SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. 236461, December 05, 2018
REYNALDO ARBAS RECTO, Petitioner, v. THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
CAGUIOA, J.:
Before the Court is a petition for review on certiorari1 (Petition) under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court assailing the Decision2 dated June 29, 2017 and Resolution3 dated January 11, 2018 issued by the Thirteenth Division and Former Thirteenth Division, respectively, of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 146120.
That on or about the 18th day of February, 2011 in the Municipality of Gen. Mariano Alvarez, Province of Cavite, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, being then armed with a hard object, with intent to kill, qualified by treachery and evident premeditation, abuse of superior strength, did then and there, wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and hit one Margie Carlosita on the head and on the parts of her body with the use of said hard object, thereby inflicting upon the latter traumatic injuries on the head and on her trunk, which caused her instantaneous death, to the damage and prejudice of the heirs of said Margie Carlosita.Thereafter, on May 23, 2011, Recto's former counsel filed a Petition for Bail6 with the Regional Trial Court of Bacoor City, Branch 89 (RTC). However, on April 11, 2014, the RTC issued an Order7 denying Recto's Petition for Bail as it gave credence to the testimony of prosecution witness Joshua Emmanuel Rabillas (Rabillas), son of Carlosita, that Recto was the one who killed his mother. The RTC, in denying the Petition for Bail, noted that "without, however, prejudging in any way the result of the case, the Court is of the impression that the evidence of guilt is strong, and it is incumbent on the part of the accused to take the witness stand to show otherwise."8
CONTRARY TO LAW.5
Considering, therefore, the testimony of Joshua pointing to the accused as the perpetrator of the crime compared with the mere allegations of the accused that the victim committed suicide, it is imperative on the part of the accused to take the witness stand, that is, if he so desires, to support his claim that he is not guilty as charged.11Subsequently, on April 27, 2016, petitioner filed a Motion to Fix Bail12 alleging that the prosecution was able to show that the crime charged should be Homicide only and not Murder. He pointed out that Rabillas, who was five years old at the time of the incident, testified that Carlosita was hit by the bottle during a quarrel over money. Citing People v. Rivera,13 a case with substantially the same facts wherein the common-law wife was killed by the common-law husband during a heated argument, Recto argued that the case established by the prosecution was thus merely Homicide due to the absence of the qualifying circumstance of treachery.
SECTION 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.The following Constitutional provision is implemented by the following provisions of the Rules of Court:
SEC. 4. Bail, a matter of right; exception. - All persons in custody shall be admitted to bail as a matter of right, with sufficient sureties, or released on recognizance as prescribed by law or this Rule (a) before or after conviction by the Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court in Cities, or Municipal Circuit Trial Court, and (b) before conviction by the Regional Trial Court of an offense not punishable by death, reclusion perpetua, or life imprisonment.Thus, as a rule, all persons charged with a criminal offense have the right to bail. However, persons charged with an offense punishable by reclusion perpetua cannot avail of this right if the evidence of guilt is strong.
x x x x
SEC. 7. Capital offense or an offense punishable by reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, not bailable. - No person charged with a capital offense, or an offense punishable by reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, shall be admitted to bail when evidence of guilt is strong, regardless of the stage of the criminal prosecution.22
Jurisprudence provides that treachery cannot be appreciated if the accused did not make any preparation to kill the deceased in such manner as to insure the commission of the killing or to make it impossible or difficult for the person attacked to retaliate or defend himself.24 Mere suddenness of the attack is not sufficient to hold that treachery is present, where the mode adopted by the aggressor does not positively tend to prove that they thereby knowingly intended to insure the accomplishment of their criminal purpose without any risk to themselves arising from the defense that the victim might offer.25 Specifically, it must clearly appear that the method of assault adopted by the aggressor was deliberately chosen with a view to accomplishing the act without risk to the aggressor.26
PROSECUTOR DUMAUAL: You said a while ago that your mother had a quarrel with Recto? WITNESS: Yes, sir. PROSECUTOR DUMAUAL: What did Recto do when he quarreled with your mother Margie? WITNESS: Pinalo po. INTERPRETER: Make it of record that the witness ts touching his forehead with his right hand.23
Applying these principles to the case at bar, we hold that the prosecution has not proven that the killing was committed with treachery. Although accused-appellant shot the victim from behind, the fact was that this was done during a heated argument. Accused-appellant, filled with anger and rage, apparently had no time to reflect on his actions. It was not shown that he consciously adopted the mode of attacking the victim from behind to facilitate the killing without risk to himself. Accordingly, we hold that accused-appellant is guilty of homicide only.28The other qualifying circumstances alleged in the Information filed against Recto - evident premeditation and abuse of superior strength are likewise negated by the foregoing fact. For the circumstance of evident premeditation to be properly appreciated, it must first be shown that there was a sufficient lapse of time between the decision to commit the crime and the execution thereof to allow the accused to reflect upon the consequences of his act.29 Similarly, for abuse of superior strength to be properly appreciated, there must be evidence showing that the assailants "consciously sought the advantage"30 or that "there was deliberate intent on the part of the malefactor to take advantage thereof."31
While the charge against petitioner is undeniably a capital offense, it seems likewise obvious that the evidence submitted by the prosecution to the respondent judge for the purpose of showing that the evidence of petitioner's guilt is strong, is not sufficient to establish that the offense committed by petitioner, if any, was that of murder. On the basis of the sworn statement of Benedito himself petitioner could only be held liable for homicide. It must be observed in this connection that a person charged with a criminal offense will not be entitled to bail even before conviction only if the charge against him is a capital offense and the evidence of his guilt of said offense is strong. In the present case, as already stated, the evidence submitted by the prosecution in support of its opposition to the motion for bail could prove, at most, homicide and not murder, because it does not sufficiently prove either known premeditation or alevosia.33 (Emphasis supplied)In People v. Plaza,34 the accused also filed a demurrer to evidence after the prosecution had rested its case. After a finding that the qualifying circumstance of treachery could not be appreciated in the case, the accused also filed a motion to fix bail. The RTC granted the motion, and its validity was upheld by the CA. Upon appeal to the Court, it likewise upheld the grant of bail, ratiocinating that the grant of bail to an accused charged with a capital offense depends on whether the evidence of guilt is strong.
Endnotes:
1Rollo, pp. 11-28, excluding Annexes.
2 Id. at 29-34. Penned by Associate Justice Danton Q. Bueser, with Associate Justices Apolinario D. Bruselas, Jr. and Marie Christine Azcarraga-Jacob concurring.
3 Id. at 35-36.
4 Id. at 39-40.
5 Id. at 39.
6 Id. at 41-44.
7 Id. at 45-46. Penned by Executive Judge Eduardo Israel Tanguanco.
8 Id. at 46.
9 Id. at 47-61.
10 Id. at 62-65.
11 Id. at 65.
12 Id. at 66-70.
13 356 Phil. 409 (1998).
14Rollo, pp. 37-38.
15 Id. at 30.
16 Id. at 72-92.
17 Id. at 32-33, citing People v. Abat, 731 Phil. 304, 312 (2014).
18 Id. at 109-124.
19 Id. at 127-134.
20Ang Bian Huat Sons Industries, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 541 Phil. 588, 594 (2007).
21Badiola v. Court of Appeals, 575 Phil. 514, 531 (2008).
22 RULES OF COURT, Rule 114.
23 TSN, May 8, 2012, p. 6; rollo, p. 103.
24People v. Bautista, 325 Phil. 83, 92 (1996).
25 See People v. Delgado, 77 Phil. 11, 15-16 (1946).
26People v. Bacho, 253 Phil. 451, 458 (1989).
27 Supra note 13.
28 Id. at 426.
29People v. Abadies, 436 Phil. 98, 105-106 (2002).
30Valenzuela v. People, 612 Phil. 907, 917 (2009).
31People v. Escoto, 313 Phil. 785, 799 (1995).
32 114 Phil. 851 (1962).
33 Id. at 855-856.
34 617 Phil. 669 (2009).