THIRD DIVISION
G.R. Nos. 225642-43, January 17, 2018
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JUVY D. AMARELA AND JUNARD G. RACHO, Accused-Appellants.
D E C I S I O N
MARTIRES, J.:
This is an appeal from the 17 February 2016 Decision1 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR HC Nos. 01226-MIN and 01227-MIN affirming in toto the 26 June 2012 Joint Judgment2 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 11 of Davao City (RTC). The RTC found Juvy D. Amarela (Amarela) and Junard G. Racho (Racho) guilty beyond reasonable doubt of two (2) different charges of rape.
These two (2) cases were jointly tried before the RTC, and Amarela and Racho's appeals, although separate, were consolidated in the CA on 13 November 2015.5Criminal Case No. 64,964-09
That on or about February 10, 2009, in the City of Davao, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, through force, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have carnal knowledge of [AAA], against her will, immediately after boxing her legs.3Criminal Case No. 64,965-09
That on or about February 11, 2009, in the City of Davao, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, through force, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have carnal knowledge of [AAA], against her will, immediately after grappling her.4
Prosecution presented [AAA], single, housekeeper and a resident of [XXX], Calinan, Davao City. On February 10, 2009, at around 6:00 o'clock in the evening, she was watching a beauty contest with her aunt at Maligatong, Baguio District, Calinan, Davao City. The contest was being held at a basketball court where a make-shift stage was put up. The only lights available were those coming from the vehicles around.For the defense, Amarela testified for himself denying that he had anything to do with what happened with AAA:
She had the urge to urinate so she went to the comfort room beside the building of the Maligatong Cooperative near the basketball court. Between the cooperative building and the basketball court were several trees. She was not able to reach the comfort room because [Amarela] was already waiting for her along the way. Amarela suddenly pulled her towards the day care center. She was shocked and was no match to the strength of Amarela who pulled her under the stage of the day care center. He punched her in the abdomen which rendered her weak. Then Amarela undressed her. She tried to resist him but he was stronger. He boxed her upper thigh and she felt numb. He placed himself on top of her and inserted his penis inside her vagina and made a push and pull movement. She shouted for help and then three (3) men came to her rescue [so] Amarela fled.
The three (3) persons brought her to a hut. But they closed the hut and had bad intentions with her. So she fled and hid in a neighboring house. When she saw that the persons were no longer around, she proceeded on her way home. She went to the house of Godo Dumandan who brought her first to the Racho residence because Dumandan thought her aunt was not at home. Dumandan stayed behind So Neneng Racho asked her son [Racho] to bring her to her aunt's house instead.
x x x x
[AAA] then said that [Racho] brought her to a shanty along the way against her will. She was told to lie down. When she refused, [Racho] boxed her abdomen and she felt sick. She resisted by kicking him but he succeeded in undressing her. He, then, undressed himself and placed himself on top of [AAA]. [Racho] then inserted his penis into [AAA]'s vagina. After consummating the act, [Racho] left her. So [AAA] went home alone.
When she reached home, her parents were already asleep. She went inside her room and cried. The following morning, she decided to leave home. Her mother was surprised at her decision until eventually, [AAA] told her mother about what happened to her. She told her [eldest] brother first who got very angry.
They reported the matter to the police and eventually [Amarela] and [Racho] were arrested.6
Defense presented [Amarela] who confirmed the fact that on February 10, 2009, he attended the fiesta celebrations in Maligatong, Baguio District, Calinan, Davao City. He said he met private complainant, [AAA], at the cooperative building at around 4:00 o'clock in the afternoon. [AAA] asked him if he knew a person by the name of Eric Dumandan who was allegedly her boyfriend. After a while, Eric Dumandan passed by and so he told him that [AAA] was looking for him. Then he left.On his part, Racho confirmed that he went with AAA to bring her home but also denied raping her:
Amarela said he had a drinking spree with his friend Asther Sanchez. While drinking, he felt dizzy and fell down from the bench. So Sanchez brought him to the house of his elder brother Joey in Tawan-tawan. He did not know what happened next because he slept and woke up at six o'clock in the morning.7
Defense also presented [Racho], a resident of Sitio Maligatong, Barangay Tawan-tawan, Baguio District, Calinan, Davao City. He testified that he was at the house of his mother on February 10, 2009. At around 10:00 o'clock in the evening, [AAA] arrived with Godo Dumandan. [AAA] was asking for help while crying because she was allegedly raped by three persons in the pineapple plantation.Ruling of the Trial Court
His mother advised her to just take a bath and change clothes and sleep at his brother's house. But [AAA] wanted to go home. Since he was the only one who was not drunk, Racho was instructed by [his] mother to accompany [AAA] in going to her aunt's house.
When they reached Caniamo, [AAA) did not want to be brought to her aunt's house because she knows the latter would just scold her. Instead, she wanted to be conveyed to their house at Ventura. Since Ventura was far, Racho did not go with her and instead went back home.
When asked about the charge of rape against him, Racho said he could not have done that because his hand is impaired while showing a long scar on his left arm. This was a result allegedly of a hacking incident on September 21, 2008. He offered a Medical Certificate (Exh. 1) issued by Dr. Lugi Andrew Sabal of the Davao Medical Center which indicates that Racho was confined in the said hospital from September 21, 2008 up to October 1, 2008 after an operation on his left forearm. He said that his left arm was placed in a plaster cast but that he removed the cast after three (3) months. He said that even after he removed the cast, his arm was still painful and he could not move it around.
Racho said he was surprised when policemen came to his house on February 11, 2009 and invited him to the police station because there was a complaint for rape against him.
Anita Racho testified that she was at home in the evening of February 10, 2009 together with her husband and sons Bobby and [Racho]. Godo Dumandan arrived together with [AAA] who was allegedly raped by three (3) men. [AAA] appeared madly and wet so she advised her to take a bath and not to go home anymore since it was late. [AAA] insisted on going home, so she asked her son [Racho] to accompany her. [Racho] at first refused pointing to his elder brother Bobby to accompany her. He eventually brought [AAA] home. He came back at around 10:00 o'clock in the evening and then he went to sleep.
The following day, she was surprised when [Racho] was arrested allegedly for raping [AAA]. [Racho] denied raping [AAA].8
In view of all the foregoing, judgment is hereby rendered in Criminal Case No. 64964-09 finding [Amarela] GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of RAPE and hereby imposes upon him the penalty of reclusion perpetua.The Assailed CA Decision
He is further sentenced to pay [AAA] the sum of FIFTY THOUSAND PESOS (P50,000.00) as civil indemnity and the further sum of FIFTY THOUSAND PESOS (P50,000.00) as moral damages.
In Criminal Case No. 64965-09, judgment is hereby rendered finding [Racho] GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of RAPE and hereby imposes upon him the penalty of reclusion perpetua.
He is further sentenced to pay [AAA] the sum of FIFTY THOUSAND PESOS (P50,000.00) as civil indemnity and the further sum of FIFTY THOUSAND PESOS (P50,000.00) as moral damages.9
[AAA] has testified in a straightforward manner during her direct examination and remained steadfast in her cross-examination that Amarela sexually abused her on February 10, 2009, and [Racho] abused her five hours later. The first rape incident took place in the daycare center. She was pulled by Amarela while she was on her way to the comfort room located at the back of the x x x cooperative building. Private complainant, full of mud and wet, with dress tom, took refuge at the house of her boyfriend and sought for help. Her boyfriend's father took her to the house of the in-laws of her cousin. [AAA], who was still wet and muddy, begged the mother-in-law of her cousin that she be taken to the house of her aunt. While the in-laws of her cousin helped her by having escorted her to her aunt's house, it turned out however, that [Racho] her escort had another plan in mind. [Racho] sexually abused [AAA], who had no more strength to fight him.
The records render no reason to reverse the factual findings of the court a quo. Both of the appellants' denials miserably fail in contrast to [AAA's] positive identification of the accused-appellants as the person who sexually abused her. There is no doubt in our mind that both appellants had carnal knowledge of [AAA]. Her credibility is cemented by her lack of motive to testify against the two appellants, Amarela and [Racho]. There is no evidence to suggest that she could have been actuated by such motive. The People has ably demonstrated the existence of the elements of Rape under the Revised Penal Code, as amended by R.A. No. 8353, or the Anti-Rape Law of 1997. which states:
x x x x
The Court sees no reason to deviate from the well-entrenched rule that in matters of credibility of witnesses, the assessment made by the trial court should be respected and given preponderant weight. [AAA's] ordeal is so traumatic that she would rather forget the whole incident. But once a rape victim has decided to seek justice, that means she is willing to recall the dastardly detail of the animalistic act committed on her person.
[Racho] would have us believe that the charge against him was merely fabricated because, according to him, being raped by two different assailants, on two different occasions and only hours apart, is contrary to the normal course of things.
We are not convinced.
The Supreme Court has once said that rape in itself is prompted by the abnormal need of a man to overpower and control a woman by way of sexual abuse. There is no typical mode, norm, or circumstance in committing rape or sexual abuse for the evil in man has no conscience. In fact, in a catena of cases, the Supreme Court had ruled that rape is no respecter of time or place. Thus, we cannot agree with [Racho]'s argument that just because [AAA] had been raped five hours earlier, the possibility that she might get raped again is nil.
Undeterred, appellants posit that [AAA's] testimony is not substantially corroborated by medical findings as the medical certificate does not show any physical injuries resulting from the alleged use of force by the appellants.
We do not agree.
The absence of any superficial abrasion or contusion on the person of the offended party does not militate against the claim of the latter whose clear and candid testimony bears the badges of truth, honesty, and candor. It must be stressed that the absence or presence of visible signs of injury on the victim depends on the degree of force employed by the accused to consummate the purpose which he had in mind to have carnal knowledge with the offended woman. Thus, the force employed in rape need not be so great nor of such a character as could not be resisted. It is only that the force used by the accused is sufficient to enable him to consummate his purpose.
Appellant Amarela also argues that [AAA] could not have identified her assailant because it was very dark at the place where [AAA] was allegedly pulled by her assailant and the place where she was allegedly raped.
[AAA], in her re-direct examination, testified that she knew it was Amarela who raped her because she saw Amarela's fact while Amarela brought her from the cooperative building to the daycare center.
Time and time again, the High Court has repeatedly ruled that positive identification prevails over denial, a negative defense that is inherently unreliable. We have no reason to doubt [AAA's] unwavering assertions positively establishing the identities of the two accused-appellants. We find the guilt of each of the accused-appellants to have been proven beyond reasonable doubt.
FOR THESE REASONS, the assailed judgment is AFFIRMED in toto.10
It is a well-known fact that women, especially Filipinos, would not admit that they have been abused unless that abuse had actually happened. This is due to their natural instinct to protect their honor. We cannot believe that the offended party would have positively stated that intercourse took place unless it did actually take place.13This opinion borders on the fallacy of non sequitor. And while the factual setting back then would have been appropriate to say it is natural for a woman to be reluctant in disclosing a sexual assault; today, we simply cannot be stuck to the Maria Clara stereotype of a demure and reserved Filipino woman. We, should stay away from such mindset and accept the realities of a woman's dynamic role in society today; she who has over the years transformed into a strong and confidently intelligent and beautiful person, willing to fight for her rights.
First, the Court gives the highest respect to the RTC's evaluation of the testimony of the witnesses, considering its unique position in directly observing the demeanor of a witness on the stand. From its vantage point, the trial court is in the best position to determine the truthfulness of witnesses.After a careful review of the records and a closer scrutiny of AAA's testimony, reasonable doubt lingers as we are not fully convinced that AAA was telling the truth. The following circumstances, particularly, would cast doubt as to the credibility of her testimony: (1) the version of AAA's story appearing in her affidavit-complaint differs materially from her testimony in court; (2) AAA could not have easily identified Amarela because the crime scene was dark and she only saw him for the first time; (3) her testimony lacks material details on how she was brought under the stage against her will; and (4) the medical findings do not corroborate physical injuries and are inconclusive of any signs of forced entry.
Second, absent any substantial reason which would justify the reversal of the RTC's assessments and conclusions, the reviewing court is generally bound by the lower court's findings, particularly when no significant facts and circumstances, affecting the outcome of the case, are shown to have been overlooked or disregarded.
And third, the rule is even more stringently applied if the CA concurred with the RTC.18
Meanwhile, her affidavit-complaint would indicate that Amarela pulled AAA away from the beauty contest stage to the day care center:
Q: Now, you said that you watched the beauty contest at around 7:00 in the evening on Feb. 10, 2009. After that, Ms. Witness, while watching, what did you do? A: I was on my way to the CR. Q: And where is the CR located? A: Near the coop. Q: Can you please tell us the name of that cooperative? A: Cooperative. Q: Can you recall the exact name? A: Maligatong Cooperative. Q: And, where is this Maligatong Cooperative, Ms. Witness, in relation to the basketball court where the beauty contest was held? A: It's near. x x x x Q: Now, between the basketball court and the cooperative you referred to, what separates these two buildings? A: Durian trees and cacao. Q: You said that you were going to the CR located at the back of the Maligatong Cooperative to relieve yourself. And, were you able to go to the CR at the back of the Maligatong Cooperative? A: No more. Q: Why not? A: [Amarela] was waiting for me. Q: Exactly, can you please tell us the location where he was waiting for you? A: At the back of the cooperative. Q: And, upon seeing [Amarela] at the back of the cooperative, Ms. Witness, tell us what happened? A: He pulled me. Q: Going to what place? A: Going towards the day care center.19
It has often been noted that if there is an inconsistency between the affidavit and the testimony of a witness, the latter should be given more weight since affidavits being taken ex parte are usually incomplete and inadequate.21 We usually brush aside these inconsistencies since they are trivial and do not impair the credibility of the rape victim.22 In this case, however, the version in AAA's affidavit-complaint is remotely different from her court testimony. At the first instance, AAA claims that she was pulled away from the vicinity of the stage; later, in court, she says that she was on her way to the rest room when she was grabbed. By this alone, we are hesitant to believe AAA's retraction because it goes into whether it was even possible for Amarela to abduct AAA against her will.
- At around 6:00 in the afternoon, I, my aunt [BBB] together with her siblings and grand children went back to Maligatong Cooperative Building to watch a beauty contest. My companions stayed at the multicab at the parking area of said building, while my cousin [CCC] and I went closer to the stage. While at there, the person of [Amarela], drunk, suddenly appeared and introduced himself to me. I resisted to get his hand on my hands because he is holding it tightly and forcibly brought me to the back portion of the building. I asked for help but nobody heard me maybe because of the high volume of the sound system.
- While at the back of said building I saw my boyfriend Eric Dumandan coming and [Amarela] told him, "Ran (Eric's palayaw) naa si gemma diri!" and Eric responded, "ahh! tinga-a."
- When Eric left us, [Amarela] grabbed me going to the purok beside the daycare center of Sitio Maligatong, Brgy. Tawan-Tawan, Bagnio District [more or less] 20 meters away from the [cooperative] building. I shouted for help but still nobody heard me.20
From AAA's testimony, we are unsure whether she was able to see Amarela given the lighting conditions in the crime scene. In her re-direct examination, AAA clarified that she identified Amarela while she was being pulled to the day care center. Even so, the prosecution failed to clarify as to how she was able to do so when, according to AAA herself, the way to the day care enter was dark and covered by trees. Thus, leaving this material detail unexplained, we again draw reservations from AAA's testimony.
Direct Examination Q: Now, what separates this beauty contest from what you were testifying a while ago as the daycare center? A: Coconut trees, durian trees, and cacao. Q: What else? A: Several trees. Q: How about grass? A: Yes, sir. Q: Now, can you please tell us the illumination in that place? A: It was dark. Q: Why is it that it was dark? A: Because there was no lighting.23 Cross-Examination Q: Since it was already night time, it was very dark at that time, correct? A: Yes, ma'am. Q: And when you went to the CR to relieve yourself which CR was located at Maligatong Cooperative building, it was also dark on your way? A: Yes, ma'am. x x x x Q: Now, while under the makeshift stage of that day care center, it was dark, very dark? A: Yes, ma'am. Q: And you cannot see the face of [Amarela], was not clear to you because it was very dark, correct? A: Yes, ma'am.24 Re-Direct Examination Q: At the time that you said that while [Amarela] was undressing you could not see his face, would you confirm that? A: Yes, sir. Q: What about his body? A: No, sir. Q: Why, Ms. Witness? A: It was dark. x x x x Q: Now, at the time that you were raped you said that it was too dark, how did you then identify that [Amarela] was the one who raped you? A: I know him when he brought me from the Coop. Q: From the Coop. to the day care center that was the time that you identified him? A: Yes, sir.25
From this, AAA would like us to believe that Amarela was able to undress himself and AAA, and place himself on top of her while under a 2- feet high makeshift stage. It is physically impossible for two human beings to move freely under a stage, much more when the other person is trying to resist sexual advances. Moreover, AAA failed to mention how exactly Amarela pulled her to the makeshift stage without any sign of struggle or resistance. If indeed she was being held against her will, AAA could have easily called for help or simply run away.
Q: At the day care center, where exactly did he bring you? A: Under. Q: Under what? A: Under the makeshift stage. Q: You said there was also a makeshift stage at the day care center? A: Yes. Q: Was it finished makeshift stage or not? A: Not yet finished. Q: You said that he brought you under that makeshift stage? A: Yes. Q: Please tell us how did you fit in that makeshift stage? A: Because the flooring is about 2 feet high. Q: Since you said he pulled you towards that makeshift stage, what was your reaction, Ms. Witness? A: I was scared. Q: And what did you do? A: I did not know what to do then. x x x x Q: Now, after that, what happened, Ms. Witness? A: He pushed me under. Q: What happened after that? A: He [punched] me in my abdomen. Q: What else did he do to you? A: I felt weak. Q: After that what happened? A: He undressed me. Q: While he was undressing you, what did you do, Ms. Witness? A: I was just lying down. x x x x Q: What else did he do to you while you were resisting his advances? A: He boxed my upper left thigh. Q: What did you feel when he boxed your left thigh? A: I felt numbness. x x x x Q: Now, you said that he undressed you, Ms. Witness, and you said he also undressed himself. What, then, [did he] do to you? A: He placed himself on top of me. Q: What did he do after that? A: He inserted his penis in my sex organ.27
Insofar as the evidentiary value of a medical examination is concerned, we have held that a medico-legal report is not indispensable to the prosecution of a rape case, it being merely corroborative in nature.30 In convicting rapists based entirely on the testimony of their victim, we have said that a medico-legal report is by no means controlling.31 Thus, since it is merely corroborative in character, a medico-legal report could even be dispensed with.32
FINDINGS GENERAL PHYSICAL FINDINGSHeight 5 feet & 4 inches Weight 44Kg General Survey Awake, afebrile, not in respiratory distress Mental Status Conscious, coherent, respond well to questions when asked and maintained eye to eye contact. Pertinent Physical Findings/Physical Injuries Normal findings ANO-GENITAL EXAMINATIONExternal Genitalia Normal findings Urethra and Periurethral Area Normal findings Perihymenal Area and Fossa Narvicularis (+) Hyperemic/Erythematous perihymenal area. Hymen (+) Complete laceration at 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock positions with minimal bloody secretion on the lacerated area.Perineum Normal findings Discharge None Internal and Speculum exam Not done Anal Examination Good sphincteric tone DIAGNOSTIC AND EVIDENCE GATHERINGForensic Evidence and Laboratory Results Pending laboratory results (Spermatocyte determination gram staining). IMPRESSONSAnogenital findings are diagnostic of blunt force or penetrating trauma.29
| Very truly yours, |
(SGD) | |
WILFREDO V. LAPITAN | |
Division Clerk of Court |
"WHEREFORE, premises considered, the 26 June 2012 Joint Judgment of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 11 of Davao City, in Criminal Case Nos. 64964-09 and 64965-09, as well as the 17 February 2016 Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR HC Nos. 01226 and 01227-MIN are hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE.NOW, THEREFORE, You are hereby ordered to immediately release JUVY D. AMARELA and JUNARD G. RACHO unless there are other lawful causes for which they should be further detained, and to return this Order with the certificate of your proceedings within five (5) days from notice hereof.
Accused-appellants Juvy D. Amarela and Junard G. Racho are ACQUITTED of the charge of rape on the ground of reasonable doubt. Their IMMEDIATE RELEASE from custody is hereby ordered unless they are being held for other lawful cause.
SO ORDERED."
| Very truly yours, |
(SGD) | |
WILFREDO V. LAPITAN | |
Division Clerk of
Court |
Endnotes:
1Rollo, pp. 3-14
2 CA rollo (CA-G.R. CR HC No. 01226-MIN), pp. 22-28.
3 Records (Criminal Case No. 64,964-09), p. 1.
4 Records (Criminal Case No. 64,965-09), p. 1.
5 CA rollo (CA-G.R. HC No. 01227-MlN), pp. 81-82.
6 CA rollo (CA-G.R. No. 01226-MJN), pp. 23-24.
7 Id. at 24-25.
8 Id. at 25-26.
9 Id. at 27-28.
10Rollo, pp. 10-13.
11People v. Gan, 150-8 Phil. 593, 603 (1972); People v. Sarmiento, 183 Phil. 499, 506 (1979); People v. Gamez, 209 Phil. 209, 218 (1983); People v. Quidilla, 248 Phil. 1005, 1017 (1988); People v. Fabro, 269 Phil. 409, 419 (1990) citing People v. Sambangan, 211 Phil. 72, 76 (1983); People v. Patilan, 274 Phil. 634, 648 (1991) citing People v. Ramilo, 230 Phil. 342, 351 (1986); People v. Esquila, 324 Phil. 366, 373 (1996); People v. Manahan, 374 Phil. 77, 88 (1999); People v. Dreu, 389 Phil. 429, 435 (2000) citing People v. Barcelona, 382 Phil. 46, 57 (2000); People v. Durano, 548 Phil. 383, 396 (2007) citing People v. Domingo, 297 Phil. 167, 188 (1993); People v. Madsali, 625 Phil. 431, 446 (2010) citing People v. Loyola, 404 Phil. 71, 77 (2001).
12 109 Phil. 912 (1960).
13 Id. at 914-915.
14People v. Zamoraga, 568 Phil. 132, 140 (2008); People v. Achas, 612 Phil. 652, 662 (2009); People v. Banig, 693 Phil. 303, 312 (2012); People v. Gahi, 727 Phil. 642, 657 (2014); People v. Pitalla, G.R. No. 223561, 19 October 2016.
15People v. Parcia, 425 Phil. 579, 585-586 (2002).
16 Id. at 586.
17People v. Nerio, Jr., 764 Phil. 565, 575 (2015) citing People v. CA, 755 Phil. 80, 111 (2015); People v. Regaspi, 768 Phil. 593, 598 (2015) citing People v. Cabungan, 702 Phil. 177, 188-189 (2013).
18People v. Pareja, 724 Phil. 759, 773 (2014) citing People v. Sanchez, 681 Phil. 631, 635-636 (2012).
19 TSN, 12 May 2009, pp. 16-17.
20 Records (Criminal Case No. 64, 964-09), p.3.
21People v. Manigo, 725 Phil. 324, 333 (2014) citing People v. Villanueva, Jr., 611 Phil. 152, 172 (2009).
22People v. Velasco, 722 Phil. 243, 254 (2013), People v. Laurino, 698 Phil. 195, 201 (2012); People v. Villamor, G.R. No. 202187, 10 February 2016, 783 SCRA 697, 707.
23 TSN, 12 May 2009, p. 19.
24 TSN, 19 May 2009, pp. 2-6.
25 Id. at 15.
26People v. Caliso, 675 Phil. 742, 752 (2011) cited in People v. Espera, 718 Phil. 680, 694 (2013).
27 TSN, 12 May 2009, pp. 21-25.
28 Records (Criminal Case No. 64,964-09), p. 9.
29 Id.
30People v. Pamintuan, 710 Phil. 414, 424 (2013) citing People v. Opong, 571 Phil. 571, 593 (2008); People v. Lou, 464 Phil. 413, 423 (2004); People v. Baltazar, 385 Phil. 1023, 1036 (2000); People v. Lasola, 376 Phil. 349, 360 (1999).
31People v. Ferrer, 415 Phil. 188, 199 (2001).
32People v. Dion, 668 Phil. 333, 351 (2011).
33 Localization and Number of Defloration Lacerations in Annular Hymens, J Biomed Clin Res Suppl. 1 Vol. 2 No. 1, 2009.
34 M.S. Sommers, Defining Patterns of Genital Injury from Sexual Assault, TRAUMA VIOLENCE & ABUSE, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 2007.
35 S. Anderson, et. al., Genital Findings of Women After Consensual and Nonconsensual Intercourse, Journal of Forensic Nursing, Vol. 2, No.2, Summer 2006.
36 Id.
37People v. Butiong, 675 Phil. 621, 631 (2011).
38 Id. at 631-632.
39 Id. at 632.
40 Id.
41People v. Cruz, 736 Phil. 564, 571 (2014) citing People v. Painitan, 402 Phil. 297, 312 (2001); People v. Bormeo, 292-A Phil. 691, 702-703 (2014) citing People v. Quintal, 211 Phil. 79, 94 (1983); People v. Garcia, 289 Phil. 819, 830 (1992).
42 TSN, 11 March 2009, pp. 29-32.
43 TSN, 22 February 2012, p. 6.
44 TSN, 6 June 2011, p. 7.
45People v. Bautista, 426 Phil. 391, 413 (2002).
46People v. Jampas, 610 Phil. 652, 669 (2009).
47 Id. 670.