivalent to lack of jurisdiction. This is so because "grave abuse of discretion" is well-defined and not an amorphous concept that may easily be manipulated to suit one's purpose. In this connection, Yu v. Judge Reyes-Carpio, is instructive:The respondent Judge's grave abuse of discretion is evident from the following:The term "grave abuse of discretion" has a specific meaning. An act of a court or tribunal can only be considered as with grave abuse of discretion when such act is done in a ''capricious or whimsical exercise of judgment as is equivalent to lack of jurisdiction." The abuse of discretion must be so patent and gross as to amount to an "evasion of a positive duty or to a virtual refusal to perform a duty enjoined by law, or to act at all in contemplation of law, as where the power is exercised in an arbitrary and despotic manner by reason of passion and hostility." Furthermore, the use of a petition for certiorari is restricted only to "truly extraordinary cases wherein the act of the lower court or quasi-judicial body is wholly void." From the foregoing definition, it is clear that the special civil action of certiorari under Rule 65 can only strike an act down for having been done with grave abuse of discretion if the petitioner could manifestly show that such act was patent and gross. x x x.65 (Emphasis supplied; citations omitted)
(1) | She issued the warrant of arrest against Petitioner despite the patent defects evident on the face of the Information; |
(2) | She made a determination of probable cause for violation of RA 9165 against Petitioner despite the absence of sufficient factual averments in the Information of the specific acts constituting such violation; |
(3) | She disregarded established and hornbook jurisprudence requiring the presence of corpus delicti in dangerous drugs cases, thus characterizing her act of issuing a warrant of arrest as gross ignorance of the law; |
(4) | She totally ignored or purposely closed her eyes to a plethora of cases which held that Informations that aver conclusions of law, and not specific facts, as to the offense allegedly committed, are null and void for being violative of the accused's right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him; |
(5) | She assumed jurisdiction over the case despite the fact that the Information had not validly charged Petitioner with any offense under RA 9165, it being patent that the only crime the Information could sustain is one exclusively cognizable by the Sandiganbayan; |
(6) | She disregarded and violated Petitioner's rights not to be deprived of liberty without due process of law and to be presumed innocent when she purposely did not rule on Petitioner's Motion to Quash before she issued a warrant for her arrest, showing extreme and utter malice and bias against Petitioner; |
(7) | If there was a doubt as to whether the Motion to Quash was to be resolved simultaneously with the determination of probable cause, she should have resolved the doubt in Petitioner's favor which is the general and accepted rule; and since she did not do so, this again showed her bias against Petitioner; |
(8) | She acted without jurisdiction when she took cognizance of the case despite the fatal defect on the face of the Information that it could not have validly charged any violation of RA 9165 against Petitioner and that what is apparent therein is only a possible charge of indirect bribery, which is exclusively cognizable by the Sandiganbayan; and |
(9) | In finding probable cause against Petitioner for violation of RA 9165 and issuing the warrant of arrest against her despite the nullity of the Information, she disregarded and curtailed Petitioner's right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against her and to be presumed innocent, again showing bias against Petitioner. |
In this case, it is undisputed that the Verification/Certification against Forum Shopping attached to the petition for certiorari in C.A.-G.R. S.P. No. 109427 was not accompanied with a valid affidavit/properly certified under oath. This was because the jurat thereof was defective in that it did not indicate the pertinent details regarding the affiants' (i.e., private respondents) competent evidence of identities.Petitioner, being the sole party in interest in the present case, undoubtedly qualifies as one with ample knowledge to affirm the veracity of the allegations in the Petition, and with sufficient capacity to certify that its filing does not constitute forum shopping. This serves, as it should, as sufficient basis to hold that the verification and certification requirements have been substantially complied with.
x x x x
x x x To note, it cannot be presumed that an affiant is personally known to the notary public; the jurat must contain a statement to that effect. Tellingly, the notarial certificate of the Verification/Certification of Non-Forum Shopping attached to private respondents' petition before the CA did not state whether they presented competent evidence of their identities, or that they were personally known to the notary public, and, thus, runs afoul of the requirements of verification and certification against forum shopping under Section 1, Rule 65, in relation to Section 3, Rule 46, of the Rules of Court.
In Fernandez v. Villegas (Fernandez), the Court pronounced that noncompliance with the verification requirement or a defect therein "does not necessarily render the pleading fatally defective. The court may order its submission or correction or act on the pleading if the attending circumstances are such that strict compliance with the Rule may be dispensed with in order that the ends of justice may be served thereby." "Verification is deemed substantially complied with when one who has ample knowledge to swear to the truth of the allegations in the complaint or petition signs the verification, and when matters alleged in the petition have been made in good faith or are true and correct." Here, there was no substantial compliance with the verification requirement as it cannot be ascertained that any of the private respondents actually swore to the truth of the allegations in the petition for certiorari in C.A.-G.R. S.P. No. 109427 given the lack of competent evidence of any of their identities. Because of this, the fact that even one of the private respondents swore that the allegations in the pleading are true and correct of his knowledge and belief is shrouded in doubt.
For the same reason, neither was there substantial compliance with the certification against forum shopping requirement. In Fernandez, the Court explained that "non-compliance therewith or a defect therein, unlike in verification, is generally not curable by its subsequent submission or correction thereof, unless there is a need to relax the Rule on the ground of 'substantial compliance' or presence of 'special circumstances or compelling reasons.'" Here, the CA did not mention - nor does there exist any perceivable special circumstance or compelling reason which justifies the rules' relaxation. At all events, it is uncertain if any of the private respondents certified under oath that no similar action has been filed or is pending in another forum. x x x72 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
On the matter of verification, the purpose of the verification requirement is to assure that the allegations in a petition were made in good faith or are true and correct, not merely speculative. The verification requirement is deemed substantially complied with when one who has ample knowledge to swear to the truth of the allegations in the petition signed the verification attached to it, and when matters alleged in the petition have been made in good faith or are true and correct. In this case, we find that the position, knowledge, and experience of Ferrer as Manager and Head of the Acquired Assets Unit of Asiatrust, and his good faith, are sufficient compliance with the verification and certification requirements. This is in line with our ruling in Iglesia ni Cristo v. Ponferrada, where we said that it is deemed substantial compliance when one with sufficient knowledge swears to the truth of the allegations in the complaint x x x74 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)Further, in Marcos-Araneta v. Court of Appeals,75 the Court held that verification is not a jurisdictional requirement but a formal one which may be subsequently corrected or cured upon order of the courts. The Court further held that contrary to the actuations of petitioners therein, the CA did not err when it permitted respondent's counsel to cure the defects in the verification and certification appended to the joint petition for certiorari which respondent filed before the CA via Rule 65.
JUSTICE CARPIO:The novelty of the issues raised in the Petition was further emphasized during the interpellation of Justice Leonen:
Counsel, what is the latest law on the charter of the Sandiganbayan?
ATTY. HILBAY:
The latest law, Your Honor, is (RA] 10-6-60 (sic) which was passed in, I think, June or July of 2014.
x x x x
JUSTICE CARPIO:
Okay. What does it say on jurisdiction?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Okay. If I may read, Your Honor, Section 2 (sic), Section 4 of the same decree: As amended is hereby further amended to read as follows:
Section 4. Jurisdiction. The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving (a)...
JUSTICE CARPIO:
x x x x
When it says "exclusive" that means no other court can acquire?
ATTY. HILBAY:
You are correct, Your Honor.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
When it says "in all cases", it means there is no exception?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Correct, Your Honor.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
So, it reiterates the word, the meaning of "exclusive" with the phrase "in all cases". So, "in all cases" means no exception at all?
ATTY. HILBAY:
It exhausts all possibilities, Your Honor.
x x x x
JUSTICE CARPIO:
Okay, and one case is if the respondent, public respondent has a salary grade of 27 or higher?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Yes.
x x x x
JUSTICE CARPIO:
So, if one of the respondents is a public official with salary grade of 27...
x x x x
JUSTICE CARPIO:
And above, then the case falls under the Sandiganbayan if there is a violation of laws, correct?
x x x x
JUSTICE CARPIO:
Yes. Any criminal law, any crime?
x x x x
ATTY. HILBAY:
In letter B, Your Honor, which is the catch all provision: "Other offenses and felonies whether simple or complex with other crimes committed by public officials and employees mentioned in sub-section A those with salary grade 27 and above, in general, of this section in relation to their office."
x x x x
JUSTICE CARPIO:
If he commits a crime not falling under those crimes mentioned expressly but he commits it in relation to his office and he is salary grade 27 or above...
x x x x
JUSTICE CARPIO:
...it will fall under the Sandiganbayan?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Exclusive original jurisdiction.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
And that is your claim now, that the petitioner here has a salary grade of 27...
x x x x
JUSTICE CARPIO:
...at the time of the commission her salary grade was 27 and above?
ATTY. HILBAY:
31.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
31. And the Information charges her with the crime in relation to her office that she took advantage of her position or authority?
ATTY. HILBAY:
That's very clear in the Information, Your Honor.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
Yes, okay. So that's your basis for filing this petition basically on that jurisdictional ground?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Yes, Your Honor.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
Okay. So, that's the latest expression of the law. But there are two previous cases, People [v.] Benipayo, where this Court said that despite the charter of the Sandiganbayan even if the respondent is a public official with the salary grade above 27, still it will fall under RTC because the crime is libel?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Yes, Your Honor.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
How do you answer that?
ATTY. HILBAY:
No. 1, Your Honor, in the Benipayo case, the statute clearly says it is the RTC that has exclusive jurisdiction over all libel cases. No. 2, also, Your Honor, you don't have to be a (sic) COMELEC Chair Benipayo to commit libel, he could be Professor Benipayo or any other, you know, he could have done that, committed libel in any other capacity. In this case, Your Honor, it's very different. There is no other law that provides exclusive jurisdiction to the RTC. And in fact, in this case the case of petitioner (sic) falls squarely within Section 4 of P.D. 1606 whether it is, in fact, Direct Bribery under Section A or Drug Trading which would fall under Section B because both of them were done in relation to her public office.
x x x x
JUSTICE CARPIO:
In Benipayo, did the prosecution allege that Benipayo committed libel in relation to his office?
ATTY. HILBAY:
No, Your Honor, I don't think so.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
Here, the prosecution alleged that. So it's the prosecution who's claiming that the offense committed by the petitioner is in relation to her office?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Your Honor, as I stated in my opening statement, the prosecution itself has clearly embedded those cooperative phrases.79 (Emphasis supplied)
JUSTICE LEONEN:In addition, it should not be overlooked that the Petition averred that undue haste attended the issuance of the warrant of arrest against Petitioner.81 Moreover, it bears emphasizing that the Petitioner asserted that the Information against her failed to inform her of the specific nature and cause of the accusation against her, for while she was charged with consummated drug trading under Section 5 of RA 9165, the Information is bereft of any allegation as to the sale and delivery of any specific drug, or the character and quantity thereof.82
In the structure of the Sandiganbayan, there are three justices that hear the case and for a Regional Trial Court, there is one judge. And many of you have practiced, I have practiced in our trial courts, mas madaling kausapin ang isa kaysa tatlo, correct?
ATTY. HILBAY:
I would suppose, Your Honor.
x x x x
JUSTICE LEONEN:
x x x But the point there is, there is a certain reason why the Sandiganbayan is composed of three justices at the level of the Court of Appeals, at the appellate level and they all hear one case. This is a case involving whatever the Sandiganbayan law says. Why? Why is the structure of the Sandiganbayan different?
x x x x
JUSTICE LEONEN:
Is it possible, in order that high public officials especially the very high public officials cannot avail of the mechanisms of government or the network that they left behind in government in order to be able to influence a case... (interrupted)
x x x x
JUSTICE LEONEN:
...because three justices at the appellate level, very close to being promoted to the Supreme Court, will be, I think, a better buffer than simply one lonely in (sic), let us say, in Muntinlupa whose promotion and whose future may be affected by cases that she or he decides by himself or herself, correct?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Correct, Your Honor.
x x x x
JUSTICE LEONEN:
Yes. Now here we have this particular case so I will not go into the text, I will just go into the purpose; and I will not even go to the general or specific rule because that has already been covered. Here we have a case and De Lima, Leila De Lima was what?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Secretary of Justice...
JUSTICE LEONEN:
And Secretary of Justice means a cabinet official and cabinet official that may have had hand in appointments in many of the judicial offices, right?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Possibly...
JUSTICE LEONEN:
Or for that matter, may have left a network in the Department of Justice, I do not know, or may have a hand in the legal sector of the...our economy and, therefore, there is need that certain kinds of cases of this nature, not because she is Leila De Lima but because she was a Cabinet Secretary. Even [if] it was an offense punishable by the Revised Penal Code, there is reason that it be given to the Sandiganbayan, correct?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Correct, Your Honor.
x x x x
JUSTICE LEONEN:
Okay, would you tell us if there is any precedent on Trading, not Illegal Sale, on Trading?
ATTY. HILBAY:
We're not aware, Your Honor, but we'll do the research.
JUSTICE LEONEN:
None, okay. There is no case. This is the first case, if ever there is such an offense, correct?
ATTY. HILBAY:
Correct, Your Honor.80 (Emphasis supplied)
Under the Constitution, a person who stands charged of a criminal offense has the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. This right has long been established in English law, and is the same right expressly guaranteed in our 1987 Constitution. This right requires that the offense charged be stated with clarity and with certainty to inform the accused of the crime he is facing in sufficient detail to enable him to prepare his defense.As tersely observed in Arroyo v. Department of Justice,85 direct relief has been granted by the Court to rectify a manifest injustice suffered by parties whose right to criminal due process had been violated:
In the 1904 case of United States v. Karelsen, the Court explained the purpose of informing an accused in writing of the charges against him from the perspective of his right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him:The object of this written accusation was First. To furnish the accused with such a description of the charge against him as Will enable him to make his defense; and second, to avail himself of his conviction or acquittal for protection against a further prosecution for the same cause; and third, to inform the court of the facts alleged, so that it may decide whether they are sufficient in law to support a conviction, if one should be had. x x x In order that this requirement may be satisfied, facts must be stated, not conclusions of law. Every crime is made up of certain acts and intent; these must be set forth in the complaint with reasonable particularity of time, place, names (plaintiff and defendant), and circumstances. In short, the complaint must contain a specific allegation of every fact and circumstances necessary to constitute the crime charged. x x xThe objective, in short, is to describe the act with sufficient certainty to fully appraise the accused of the nature of the charge against him and to avoid possible surprises that may lead to injustice. Otherwise, the accused would be left speculating on why he has been charged at all.
In People v. Hon. Mencias, et al., the Court further explained that a person's constitutional right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him signifies that an accused should be given the necessary data on why he is the subject of a criminal proceeding. The Court added that the act or conduct imputed to a person must be described with sufficient particularity to enable the accused to defend himself properly.
The general grant and recognition of a protected right emanates from Section I, Article III of the 1987 Constitution which states that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The purpose of the guaranty is to prevent governmental encroachment against the life, liberty, and property of individuals; to secure the individual from the arbitrary exercise of the powers of the government, unrestrained by the established principles of private rights and distributive justice x x x; and to secure to all persons equal and impartial justice and the benefit of the general law.
Separately from Section 1, Article III is the specific and direct underlying root of the right to information in criminal proceedings - Section 14(1), Article III - which provides that "No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law." Thus, no doubt exists that the right to be informed of the cause of the accusation in a criminal case has deep constitutional roots that, rather than being cavalierly disregarded, should be carefully protected.84 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied; citations omitted)
This is not the first time that the Court is confronted with the issue of jurisdiction to conduct preliminary investigation and at the same time with the propriety of the conduct of preliminary investigation. In Cojuangco, Jr. v. Presidential Commission on Good Government [PCGG], the Court resolved two issues, namely: (1) whether or not the PCGG has the power to conduct a preliminary investigation of the anti-graft and corruption cases filed by the Solicitor General against Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. and other respondents for the alleged misuse of coconut levy funds; and (2) on the assumption that it has jurisdiction to conduct such a preliminary investigation, whether or not its conduct constitutes a violation of petitioner's right to due process and equal protection of the law. The Court decided these issues notwithstanding the fact that Informations had already been filed with the trial court.In Allado v. Diokno, in a petition for certiorari assailing the propriety of the issuance of a warrant of arrest, the Court could not ignore the undue haste in the filing of the information and the inordinate interest of the government in filing the same. Thus, this Court took time to determine whether or not there was, indeed, probable cause to warrant the filing of information. This, notwithstanding the fact that information had been filed and a warrant of arrest had been issued. Petitioners therein came directly to this Court and sought relief to rectify the injustice that they suffered.86 (Emphasis supplied)
x x x [T]he Supreme Court's role to interpret the Constitution and act in order to protect constitutional rights when these become exigent should not be emasculated by the doctrine in respect of the hierarchy of courts. That has never been the purpose of such doctrine.The Petition, having presented, at the very least, a question of first impression and a genuine constitutional issue, is exempted from the rule on hierarchy of courts. Hence, it is indeed lamentable that the majority of the Court has shirked its duty to resolve the Petition to determine whether Petitioner's rights to due process, to be presumed innocent and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against her had in fact been violated in the face of apparent defects plaguing the Information. To uphold the technical rules of procedure without due deference to these fundamental constitutional rights would be to defeat the very purpose for which such rules, including the hierarchy of courts, were crafted.
Thus, the doctrine of hierarchy of courts is not an iron-clad rule. This court has "full discretionary power to take cognizance and assume jurisdiction [over] special civil actions for certiorari ... filed directly with it for exceptionally compelling reasons or if warranted by the nature of the issues clearly and specifically raised in the petition." As correctly pointed out by petitioners, we have provided exceptions to this doctrine:x x x x
Third, cases of first impression warrant a direct resort to this court. In cases of first impression, no .iurisprudence yet exists that will guide the lower courts on this matter x x x92 (Emphasis supplied)
Petitioner argues that a motion for reconsideration cannot be filed with the respondent labor arbiter as the latter merely failed to resolve the motion for execution and sent the records of the case to respondent NLRC. Petitioner further contends that he cannot seek a reconsideration from respondent NLRC as it has no jurisdiction over the appeal private respondent having failed to perfect its appeal. Petitioner asserts that it is the ministerial duty of the respondent NLRC to remand the records and for the respondent labor arbiter to execute his decision.To be sure, what impelled the Court to rule as it did in Diaz was the failure of petitioner therein to give the NLRC the opportunity to determine the jurisdictional issue subject of the mandamus petition. Diaz thus instructs that in assailing matters of jurisdiction, the speedy, adequate, and appropriate remedy lies, in the first instance, with the court or body whose jurisdiction is being assailed. Consequently, should this remedy fail, resort to the next available remedy provided UI1der the Rules should be permitted.
The proper step that the petitioner should have taken was to file a motion to dismiss appeal and to remand the records with the respondent NLRC alleging therein that the decision had become final and executory. It is not true that respondent NLRC has no jurisdiction to act on this case at all. It has the authority to dismiss the appeal if it is shown that the appeal has not been duly perfected. It is only when the respondent NLRC denies such motion and the denial appears to be unlawful that this petition for mandamus should be filed in this Court.
x x x x
In this case it has not been shown that either the respondent labor arbiter or respondent NLRC has unlawfully neglected the performance of an act which the law specifically enjoins them as a duty to perform or has otherwise unlawfully excluded petitioner from a right he is entitled to. In the case of the respondent labor arbiter, he has not denied the motion for execution filed by the petitioner. He merely did not act on the same. Neither had petitioner urged the immediate resolution of his motion for execution by said arbiter. In the case of the respondent NLRC, it was not even given the opportunity to pass upon the question raised by petitioner as to whether or not it has jurisdiction over the appeal, so the records of the case can be remanded to the respondent labor arbiter for execution of the decision.
Obviously, petitioner had a plain, speedy and adequate remedy to seek relief from public respondents but he failed to avail himself of the same before coming to this Court. To say the least, the petition is premature and must be struck down.96 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
Forum shopping is an act of a party, against whom an adverse judgment or order has been rendered in one forum, of seeking and possibly getting a favorable opinion in another forum, other than by appeal or special civil action for certiorari. It may also involve the institution of two or more actions or proceedings grounded on the same cause on the supposition that one or the other court would make a favorable disposition. There is no forum shopping where the suits involve different causes of action or different reliefs.98 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)On such basis, no forum shopping was committed in this case for two pnmary reasons.
We've unmasked madmen, Watson, wielding scepters. Reason run riot. Justice howling at the moon. | ||
-Sherlock Holmes103 |
Endnotes:
1People v. Pangilinan, 676 Phil. 16 (2011) [Per J. Peralta, with JJ. Velasco, Jr., Abad, Perez and Mendoza concurring, Third Division] and People v. Dela Cruz, 432 Phil. 988 (2002) [Per J. Kapunan, with JJ. Bellosillo, Vitug, Mendoza, Panganiban, Sandoval-Gutierrez, Carpio, Austria-Martinez and Corona concurring, En Banc].
2 See Rombe Eximtrade (Phils.), Inc. v. Asiatrust Development Bank, 568 Phil. 810 (2008) [Per J. Velasco, Jr., with JJ. Quisumbing, Carpio, Carpio-Morales and Tinga concurring, Second Division] and Marcos-Araneta v. Court of Appeals, 585 Phil. 38 (2008) [Per J. Velasco, Jr., with JJ. Quisumbing, Carpio-Morales, Tinga and Brion concurring, Second Division].
3 G.R. Nos. 212014-15, 212427-28, 212694-95, 212794-95, 213477-78, 213532-33, 213536-37 & 218744-59, December 6, 2016.
4 Id. at 16-17.
5 G.R. Nos. 220598 & 220953, July 19, 2016, 797 SCRA 241 [Per J. Bersamin, with JJ. Velasco, Jr., Leonardo-De Castro, Brion, Peralta, Del Castillo, Perez, Mendoza, Reyes and Jardeleza concurring. En Banc.]
6 RULES OF COURT, Rule 119, Sec. 23.
7Rubi v. Provincial Board of Mindoro, 39 Phil. 660, 705 (1919) [Per J. Malcolm, En Banc].
8 RULES OF COURT, Rule 115, Sec. 1(a).
9 Id., Sec. 1(b).
10 Hereinafter referred to as RA 9165.
11 Emphasis supplied.
12 Emphasis, capitalization and underscoring supplied.
13 Memorandum for Respondents, p. 58.
14 See Macapagal-Arroyo v. People, supra note 5, at 311.
15People v. Peralta, 134 Phil. 703, 718 (1968) [Per Curiam, En Banc].
16Macapagal-Arroyo v. People, supra note 5.
17 Id. at 270-271, 317 and 322.
18 DOJ Joint Resolution dated February 14, 2017 in NPS No. XVI-INV-16J-00313, NPS No. XVI-INV16J-00315, NPS No. XVI-INV-16K-00331, NPS No. XVI-INV-16K-00336 and NPS No. XVI-INV-16L-00384.
19 Id. at 44.
20 382 Phil. 166 (2000) [Per J. Kapunan, First Division].
21 Memorandum for Respondents, par. 129, pp. 55-56.
22 Otherwise known as the "The Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972."
23People v. Fabro, supra note 20, at 170, 175 and 178-179.
24 Memorandum for Respondents, p. 56.
25 Available online at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/trade. Last accessed: July 23, 2017.
26 RA 9165, Sec. 3(i).
27 Id., Sec. 3(k).
28 Id., Sec. 3(a).
29 Id., Sec. 3(m).
30 Id., Sec. 3(u).
31 Id., Sec. 3(ii).
32 Id., Sec. 4.
33 679 Phil. 279 (2012) [Per J. Bersamin, First Division].
34 Id. at 293-295.
35People v. Blanco, 716 Phil. 408, 414 (2013); cases cited omitted [Per J. Perez, Second Division].
36People v. Climaco, 687 Phil. 593, 603 (2012) [Per J. Carpio, Second Division].
37 RA 9165, Sec. 30).
38 684 Phil. 20 (2012) [Per J. Reyes, Second Division].
39Dela Chica v. Sandiganbayan, 462 Phil. 712, 723 (2003) [Per J. Azcuna, First Division].
40People v. Galido, 470 Phil. 348 (2004) [Per J. Panganiban, First Division].
41People v. Ng Pek, 81 Phil. 562, 565 (1948) [Per J. Ozaeta, En Banc].
42People v. Lacerna, 344 Phil. 100, 120 (1997) [Per J. Panganiban, Third Division].
43 Supra note 38, at 40-47.
44Gov. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 619 Phil. 306, 316-317 (2009) [Per J. Brion, Second Division].
45 Supra note 38, at 46.
46People v. Suan, 621 Phil. 174, 179 (2010) [Per J. Del Castillo, Second Division], citing Carino v. People, 600 Phil. 433, 444 (2009) [Per J. Tinga, Second Division]; People v. Simbahon, 449 Phil. 74, 81 and 83 (2003) [Per J. Ynares-Santiago, First Division].
47 RA 9165, Sec. 3(ii) and (jj).
48 751 Phil. 751 (2015) [Per J. Carpio, Second Division].
49 692 Phil. 102, 106-107 (2012) [Per J. Villarama, Jr., First Division].
50People v. Enumerable, supra note 48, at 755-757.
51 Double redundancy intended for emphasis.
52 Supra note 1.
53 Supra note 1, at 992 and 1014-1016.
54People v. Pangilinan, supra note 1 at 26-28.
55 Id. at 38.
56 Article 210 of the Revised Penal Code provides:ART. 210. Direct bribery. - Any public officer who shall agree to perform an act constituting a crime, in connection with the performance of his official duties, in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present received by such officer, personally or through the mediation of another, shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor in its medium and maximum periods and a fine of not less than three times the value of the gift, in addition to the penalty corresponding to the crime agreed upon, if the same shall have been committed.57 Petitioner's Memorandum, pp. 29-30.
If the gift was accepted by the officer in consideration of the execution of an act which does not constitute a crime, and the officer executed said act, he shall suffer the same penalty provided in the preceding paragraph; and if said act shall not have been accomplished, the officer shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its medium period and a fine of not less than twice the value of such gift.
If the object for which the gift was received or promised was to make the public officer refrain from doing something which it was his official duty to do, he shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its minimum period and a fine of not less than three times the value of such gift.
In addition to the penalties provided in the preceding paragraphs, the culprit shall suffer the penalty of special temporary disqualification.
The provisions contained in the preceding paragraphs shall be made applicable to assessors, arbitrators, appraisal and claim commissioners, experts or any other persons performing public duties.
58 Article 211 of the Revised Penal Code provides:ART. 211. Indirect bribery. - The penalties of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, suspension and public censure shall be imposed upon any public officer who shall accept gifts offered to him by reason of his office.59Garcia v. Sandiganbayan, 537 Phil. 419, 441-442 (2006). [Per J. Chico-Nazario, First Division]
60 217 Phil. 698 (1984) [Per J. Guerrero, Second Division].
61 Id. at 708.
62 As amended by RA 10660.
63 RA 6758 (1989), Sec. 8.
64 713 Phil. 500 (2013) [Per J. Leonardo-De Castro, First Division].
65 Id. at 515-516.
66 G.R. No. 191699, April 19, 2016, 790 SCRA 309 [Per J. Perlas-Bernabe, First Division].
67 633 Phil. 325 (2010) [Per J. Carpio-Morales, En Banc].
68 Affidavit dated March 20, 2017.
69 Id.
70 Id.
71 Id.
72 Supra note 66, at 321-325.
73 Supra note 2.
74 Id. at 816-817.
75 Supra note 2, at 52.
76 708 Phil. 271, 303-306 (2013) [Per J. Perez, Second Division].
77 See Bacolor v. VL Makabali Memorial Hospital, Inc., G.R. No. 204325, April 18, 2016, 790 SCRA 20 [Per J. Del Castillo, Second Division].
78 AN ACT STRENGTHENING FURTHER THE FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE SANDIGANBAYAN, FURTHER AMENDING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1606, AS AMENDED, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR.
79 TSN, March 14, 2017, pp. 51-57.
80 Id. at 131-134.
81 Petition, p. 22.
82 Id. at 42.
83 766 Phil. 75 (2015) [Per J. Brion, En Banc].
84 Id. at 98-100.
85 695 Phil. 302 (2012) [Per J. Peralta, En Banc].
86 Id. at 333-334.
87 Petition, pp. 18-19.
88 TSN, March 28,2017, p. 16.
89Maza v. Turla, G.R. No. 187094, February 15, 2017, p. 11 [Per J. Leonen, Second Division] citing The Diocese of Bacolod v. Commission on Elections, 751 Phil. 301, 330 (2015) [Per J. Leonen, En Banc].
90 Id. at 330-331.
91 Supra note 89.
92 Id. at 330-333.
93 707 Phil. 96 (2013) [Per J. Leonardo-De Castro, First Division].
94 527 Phil. 443 (2006) [Per J. Corona, Second Division].
95 268 Phil. 433 (1990) [Per J. Gancayco, First Division].
96 Id. at 436-438.
97 G.R. Nos. 189158 and 189530, January 11, 2017 [Per J. Leonardo-De Castro, First Division].
98 Id. at 13-14.
99 Petition, p. 20.
100 CONSTITUTION, Art. VIII, Sec. 5(5).
101 RULES OF COURT, Rule 1, Sec. 6.
102Alcantara v. Philippine Commercial and International Bank, 648 Phil. 267, 279 (2010) [Per J. Leonardo-De Castro, First Division].
103 Murder by Decree - The Movie (1979), http://www.quotes.net/movies/7825, last accessed October 11, 2017.
MARTIRES, J.:
That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice, and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high-profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison to support the senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there wilfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.2As a result of the filing of the information, De Lima, on 20 February 2017, filed a Motion to Quash raising, among other issues, the RTC's lack of jurisdiction over the offense charged against her and the DOJ's lack of authority to file the information.
and pleading for the following reliefs:
- Whether respondent judge committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction in issuing the questioned Order and Warrant of Arrest both dated 23 February 2017, despite the pendency of petitioner's Motion to Quash that seriously questions the very jurisdiction of the court.
- Whether respondent judge committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction when she issued the assailed Order and Warrant of Arrest in clear violation of constitutional and procedural rules on issuing an arrest warrant.
- Whether respondent judge committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction when, without basis in fact and in law, respondent judge found probable cause against petitioner and thereby issued an arrest warrant against her.4
If only on the ground of forum shopping, the petition should have been dismissed outright.
- Granting a writ of certiorari annulling and setting aside the Order dated 23 February 2017, the Warrant of arrest dated the same, and the Order dated 24 February 2017 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 204, Muntinlupa City, in Criminal Case No. 17-165 entitled People of the Philippines versus Leila M. de Lima, et al.;
- Granting a writ of prohibition enjoining and prohibiting the respondent judge from conducting further proceedings until and unless the Motion to Quash is resolved with finality;
- Issuing an Order granting the application for the issuance of a temporary restraining order (TRO) and a writ of preliminary injunction to the proceedings; and
- Issuing a Status Quo Ante Order restoring the parties to the status prior to the issuance of the Order and Warrant of Arrest, both dated 23 February 2017, thereby recalling both processes and restoring petitioner to her liberty and freedom.5
There is forum shopping "when a party repetitively avails several judicial remedies in different courts, simultaneously or successively, all substantially founded on the same transactions and the same essential facts and circumstances, and all raising substantially the same issues either pending in or already resolved adversely by some other court." Forum shopping is an act of malpractice that is prohibited and condemned because it trifles with the courts and abuses their processes. It degrades the administration of justice and adds to the already congested court dockets. An important factor in determining its existence is the vexation caused to the courts and the parties-litigants by the filing of similar cases to claim substantially the same reliefs.7In determining whether a party violated the rule against forum shopping, the most important factor to consider is whether the elements of litis pendentia concur, namely: "(a) [there is] identity of parties, or at least such parties who represent the same interests in both actions; (b) [there is] identity of rights asserted and relief prayed for, the relief being founded on the same facts; and (c) [that] the identity with respect to the two preceding particulars in the two cases is such that any judgment that may be rendered in the pending case, regardless of which party is successful, would amount to res judicata in the other case."8
The evil sought to be avoided by the rule against forum shopping is the rendition by two competent tribunals of two separate and contradictory decisions. Unscrupulous party litigants, taking advantage of a variety of competent tribunals, may repeatedly try their luck in several different fora until a favorable result is reached. To avoid the resultant confusion, the Court adheres to the rules against forum shopping, and a breach of these rules results in the dismissal of the case.11(underlining supplied)Applying this teaching to the present case, the Court has no option but to dismiss this petition considering the blatant breach by De Lima of the rules against forum shopping.
xxxxBy De Lima's own admission, she has a pending motion to quash before the RTC and a petition13 before the CA which formed part of her bases in filing her petition before the Court. For sure, by declaring her pending motion to quash before the RTC and petition before the CA, De Lima was complying with Circular No. 28-91,14which requires that a certification on forum shopping be attached to a petition filed with the Court. But the equally significant truth is that she has resorted to forum shopping by taking advantage of a variety of competent tribunals, and trying her luck in several different fora until she obtains a favorable result; thus, a ground for the outright dismissal of the present petition.
3. I hereby certify that I have not commenced any actions or proceedings involving the same issues as this Petition before the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, or any divisions thereof, or before any other courts, tribunals or agencies, aside from the following, the pendency of which is part of the basis for filing this Petition:
a. The Motion to Quash I filed before Branch 204 of the Regional Trial Court of Muntinlupa City last 20 February 2017 in Criminal Case No. 17-165, entitled "People v. De Lima, et al." and
b. The Petition for Prohibition and Certiorari I filed before the Court of Appeals (currently pending before its Sixth Division) last 13 January 2017, docketed as CA G.R. No. 149097, entitled "De Lima v. Panel of Prosecutors of DOJ, et al."12
The Rules of Court, the code governing judicial procedure, prescribes the remedies (actions and special proceedings) that may be availed of for the myriad reliefs that persons may conceivably have need of and seek in this jurisdiction. But that the adjective law makes available several remedies does not imply that a party may resort to them simultaneously or at his pleasure or whim. There is a sequence and a hierarchical order which must be observed in availing of them. Impatience at what may be felt to be the slowness of the judicial process, or even a deeply held persuasion in the rightness of one's cause, does not justify short-cuts in procedure, or playing fast and loose with the rules thereof.15The rules and jurisprudence dictate that petitioner should have allowed the lower courts to resolve the issues she brought forth before them prior to the filing of this petition. It is thus beyond comprehension how the petitioner, who describes herself as a "sitting Senator of the Republic, a former Secretary of Justice and Chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights, and a prominent member of the legal profession"16 would tread on a precarious situation and risk to squander the remedies which the law accorded her by trifling with the orderly administration of justice unless she is trying to give us the impression that the lofty positions she claims to occupy or to have held has covered her with the habiliments of a privileged litigant.
Section 90. Jurisdiction. - The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of courts designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in their respective jurisdiction. (underlining supplied)Pertinently, in A.M. No. 05-9-03-SC, the Court declared that the jurisdiction of the RTCs designated as special drug courts shall be exclusive of all other courts not so designated.
Section 20. Confiscation and Forfeiture of the Proceeds or Instruments of the Unlawful Act, Including the Properties or Proceeds Derived from the Illegal Trafficking of Dangerous Drugs and/or Precursors and Essential Chemicals. -Evidently, the legislature would not have taken great pains in including Sec. 90 in R.A. No. 9165, which explicitly specified the RTC as having exclusive jurisdiction over drug cases; and Sec. 20, that distinctly recognized RTC's authority to try these cases, if its intent was likewise to confer jurisdiction to the Sandiganbayan or other trial courts the cases involving violations of the Act.
After conviction in the Regional Trial Court in the appropriate criminal case filed, the Court shall immediately schedule a hearing for the confiscation and forfeiture of all the proceeds of the offense and all the assets and properties of the accused either owned or held by him or in the name of some other persons if the same shall be found to be manifestly out of proportion to his/her lawful income: Provided, however, That if the forfeited property is a vehicle, the same shall be auctioned off not later than five (5) days upon order of confiscation or forfeiture.
During the pendency of the case in the Regional Trial Court, no property, or income derived therefrom, which may be confiscated and forfeited, shall be disposed, alienated or transferred and the same shall be in custodia legis and no bond shall be admitted for the release of the same. (underlining supplied)
Section 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for the Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from the Unlawful Act Committed. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00), in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who misappropriates, misapplies or fails to account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts as provided for in this Act.It is noteworthy that Sees. 27 and 28 did not qualify that the public officer or employee referred to therein excludes those within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan as enumerated in R.A. No. 8249, the law enforced at the time of the approval of R.A. No. 9165. Elsewise stated, conspicuously absent in R.A. No. 9165 is the distinction between a public officer covered by the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan and those of the other trial courts. The absence of this distinction is significant - it settles the issue that violations of the provisions of R.A. No. 9165 by a public officer or employee, regardless of his position, brings him to the exclusive jurisdiction of the RTC. Ubi lex non distinguit nec nos distinguire debemus. Where the law does not distinguish, courts should not distinguish.20
Any elective local or national official found to have benefited from the proceeds of the trafficking of dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, or have received any financial or material contributions or donations from natural or juridical persons found guilty of trafficking dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, shall be removed from office and perpetually disqualified from holding any elective or appointive positions in the government, its divisions, subdivisions, and intermediaries, including government-owned or controlled corporations.
Section 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees. (emphasis and underlining supplied)
The plain meaning rule or verba legis, derived from the maxim index animi sermo est (speech is the index of intention), rests on the valid presumption that the words employed by the legislature in a statute correctly express its intention or will, and preclude the court from construing it differently. For the legislature is presumed to know the meaning of the words, to have used them advisedly, and to have expressed the intent by use of such words as are found in the statute. Verba legis non est recedendum. From the words of a statute there should be no departure.22Considering therefore that the charge in Criminal Case No. 17-165 is for violation of the provisions of R.A. No. 9165, it is beyond the shadow of doubt that this case, notwithstanding the position and salary grade of De Lima during the time material to the crime charged, falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the RTC.
Jurisdiction is the basic foundation of judicial proceedings. The word "jurisdiction" is derived from two Latin words "juris" and "dico" - "I speak by the law" - which means fundamentally the power or capacity given by the law to a court or tribunal to entertain, hear, and determine certain controversies. Bouvier's own definition of the term "jurisdiction" has found judicial acceptance, to wit: "Jurisdiction is the right of a Judge to pronounce a sentence of the law in a case or issue before him, acquired through due process of law;" it is "the authority by which judicial officers take cognizance of and decide cases."The general rule is that jurisdiction is vested by law and cannot be conferred or waived by the parties.25 Simply put, jurisdiction must exist as a matter of law.26
In Herrera v. Barretto, x x x this Court, in the words of Justice Moreland, invoking American jurisprudence, defined "jurisdiction" simply as the authority to hear and determine a cause the right to act in a case. "Jurisdiction" has also been aptly described as the right to put the wheels of justice in motion and to proceed to the final determination of a cause upon the pleadings and evidence.
"Criminal Jurisdiction" is necessarily the authority to hear and try a particular offense and impose the punishment for it.
The conferment of jurisdiction upon courts or judicial tribunals is derived exclusively from the constitution and statutes of the forum.24 xxx
Section 5. The National Assembly shall create a special court, to be known as Sandiganbayan, which shall have jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other offenses committed by public officers and employees, including those in government-owned or -controlled corporations, in relation to their office as may be determined by law.On 11 June 1978, President Ferdinand E. Marcos (Pres. Marcos) issued P.D. No. 148637 creating the Sandiganbayan. By virtue of P.D. No. 160638 issued by Pres. Marcos on 10 December 1978, the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan was modified as follows:
Section 4. Jurisdiction. The Sandiganbayan shall have jurisdiction over:With the passage of B.P. Blg. 129, the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan over the offenses enumerated in Sec. 4 of P.D. No. 1606 expanded to embrace all such offenses iiTespective of the imposable penalty.
(a) Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, and Republic Act No. 1379; (b) Crimes committed by public officers and employees including those employed in government-owned or-controlled corporations, embraced in Title VII of the Revised Penal Code, whether simple or complexed with other crimes; and (c) Other crimes or offenses committed by public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or-controlled corporations, in relation to their office.
The jurisdiction herein conferred shall be original and exclusive if the offense charged is punishable by a penalty higher than prision correccional, or its equivalent, except as herein provided; in other offenses, it shall be concurrent with the regular courts.
In case private individuals are charged as co-principals, accomplices or accessories with the public officers or employees including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, they shall be tried jointly with said public officers and employees.
Where an accused is tried for any of the above offenses and the evidence is insufficient to establish the offense charged, he may nevertheless be convicted and sentenced for the offense proved, included in that which is charged.
Any provision of law or the Rules of Court to the contrary notwithstanding, the criminal action and the corresponding civil action for the recovery of civil liability arising from the offense charged shall at all times be simultaneously instituted with, and jointly determined in the same proceeding by, the Sandiganbayan, the filing of the criminal action being deemed to necessarily carry with it the filing of the civil action, and no right to reserve the filing of such action shall be recognized; Provided, however, that, in cases within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, where the civil action had therefore been filed separately with a regular court but judgment therein has not yet been rendered and the criminal case is hereafter filed with the Sandiganbayan, said civil action shall be transferred to the Sandiganbayan for consolidation and joint determination with the criminal action, otherwise, the criminal action may no longer be filed with the Sandiganbayan, its exclusive jurisdiction over the same notwithstanding, but may be filed and prosecuted only in the regular courts of competent jurisdiction; Provided, further, that, in cases within the concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan and the regular courts, where either the criminal or civil action is first filed with the regular courts, the corresponding civil or criminal action, as the case may be, shall only be filed with the regular courts of competent jurisdiction.
Excepted from the foregoing provisions, during martial law, are criminal cases against officers and members of the armed forces in the active service.
Section 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:Noteworthy, the then exclusive and original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan as provided for in P.D. 1606, i.e., violations of R.A. Nos. 3019 and 1379,48 and in Chapter II, Sec. 2, Title VII, Book II of the RPC, had expanded. At present, for an offense to fall under the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, the following requisites must concur:Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).
- Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:
(1) Officials of the executive branch occupying the positions of regional director and higher, otherwise classified as Grade "27" and higher, of the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (Republic Act No. 6758), specifically including: (a) Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the sangguniang panlalawigan, and provincial treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other provincial department heads: (b) City mayors, vice-mayors, members of the sangguniang panlungsod, city treasurers, assessors, engineers, and other city department heads; (c) Officials of the diplomatic service occupying the position of consul and higher; (d) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher rank; (e) Officers of the Philippine National Police while occupying the position of provincial director and those holding the rank of senior superintendent and higher; (f) City and provincial prosecutors and their assistants, and officials and prosecutors in the Office of the Ombudsman and special prosecutor; (g) Presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government-owned or controlled corporations, state universities or educational institutions or foundations. (2) Members of Congress and officials thereof classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989; (3) Members of the judiciary without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; (4) Chairmen and members of the Constitutional Commissions, without prejudice to the provisions of the Constitution; and (5) All other national and local officials classified as Grade '27' and higher under the Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989.- Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a. of this section in relation to their office.
- Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
Subject to the rules promulgated by the Supreme Court, the cases falling under the jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court under this section shall be tried in a judicial region other than where the official holds office.
In cases where none of the accused are occupying positions corresponding to Salary Grade '27' or higher, as prescribed in the said Republic Act No. 6758, or military and PNP officers mentioned above, exclusive original jurisdiction thereof shall be vested in the proper regional trial court, metropolitan trial court, municipal trial court, and municipal circuit trial court, as the case may be, pursuant to their respective jurisdictions as provided in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as amended.
The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, resolutions or orders of regional trial courts whether in the exercise of their own original jurisdiction or of their appellate jurisdiction as herein provided.
The Sandiganbayan shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over petitions for the issuance of the writs of mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, injunctions, and other ancillary writs and processes in aid of its appellate jurisdiction and over petitions of similar nature, including quo warranto, arising or that may arise in cases filed or which may be filed under Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986: Provided, That the jurisdiction over these petitions shall not be exclusive of the Supreme Court.
The procedure prescribed in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as well as the implementing rules that the Supreme Court has promulgated and may hereafter promulgate, relative to appeals/petitions for review to the Court of Appeals, shall apply to appeals and petitions for review filed with the Sandiganbayan. In all cases elevated to the Sandiganbayan and from the Sandiganbayan to the Supreme Court, the Office of the Ombudsman, through its special prosecutor, shall represent the People of the Philippines, except in cases filed pursuant to Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
In case private individuals are charged as co-principals, accomplices or accessories with the public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, they shall be tried jointly with said public officers and employees in the proper courts which shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over them.
Any provisions of law or Rules of Court to the contrary notwithstanding, the criminal action and the corresponding civil action for the recovery of civil liability shall at all times be simultaneously instituted with, and jointly determined in, the same proceeding by the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate courts, the filing of the criminal action being deemed to necessarily carry with it the filing of the civil action, and no right to reserve the filing of such civil action separately from the criminal action shall be recognized: Provided, however, That where the civil action had heretofore been filed separately but judgment therein has not yet been rendered, and the criminal case is hereafter filed with the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, said civil action shall be transferred to the Sandiganbayan or the appropriate court, as the case may be, for consolidation and joint determination with the criminal action, otherwise the separate civil action shall be deemed abandoned.
Evaluated against the above enumeration, the charge against De Lima for Violation of Sec. 5,51 in relation to Secs. 3(jj),52 26(b)53 and 2854 of R.A. No. 9165 does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. Although De Lima, as earlier stated, was a high-ranking public officer with salary grade 31 during the time material to the acts averred in the information, the charge against her, however, does not involve a violation of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, the law on ill-gotten wealth, the law on bribery or the sequestration cases.
(1) the offense committed is a violation of: (a) R.A. 3019, as amended (the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act); (b) R.A. 1379 (the law on ill-gotten wealth); (c) Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code (the law on bribery); (d) Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986 (sequestration cases); or (e) Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes; (2) the offender committing the offenses in items (a), (b), (c) and (e) is a public official or employee holding any of the positions enumerated in paragraph a of Sec. 4; (3) the offense committed is in relation to the office;49 and, (4) the Information contains an allegation as to: (a) any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).50
As early as Montilla vs. Hilario, this Court has interpreted the requirement that an offense be committed in relation to the office to mean that "the offense cannot exist without the office "or" that the office must be a constituent element of the crime" as defined and punished in Chapter Two to Six, Title Seven of the Revised Penal Code (referring to the crimes committed by the public officers). People vs. Montejo enunciated the principle that the offense must be intimately connected with the office of the offender and perpetrated while he was in the performance, though improper or irregular of his official functions. The Court, speaking through Chief Justice Concepcion said that although public office is not an element of the crime of murder in (the) abstract, the facts in a particular case may show that -For sure, the crime of Violation of R.A. No. 9165 can be committed by De Lima even if she is not a public officer. A review of R.A. No. 9165 validates that the acts involved therein can be committed by both private individuals and government officers and employees. In the same vein, the respective offices of De Lima, Ragos, and Dayan, as DOJ Secretary, BuCor OIC, and employee of the DOJ, respectively, were not constituent elements of the crime of illegal drug trading. True, there was a mention in the information relative to the offices held by De Lima, Ragos, and Dayan, and allegations as to their taking advantage of their office and use of their positions, but these were palpably included by the DOJ Panel for the purpose of applying Sec. 28 of R.A. No. 9165 relative to the imposition of the maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in the law and the absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office of the accused.xxx the offense therein charged is intimately connected with (the accused's) respective offices and was perpetrated while they were in the performance though improper or irregular, of their official functions. Indeed (the accused) had no personal motive to commit the crime and they would not have committed it had they not held their aforesaid offices. The co-defendants of respondent Leroy S. Brown obeyed his instructions because he was their superior officer, as Mayor of Basilan City.The cited rulings in Montilla vs. Hilario and in People vs. Montejo were reiterated in Sanchez vs. Demetriou, Republic vs. Asuncion, and Cunanan vs. Arceo. The case of Republic vs. Asuncion categorically pronounced that the fact that offense was committed in relation to the office must be alleged in the information:That the public officers or employees committed the crime in relation to their office, must, however, be alleged in the information for the Sandiganbayan to have jurisdiction over a case under Section 4(a)(2). This allegation is necessary because of the unbending rule that jurisdiction is determined by the allegations of the information.For this purpose what is controlling is not whether the phrase "committed in violation to public office" appears in the information; what determines the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan is the specific factual allegation in the information that would indicate close intimacy between the discharge of the accused's official duties and the commission of the offense charged in order to qualify the crime as having been committed in relation to public office.58 (underlining supplied)
The criminal and civil action for damages in cases of written defamations as provided for in this chapter, shall be filed simultaneously or separately with the court of first instance [now, the Regional Trial Court] of the province or city where the libelous article is printed and first published or where any of the offended parties actually resides at the time of the commission of the offense xxx.In addition thereto, on 21 October 1996, the Court issued Administrative Order (AO) No. 104-96 which conferred exclusive jurisdiction with the RTC to try libel cases, viz:
RE: DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL COURTS FOR KIDNAPPING, ROBBERY, CARNAPPING, DANGEROUS DRUGS CASES AND OTHER HEINOUS CRIMES; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND JURISDICTION IN LIBEL CASES.Hence, in granting the petition and in ordering that Criminal Cases Nos. Q-02-109406 and Q-02-109407 be reinstated and remanded to the RTC-QC for further proceedings, the Court judiciously resorted to the provisions of Article 360 of the RPC and AO No. 104-96, as these explicitly provided for the exclusive jurisdiction of the RTC over libel cases, and the catena of cases that breathe life to these laws.
xxxxC
LIBEL CASES SHALL BE TRIED BY THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURTS HAVING JURISDICTION OVER THEM TO THE EXCLUSION OF THE METROPOLITAN TRIAL COURTS, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS IN CITIES, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS AND MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURTS. (underlining supplied)
The second modification under the bill involves the streamlining of the anti-graft court's jurisdiction, which will enable the Sandiganbayan to concentrate its resources on resolving the most significant cases filed against public officials. The bill seeks to amend Section 4 of the law by transferring jurisdiction over cases that are classified as "minor" to the regional trial courts, which have the sufficient capability and competence to handle these cases. Under this measure, the so-called "minor cases," although not really minor, shall pertain to those where the information does not allege any damage or bribe; those that allege damage or bribe that are unquantifiable; or those that allege damage or bribe arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts not exceeding One Million Pesos.64 (emphasis supplied)The interpellation65 of the bill yielded the following pertinent discussion:
On line 33 of page 3, Sen. Angara asked what cases would still fall under the Metropolitan Trial Court (MTC) and the Metropolitan Circuit Trial Court (MCTC) as he noted that cases would still be referred to the RTC if the damages do not exceed P1 million. Senator Pimentel replied that the officials enumerated under PD 1606 will be tried before the Sandiganbayan, and the bill seeks to divide the cases into the following: 1) if the information does not allege any damage or bribe, it would go to the RTC; 2) if the information alleges damage or bribe that is not quantifiable it would go to the RTC; and 3) if there is an allegation of damage or bribe but the amount is not more than P1 million, it would go to the RTC. He pointed out that the amendment only concerns the RTC and Sandiganbayan. (emphasis supplied)Clearly, what is contemplated in R.A. No. 10660 is the giving of bribe and not necessarily the offenses on Bribery enumerated in Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code. "Bribe" is defined as "[a]ny money, goods, right in action, property, thing of value, or any preferment, advantage, privilege or emolument, or any promise or undertaking to give any, asked, given, or accepted, with a corrupt intent to induce or influence action, vote, or opinion of person in any public or official capacity. A gift, not necessarily of pecuniary value, is bestowed to influence the conduct of the receiver."66
Section 3. Corrupt practices of public officers. In addition to acts or omissions of public officers already penalized by existing law, the following shall constitute corrupt practices of any public officer and are hereby declared to be unlawful:While the information in Criminal Case No. 17-165 states that De Lima and Ragos demanded, solicited, and extorted money from the highprofile inmates in the NBP to support her senatorial bid in the 2016 elections, appreciation of all the whole allegations therein points towards an accusation for Violation of Sec. 26(b) in relation to Sees. 5, 3(jj) and 28 of R.A. No. 9165; hence, within the original exclusive jurisdiction of the RTC. To stress, the jurisdiction of a court over the criminal case is determined by the allegations in the complaint or information. And once it is so shown, the court may validly take cognizance of the case.67 Jurisdiction cannot be based on the findings the court may make after the trial.68xxxx
(b) Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present, share, percentage, or benefit, for himself or for any other person, in connection with any contract or transaction between the Government and any other part, wherein the public officer in his official capacity has to intervene under the law.
(c) Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present or other pecuniary or material benefit, for himself or for another, from any person for whom the public officer, in any manner or capacity, has secured or obtained, or will secure or obtain, any Government permit or license, in consideration for the help given or to be given, without prejudice to Section thirteen of this Act.
xxxx
(f) Neglecting or refusing, after due demand or request, without sufficient justification, to act within a reasonable time on any matter pending before him for the purpose of obtaining, directly or indirectly, from any person interested in the matter some pecuniary or material benefit or advantage, or for the purpose of favoring his own interest or giving undue advantage in favor of or discriminating against any other interested party.
Section 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for the Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from the Unlawful Act Committed. -Readily apparent is that the elements of bribery are equally present in Sec. 27 of R.A. No. 9165. By benefiting from the proceeds of drug trafficking, an elective official, whether local or national, regardless of his salary grade, and whether or not the violation of Sec. 27 of R.A. No. 9165 was committed in relation to his office, automatically brings him to the fold of R.A. No. 9165; thus, within the exclusive jurisdiction of the RTC.
xxx
Any elective local or national official found to have benefited from the proceeds of the trafficking of dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, or have received any financial or material contributions or donations from natural or juridical persons found guilty of trafficking dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, shall be removed from office and perpetually disqualified from holding any elective or appointive positions in the government, its divisions, subdivisions, and intermediaries, including government-owned or -controlled corporations. (emphasis supplied)
Jurisprudence teems with pronouncements that a single act or incident might offend two or more entirely distinct and unrelated provisions of law, thus justifying the filing of several charges against the accused.It must be emphasized that the Sandiganbayan, whose present exclusive original jurisdiction is defined under R.A. No. 10660, is unquestionably an anti-graft court, viz:
In Loney v. People, this Court, in upholding the filing of multiple charges against the accused, held:
As early as the start of the last century, this Court had ruled that a single act or incident might offend against two or more entirely distinct and unrelated provisions of law thus justifying the prosecution of the accused for more than one offense. The only limit to this rule is the Constitutional prohibition that no person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for "the same offense." In People v. Doriquez, we held that two (or more) offenses arising from the same act are not "the same" -xxx if one provision [oflaw] requires proof of an additional fact or element which the other does not, x x x. Phrased elsewise, where two different laws (or articles of the same code) define two crimes, prior jeopardy as to one of them is no obstacle to a prosecution of the other, although both offenses arise from the same facts, if each crime involves some important act which is not an essential element of the other.xxxx
Consequently, the filing of the multiple charges against petitioners, although based on the same incident, is consistent with settled doctrine.71 (underscoring supplied)
Section 4. The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.72 (emphasis supplied)On the one hand, by explicit provision of R.A. No. 9165,73 the RTC had been conferred with the exclusive jurisdiction over violations of the Act. Only the specially designated RTC, to the exclusion of other trial courts, has been expressly vested with the exclusive authority to hear and decide violations of R.A. No. 9165. Even the Sandiganbayan, which is likewise a trial court, has not been conferred jurisdiction over offenses committed in relation to the Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002.
Section 2. Declaration of Policy. - The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption.From this quoted provision of the law, it is evident that the intent in creating the Office of the Ombudsman was to prevent and eradicate graft and corruption in government. Understandably, the cases handled by the Office of the Ombudsman pertain mainly to graft and corruption.
Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, efficiency, act with patriotism and justice and lead modest lives. (underscoring supplied)
Endnotes:
1 Entitled "An Act Instituting The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act Of 2002, Repealing Republic Act No. 6425, Otherwise Known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as Amended, Providing Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes." Also known as the "Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act Of 2002."
2Rollo, pp. 197-201.
3 Presiding Judge of the RTC, Branch 204, Muntinlupa City.
4Rollo, p. 22.
5 Id. at 66.
6 726 Phil. 651 (2014).
7 Id. at 653-654.
8Daswani v. Banco de Oro Universal Bank, G.R. No. 190983, 29 July 2015,764 SCRA 160, 169-170.
9Rollo, pp. 256-295.
10 719 Phil. 293 (2013).
11 Id. at 316-317.
12Rollo, pp. 69-70.
13 Id. at 144-195.
14 The subject of the Circular reads: "Additional requisites for petitions filed with the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals to prevent forum-shopping or multiple filing of petitions and complaints."
15Gatmaytan v. CA, 335 Phil. 155, 168 (1997).
16Rollo, p. 5.
17 Approved on 4 April 1972.
18 Entitled "An Act Reorganizing the Judiciary, Appropriating funds Therefor, and For Other Purposes."
19 Dated 7 August 1987.
20Amores v. House of Representatives, 636 Phil. 600, 609 (2010).
21Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corp. v. Philippine Gaming Jurisdiction, Inc., 604 Phil. 547 (2009).
22 Id. at 553.
23People v. Mariano, 163 Phil. 625 (1976).
24 Id. at 629-630.
25Garcia v. Ferro Chemicals, Inc., 744 Phil. 590,605 (2014).
26People v. Sandiganbayan, 482 Phil. 613, 626 (2004).
27Buaya v. Polo, 251 Phil. 422, 425 (1989).
28Enrile v. Manalastas, 746 Phil. 43, 54 (2014).
29Guinhawa v. People, 505 Phil. 383, 399-400 (2005).
30Buaya v. Polo, supra note 27.
31Consigna v. People, 731 Phil. 108, 119 (2014).
32 Section 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. - Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:33 Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.xxxx(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
xxxx
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.
xxxx
34 Section 3. Definitions. As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:(jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.35Section 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees.
36Serana v. Sandiganbayan, 566 Phil. 224, 250 (2008).
37 Entitled "Creating A Special Court To Be Known As Sandiganbayan And For Other Purposes." The jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan under this P.O. were as follows:Section 4. Jurisdiction. Except as herein provided, the Sandiganbayan shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction to try and decide:38 Entitled "Revising Presidential Decree No. 1486 Creating a Special Court to be known as Sandiganbayan and For Other Purposes."
(a) Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act and Republic Act No. 1379; (b) Crimes committed by public officers or employees, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, embraced in Title VII of the Revised Penal Code; (c) Other crimes or offenses committed by public officers or employees including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations in relation to their office; Provided, that, in case private individuals are accused as principals, accomplices or accessories in the commission of the crimes hereinabove mentioned, they shall be tried jointly with the public officers or employees concerned. Where the accused is charged of an offense in relation to his office and the evidence is insufficient to establish the offense so charged, he may nevertheless be convicted and sentenced for the offense included in that which is charged. (d) Civil suits brought in connection with the aforementioned crimes for restitution or reparation of damages, recovery of the instruments and effects of the crimes, or forfeiture proceedings provided for under Republic Act No. 1379; (e) Civil actions brought under Articles 32 and 34 of the Civil Code.
Exception from the foregoing provisions during the period of material law are criminal cases against officers and members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and all others who fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the military tribunals.
39 Entitled "Amending the Pertinent Provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1606 and Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 Relative to the Jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan and For Other Purposes."
40 Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980.
41 Entitled "Amending The Pertinent Provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1606 and Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 Relative to the Jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan and For Other Purposes."
42 Article XI, Section 4.
43 Entitled "Defining the Jurisdiction over cases involving the Ill-Gotten Wealth of Former President Ferdinand E. Marcos, Mrs. Imelda R. Marcos, Members of their Immediate Family, Close Relatives, Subordinates, Close and/or Business Associates, Dummies, Agents and Nominees, Effective on May 7, 1986."
44 Entitled "An Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder" approved on 12 July 1991.
45 Entitled "An Act to Strengthen the Functional and Structural Organization of the Sandiganbayan, Amending for that Purpose Presidential Decree No. 1606, as Amended" approved on 30 March 1995.
46 Entitled "An Act Further Defining the Jurisdiction of ihe Sandiganbayan, amending tor the Purpose Presidential Decree No. 1606, as Amended, Providing Funds Therefor, and For Other Purposes" approved on 5 February 1997.
47 Entitled "An Act Strengthening further the Functional and Structural Organization of the Sandiganbayan, further amending Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended, and Appropriating Funds Therefor" approved 16 April 2015.
48 Entitled "An Act Declaring Forfeiture in Favor of the State any property found to have been Unlawfully Acquired by any Public Officer or Employee and Providing for the Proceedings Therefor" approved on 18 June 1955.
49Adaza v. Sandiganbayan, 502 Phil. 702, 714 (2005).
50 Pursuant to R.A. No. 10660.
51 Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.
xxxx
52 Section 3. Definitions. As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:(jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.53 Section 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. -Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:xxxx54 Section 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees.
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
xxxx
55Lacson v. Executive Secretary, 361 Phil. 251, 282 (1999).
56 Id.
57Adaza v. Sandiganbayan, supra note 49 at 715.
58Soller v. Sandiganbayan, 409 Phil. 780, 791-792 (2001).
59 604 Phil. 317 (2009).
60 Entitled "An Act to Further Amend Article Three Hundred Sixty of the Revised Penal Code," which was approved on 19 June 1965.
61Remo v. The Hon. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 628 Phil. 181, 191 (2010).
62 Supra note 59 at 329.
63 Session No. 59, 26 February 2014, pp. 32-33.
64 Id. at 33.
65 Session No. 62, 5 March 2014, pp. 72-73.
66 Blacks Law Dictionary, Sixth Ed., p. 191.
67Navaja v. De Castro, 761 Phil. 142, 150-151 (2015), citing Foz, Jr. v. People, 618 Phil. 120, 129 (2009).
68Buaya v. Polo, supra note 27.
69 Balderama v. People, 566 Phil. 412, 419 (2008).
70 609 Phil. 31 (2009).
71 Id. at 42-43.
72 1987 Constitution, Article XI.
73 Section 90.
74 Entitled "An Act Providing for the Functional and Structural Organization of the Office of the Ombudsman, and For Other Purposes."
75 R.A. No. 6770, Sec. 15(1).
TIJAM, J.:
Sec. 90. Jurisdiction. - The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act. The number of courts designated in each judicial region shall be based on the population and the number of cases pending in their respective jurisdiction.Confusion as to the court which should properly take cognizance of petitioner's case is understandable. Truly, under Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended by R.A. No. 8249 and R.A. No. 10660 (otherwise known as the Sandiganbayan Law), the law grants Sandiganbayan a broad authority to try high-ranking public officials. Further, Section 4(b) of the said law grants Sandiganbayan jurisdiction over "b. Other offenses or felonies committed by public officials and employees mentioned in subsection (a) of this section in relation to their office." In Lacson v. Executive Secretary, et al.,22 this Court declared that the phrase "other offenses or felonies" is too broad as to include the crime of murder, provided it was committed in relation to the accused's official functions. Thus, under said paragraph "b", what determines the Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction is the official position or rank of the offender that is, whether he is one of those public officers or employees enumerated in paragraph "a" of Section 4. Petitioner's argument espousing that the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction, is therefore, not totally unfounded.
xxxx (Emphasis ours)
SEC. 5. Transitory Provision. - This Act shall apply to all cases pending in the Sandiganbayan over which trial has not begun: Provided, That: (a) Section 2, amending Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended, on "Jurisdiction"; and (b) Section 3, amending Section 5 of Presidential Decree No. 1606, as amended, on "Proceedings, How Conducted; Decision by Majority Vote" shall apply to cases arising from offenses committed after the effectivity of this Act. (Emphasis ours)Based from the provisions of R.A. No. 10660, it is clear that the changes introduced therein, particularly on jurisdiction, were made to apply to acts committed after the law's effectivity. Considering that the information alleges that the offense was committed on various occasions from November 2012 to March 2013, or two years before the effectivity of R.A. No. 10660 on May 5, 2015, said law cannot be applied to clothe Sandiganbayan jurisdiction over petitioner's case by virtue of the amount alleged in the Information.
Section 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for the Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from the Unlawful Act Committed - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00), in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who misappropriates, misapplies or fails to account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts as provided for in this Act.Taken with Section 90 of the same law, which states that RTCs are to "exclusively try and hear cases" involving violations of the Dangerous Drugs Act, it becomes apparent that public officials, so long as they are charged for the commission of the unlawful acts stated in R.A. No. 9165, may be charged in the RTC.
Any elective local or national official found to have benefited from the proceeds of the trafficking of dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, or have received any financial or material contributions or donations from natural or juridical persons found guilty of trafficking dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, shall be removed from office and perpetually disqualified from holding any elective or appointive positions in the government, its divisions, subdivisions, and intermediaries, including government-owned or -controlled corporations.
Section 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees. (Emphasis supplied)
Sec. 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. - Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:When conspiracy is charged as a crime, the act of conspiring and all the elements of said crime must. be set forth in the complaint or information.27 For example, the crime of "conspiracy to commit treason" is committed when, in time of war, two or more persons come to an agreement to levy war against the Government or to adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort, and decide to commit it. The elements of this crime are: (1) that the offender owes allegiance to the Government of the Philippines; (2) that there is a war in which the Philippines is involved; (3) that the offender and other person or persons come to an agreement to: (a) levy war against the government, or (b) adhere to the enemies, to give them aid and comfort; and (4) that the offender and other person or persons decide to carry out the agreement. These elements must be alleged in the information.28xxxx
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
xxxx.
The undersigned Prosecutors, constituted as a Panel pursuant to Department Orders 706 and 790 dated October 14, 2016 and November 11, 2016, respectively, accuse LEILA M. DE LIMA, RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS and RONNIE PALISOC DAYAN, for violation of Section 5, in relation to Section 3(jj), Section 26(b) and Section 28, Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, committed as follows:The agreement to commit illegal drug trading is clear from the allegation that petitioner, along with her co-accused, solicited money from the inmates, and "by reason of which" the inmates were able to deal illegal drugs through the use of electronic devices inside NBP. Petitioner's assent to the said agreement is also apparent from the allegation that she received or collected from the inmates, through her co-accused, the proceeds of illegal trading on various occasions. Clearly, the information alleges that illegal drug trading inside the New Bilibid prison was facilitated or tolerated because of, or "by reason" of the money delivered to then Secretary of Justice, petitioner.
That within the period from November 2012 to March 2013, in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, accused Leila M. De Lima, being then the Secretary of the Department of Justice and accused Rafael Marcos Z. Ragos, being then the Officer-in-Charge of the Bureau of Corrections, by taking advantage of their public office, conspiring and confederating with accused Ronnie P. Dayan, being then an employee of the Department of Justice detailed to De Lima, all of them having moral ascendancy or influence over inmates in the New Bilibid Prison, did then and there commit illegal drug trading, in the following manner: De Lima and Ragos, with the use of their power, position and authority, demand, solicit and extort money from the high profile inmates in the new Bilibid Prison to support the Senatorial bid of De Lima in the May 2016 election; by reason of which, the inmates, not being lawfully authorized by law and through the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices, did then and there willfully and unlawfully trade and traffic dangerous drugs, and thereafter give and deliver to De Lima, through Ragos and Dayan, the proceeds of illegal drug trading amounting to Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 24 November 2012, Five Million (P5,000,000.00) Pesos on 15 December 2012, and One Hundred Thousand (P100,000.00) Pesos weekly "tara" each from the high profile inmates in the New Bilibid Prison.
CONTRARY TO LAW. (Emphasis ours)
No reason to reverse the preliminary recommendation of the DOJ Panel of Prosecutors |
It has been said time and again that a preliminary investigation is not properly a trial or any part thereof but is merely preparatory thereto, its only purpose being to determine whether a crime has been committed and whether there is probable cause to believe the accused guilty thereof. (U.S. vs. Yu Tuico, 34 Phil. 209; People vs. Badilla, 48 Phil. 716). The right to such investigation is not a fundamental right guaranteed by the constitution. At most, it is statutory. (II Moran, Rules of Court, 1952 ed., p. 673). And rights conferred upon accused persons to participate in preliminary investigations concerning themselves depend upon the provisions of law by which such rights are specifically secured, rather than upon the phrase "due process of law". (U.S. vs. Grant and Kennedy, 18 Phil., 122). (Emphasis ours)Verily, the credibility and weight of the testimonies of the convicts are matters which are properly subject to the evaluation of the judge during trial of the instant case. For the purpose of determining whether the petitioner should be charged with Conspiracy to Commit Illegal Drug Trading, the statements of the witnesses, as discussed in the majority opinion, suffice. Further, whether or not there is probable cause for the issuance of warrants for the arrest of the accused is a question of fact based on the allegations in the Informations, the Resolution of the Investigating Prosecutor, including other documents and/or evidence appended to the Information. Hence, it is not incumbent upon this Court to rule thereon, otherwise, this Court might as well sit as a trier of facts.
Endnotes:
1Binay v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 120681-83 & G.R. No. 128136, October 1, 1999.
2People v. Baldogo, G.R. Nos. 128106-07, January 24, 2003.
3Tan v. Spouses Antazo, G.R. No. 187208, February 23, 2011.
4See Enrile v. Judge Manalastas, G.R. No. 166414, October 22, 2014; Soriano vs. People, G.R. Nos. 159517-18, June 30, 2009
5 (g) Unless a shorter period is provided by special law or Supreme Court circular, the arraignment shall be held within thirty (30) days from the date the court acquires jurisdiction over the person of the accused. The time of the pendency of a motion to quash or for a bill of particulars or other causes justifying suspension of the arraignment shall be excluded in computing the period.
6Heirs of Penaverde v. Heirs of Penaverde, G.R. No. 131141, October 20, 2000.
7See Madara et al. v. Judge Perello, G.R. No. 172449, August 20, 2008.
8See Quesada v. Department of Justice, G.R. No. 150325, August 31, 2006, citing People of the Philippines v. Cuaresma, G.R. No. 67787, April 18, 1989
9Banez v. Concepcion, G.R. No. 159508, August 29, 2012.
10 Id.
11 Sec. 6. When warrant of arrest may issue. — (a) By the Regional Trial Court. — Within ten (10) days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge shall personally evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its supporting evidence. He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence on record clearly fails to establish probable cause. If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order if the accused has already been arrested pursuant to a warrant issued by the judge who conducted the preliminary investigation or when the complaint or information was filed pursuant to section 7 of this Rule. In case of doubt on the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to present additional evidence within five (5) days from notice and the issue must be resolved by the court within thirty (30) days from the filing of the complaint of information.
12 Sec. 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
13Okabe v. Gutierrez, G.R. No. 150185, May 27, 2004.
14 Id.
15 Sec. 9. Failure to move to quash or to allege any ground therefor. —The failure of the accused to assert any ground of a motion to quash before he pleads to the complaint or information, either because he did not file a motion to quash or failed to allege the same in said motion, shall be deemed a waiver of any objections except those based on the grounds provided for in paragraphs (a), (b), (g), and (i) of section 3 of this Rule.
16See Marcos v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 124680-81, February 28, 2000; Madarang and Kho vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 143044. July 14, 2005.
17Heirs of Bilog v. Melicor, G.R. No. 140954, April 12, 2005.
18 Sec. 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions. x x x
19 (jj) Trading. - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.
20 Sec. 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. -Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the same as provided under this Act:xxxx21 Sec. 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees. - The maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees.
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
22 G.R. No. 128096, January 20, 1999, 301 SCRA 298.
23Vinzons-Chato v. Fortune Tobacco Corporation, G.R. No. 141309, June 19, 2007.
24 Sec. 4. Jurisdiction. - The Sandiganbayan shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving:a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense:25Social Justice Society v. Atienza, G.R. No. 156052, February 13, 2008.
xxxx
b. Other offenses or felonies whether simple or complexed with other crimes committed by the public officials and employees mentioned in subsection a. of this section in relation to their office.
c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986.
Provided, That the Regional Trial Court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction where the information: (a) does not allege any damage to the government or any bribery; or (b) alleges damage to the government or bribery arising from the same or closely related transactions or acts in an amount not exceeding One million pesos (P1,000,000.00).
Subject to the rules promulgated by the Supreme Court, the cases falling under the jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court under this section shall be tried in a judicial region other than where the official holds office.
xxxx (Emphasis ours)
26Lazarte v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 180122, March 13, 2009.
27See People of the Philippines v. Ara, G.R. No. 185011, December 23, 2009.
28See Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148965, February 26, 2002.
29Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, supra note 28.
30Lazarte v. Sandiganbayan, supra note 26.
31 G.R. No. L-59524, February 18, 1985.
32 G.R. No. 113630, May 5, 1994.
33 G.R. Nos. 172070-72, June 1, 2007.
34Dupasquier v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 112089 & 112737, January 24, 2001.
35 Id.
36 G.R. No. 190569, April 25, 2012.
37 92 Phil. 1051 (1953).
38Bautista v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 143375, July 6, 2001.
39People v. Castillo and Mejia, G.R. No. 171188, June 19, 2009.
40Leviste v. Alameda, G.R. No. 182677, August 3, 2010.
41United Coconut Planters Bank v. Looyuko and Go, G.R. No. 156337, September 28, 2007.