FIRST DIVISION
G.R. No. 226771, September 16, 2020
NORSK HYDRO (PHILIPPINES), INC., AND NORTEAM SEATRANSPORT SERVICES, Petitioners, v. PREMIERE DEVELOPMENT BANK, BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, CITIBANK, N.A.,SKYRIDER BROKERAGE INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND MARIVIC - JONG BRIONES, Respondents.
D E C I S I O N
REYES, J. JR., J.:
Assailed in this Petition for Review on Certiorari1 under Rule 45 of the 1997 Rule on Civil Procedure are the Orders dated February 19, 2016,2 and August 5, 2016,3 both promulgated by the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 148, Makati City in Civil Case No. 03-1203 entitled "Norsk Hydro (Philippines), Inc. and Norteam Seatransport Services v. Premiere Development Bank, Bank of the Philippine Islands, Citibank, N.A., Skyrider Brokerage International, Inc. and Marivic-Jong Briones." The said Orders resolved to issue a writ of execution against respondents and enjoined them to pay the remaining unpaid obligation amounting to One Million Three Hundred Twenty-Eight Thousand Two Hundred Sixty-Three Pesos and Seven Centavos (P1,328,263.07) with 6% per annum from November 30, 2015 until fully paid, and costs of suit.
The case stemmed from a Complaint for Sum of Money and Damages with an Application for the Issuance of a Writ of Preliminary Attachment filed on October 9, 2003, by petitioners against herein respondents. Petitioners alleged that respondent Skyrider Brokerage International, Inc. (Skyrider Brokerage) did not remit to the Bureau of Customs (BOC) the 19 crossed manager's check transmitted unto it (Skyrider Brokerage) by petitioner Yara Fertilizers (Philippines), Inc. [formerly known as Norsk Hydro (Philippines), Inc.], for the purpose of payment of the custom duties and taxes for the fertilizers that were imported by the latter.
On April 14, 2010, the RTC rendered a Decision4 finding respondents Security Bank Corporation (formerly known as Premiere Development Bank), Skyrider Brokerage, Marivic-Jong Briones (Jong-Briones), and the Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI) jointly and severally liable to petitioners for the amount of P26,176,006.06 covering the 18 crossed manager's checks purchased from the BPI, plus interest; finding respondents Security Bank Corporation (Security Bank), Skyrider Brokerage, Jong-Briones and the Citibank, N.A. (Citibank) jointly and severally liable to petitioners for the amount of P1,907,784.00 covering the Citibank Manager's Check No. 338583 dated November 16, 2001, plus interest; finding respondents BPI and Citibank to have the right to claim reimbursement against respondent Security Bank for whatever amounts they would be obligated to pay herein petitioners; dismissing respondent Security Bank's counterclaim against petitioners for lack of merit; finding respondents Security Bank and Skyrider Brokerage jointly and severally liable to petitioners for the amount of P400,000.00 as exemplary damages, and; finding respondents Security Bank, Skyrider and Jong Briones jointly and severally liable to petitioners for the amount of P400,000.00 as moral damages, P700,000.00 as attorney's fees and litigation expenses, and costs of suit.
Upon appeal, the appellate court rendered a Decision5 dated November 20, 2014, denying respondents' appeal and dismissing the instant case for lack of merit. The appellate court affirmed the findings of the RTC that respondents acted in gross, wanton, and inexcusable negligence in the unauthorized encashment and conversion of the subject checks, to the prejudice of herein petitioners.
Unsatisfied, respondents filed their Petition for Review on Certiorari before this Court on January 27, 2015. On March 16, 2015, this Court issued a Resolution denying the instant petition "for failure to sufficiently show that the appellate court committed any reversible error in the challenged decision as to warrant the exercise by the Court of its discretionary appellate jurisdiction."
Since no motion for reconsideration was filed, the Resolution dated March 16, 2015, became final and executory and a corresponding Entry of Judgment dated May 26, 2015, was issued by this Court thereon.
Thus, on September 18, 2015, petitioners filed a Motion for Execution of the Decision dated April 14, 2010, issued by the RTC and prayed that they be awarded the amount of P109,460,770.61.
Petitioners asserted that in the absence of an expressed stipulation as to the rate of interest that should govern the parties, the legal interest to be imposed or the actual damages awarded in their favor should be 12% per annum, compounded annually from the date of extrajudicial demand up to June 30, 2013. The legal interest to be imposed from July 1, 2013, until full payment by the respondents of their obligation should be six percent (6%) per annum, compounded annually, by virtue of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Circular No. 799-13, which fixed such legal interest to the same.
In its Comment, respondent Security Bank contended that the interest on the actual damages awarded should only be imposed at 6% per annum from the date of finality of the Decision on May 26, 2015, until the obligation is fully paid, considering that respondents' obligation did not arise from a loan or forbearance of money, but as a result of fraud and negligence. Furthermore, there is no basis to impose compounding interest on the said damages, and that the Decision dated April 14, 2010, did not impose interest for the other damages awarded to petitioners, e.g., moral and exemplary damages, and attorney's fees.
Accordingly and in accordance with the foregoing discussions, defendants['] remaining obligation under the subject Decision as of November 30, 2015 should be computed as follows:The RTC ruled that since there was no definite finding as to when the final demand made by petitioners were actually received by the respondents. It found proper to impose the legal interest on the actual damages from the time of judicial demand, or from the time cf the filing of the instant complaint on October 9, 2003, up to the finality of the Decision on May 26, 2015. Also, the actual damages awarded with legal interest shall likewise earn legal interest at the rate of 6% per annum from the finality of the Decision until, full satisfaction thereof.
Computation of legal interest due on the Actual Damages Awarded in the amount of [P]28,083,790.02 from judicial demand to finality of judgment
Period Covered: October 09, 2003 (date of judicial demand) - May 26, 2015 (date of finality of the decision) P28,083,790.02 x 6% x 11 years, 7 months and 17 days = P19,596,714.72 P19,596,714.72 - interest due on the actual damages from judicial demand up to finality of judgment + P28,083,790.02 - actual damages awarded (value of the Manager's checks) _____________ P47,680,504.74 - principal amount with interest due as of May 26, 2015.
Computation of legal interest due on the actual damages from date of finality of judgment until November 30, 2015
Period Covered: May 26, 2015 to November 30, 2015 P47,680,504.74 x 6% x 6 months & 4 days = P1,461,766.68 P1,461,766,68 - interest due from the finality of judgment until November 30, 2015 + P47,680,504.74 - principal amount with interest due as of May 26, 2015 P49,142,271.42 - Total amount due with legal interest from October 9, 2003 to November 30, 2015.
Computation of legal interest due on the Moral and Exemplary Damages Awarded in the amount of P400,000.00 each from the date of decision until its finality
Period Covered. April 14, 2010 (date of Decision) to May 26, 2015 (finality of the decision]. P400,000[.00] x 6% x 5 years, 1 month and 12 days = P122,789[.00] P400,900[.00] - moral damages awarded P122,789[.00] - interest due on the moral damages from the date of the decision until its finality. ____________ P522,789[.00] - moral damages due with interest from rendition of the subject decision until finality.
Computation of legal interest on moral damages from the date of finality until November 30, 2015.
Period Covered: May 26, 2015 (finality of decision) to November 30, 2015 P522,789[.00]x 6% x 6 months & 7 days = P16,027.46P522,789[.00] - moral damages due with interest from rendition of the subject decision until its finality +
P16,027.46
- interest due on the moral damages awarded from finality of decision until November 30, 2015 __________ P538,816.46 - total moral damages due with interest from April 14, 2010 until November 30, 2015.
The aforesaid amount is also similar to the exemplary damages due as of November 30, 2015 since both moral and exemplary damages [amount] to P400,000[.00] each.
Computation of legal interest on Attorney's fees from the date the decision was rendered until its finality
Period Covered: April 14, 2010 (date of the decision was rendered) to May 26, 2015 (date of finality of the decision) P700,000[.00] x 6% x 5 years, 1 month & 12 days - P214,880.84 P214.880.84 - interest due on the attorney's fees awarded from the date of the decision until its finality + P700,000[.00] - Attorney's fees awarded by the Court P914,880.84 - Attorney's fees with interest from the date of the derision until its finality
Computation of legal interest on Attorney's fees from the date of the finality of the decision until November 30, 2015.
P914,880.84 x 6% x 6 months & 1 day = P27,696.79 P27,696.79 - interest due on the attorney's fees from the date of finality of the Decision until November 30, 2015. P914,880.84 - Attorney's fees with interest from the date of decision until its Finality P942,477.63 - Total amount of Attorney's fees from April 10, 2010 (date of decision) until November 30, 2015.
Total Monetary Award due to the plaintiffs as of November 30, 2015.
+P49,142,271.42
P538,816.46
P538,816.46
P942,477.63__- Actual Damages with interest
- Moral Damages with interest
- Exemplary damages with interest
- Attorney's fees -P51,162,381.97
P49,834,118.90- amount paid by the defendant SBC duly acknowledged by the plaintiffs _____________ P1,328,263.07 - remaining unpaid obligation of the defendants as of November 30, 2015.
Base[d] on the foregoing, the remaining unpaid obligation of the defendants as of November 30, 2015 is P1,328,263.07. The said amount is without prejudice to any additional interest that may properly be imposed until full payment or satisfaction of the obligation.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Motion for Execution is GRANTED.
Accordingly, based on the abovementioned computation and taking into consideration the payment made by the defendant SBC (formerly Premiere Bank), let a writ of execution be issued on the remaining unpaid obligation of the defendant as of November 30, 2015 in the amount of P1,328,263.07, with interest of 6% per [annum] beginning on said date and until fully paid, plus cost of suit. The Deputy Sheriff of this Court is hereby ordered to implement the writ.
SO ORDERED
Computation of legal interest due on the Actual Damages Awarded in the amount of P28,083,790.02 from extra[-]judicial demand to finality of judgmentThe computation of the legal interests on the moral [damages], exemplary damages and attorney's fees remains the same.
Period Covered: June 25, 2003 (date of extra[-]judicial demand) - May 26, 2015 (date of finality of the decision).P28,083,790.02 x 6% x 11 years, 11 months and 1 day = P20,084,590.48 -P20,084,590.48 - interest due on the actual damages from extra-judicial demand up to finality of Judgment. +P28,083,790.02 - actual damages awarded (value of the Manager's checks) ______________ P48,168,380.50 - principal amount with interest due as of May 26, 2015
Computation of legal interest due on the actual damages from date of finality of judgment until November 30, 2015
Period Covered: May 26, 2015 to November 30, 2015. P48,168,380.50 x 6% x 6 months & 4 days = P1,477,163.64 P1,477,163.64 - interest due from the finality of judgment until November 30, 2015+ P48,168,380.50
- principal amount with interest due as of May 26, 2015. P49,645,544.14 - Total amount due with legal interest from October 9, 2003 to November 30, 2015.
The aforesaid amount likewise earned a 6% interest per [annum] from November 30, 2015 to March 30, 2016 in the amount of P36,630.72 computed as follows:cralawred
+ P49,645,544.14
P 538,816.46
P 538,816.46
P 942,477.63 - Actual Damages with interest
- Moral Damages with interest- Exemplary damages with interest- Attorney's fees____________ - P51,665,654.69
P49,834,l 18.90 - amount paid by defendant SBC duly acknowledged by the plaintiffs. _____________ P 1,831,535.79 - remaining unpaid obligation of the defendant SBC as of November 30, 2015.
P1,831,535.79 x 6% x 4 mos. = P36,630.72The records show that on March 22, 2016, the parties filed a Joint Manifestation dated March 21, 2016 stating that plaintiffs received One Million Three Hundred Twenty[-]Eight Thousand and Two Hundred Sixty Three and 07/100 Pesos (P1,328,263.07) as additional payment based on the execution order issued by this Court. Said amount should be deducted from the total unpaid obligation of the defendant SBC.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Motion for Reconsideration is PARTLY GRANTED.
P1,831,535.79 - remaining unpaid obligation of the defendant SBC as of November 30, 2015. + [P]36,630.72 - interest from December 1, 2015 to March 30, 2016 _____________ P1,868,166.51 -[P]1,328,263.07 - additional payment of SBC on March 22, 2016 _____________ P 539,903.44
- remaining unpaid obligation of defendant SBC as of March 30, 2016 which is subject to a 6% interest per annum from April 1, 2016 until the obligation is fully paid and; P 61,77238 - costs of suit
The doctrine of finality of judgment is grounded on fundamental considerations of public policy and sound practice, and that, at the risk of occasional errors, the judgments or orders of courts must become final at some definite time fixed by law; otherwise, there would be no end to litigations, thus setting to naught the main role of courts of justice which is to assist in the enforcement of the rule of law and the maintenance of peace and order by setting justiciable controversies with finality.9Despite the finality of the Decision dated April 14, 2010, petitioners insist that respondents' obligation is considered a loan or forbearance, and not due to fraud or negligence. A perusal of the said decision had already settled this issue, to wit:cralawred
It is the Court findings under the evidence presented that defendant [Skyrider Brokerage] and defendant [Jong Briones] are part of the conspiracy in the commission of the fraud against the plaintiff. In the first place, plaintiff engaged defendant [Skyrider Brokerage] wherein the General Manager is defendant [Jong Briones] to pay the taxes due to the government because of the importation of fertilizers abroad. Plaintiff has not authorized said defendants to hire a broker or an agent to do the work for them. But then defendants Skyrider [Brokerage] and [Jong Briones], allegedly hired a certain David Banga to do the work for them for a fee of 10% of the amount being given by plaintiff to defendants Skyrider [Brokerage] and [Jong Briones]. David Banga does not appear to be a licensed customs broker, but the one licensed is [Jong Briones], hence David Banga has no personality when to transact business [sic] with the Bureau of Customs regarding payment of taxes for others unless he is properly authorized by the principal herein, which is the plaintiff. But then the plaintiff did not authorize David Banga t act for and in their behalf.Any right, fact, or matter in issue directly adjudicated or necessarily involved in the detenriination of an action before a competent court in which judgment is rendered on the merits is conclusively settled by the judgment therein and cannot again be litigated between the parties and their privies, whether or not the claim, demand, purpose, or subject matter of the two actions is the same.11 Thus, the findings of the RTC as to the nature of the source of respondents' obligation to petitioner cannot now be questioned anew by the latter and so late in the proceedings,
x x x x
With respect to the issue on the liability of Premiere Bank against herein plaintiffs, it was.clearly established by the testimonies and evidence presented that Premiere Bank should be held liable for damages suffered by the plaintiff.
First, defendant Premiere Bank admitted that it allowed a certain Mr. Arthur Espino to deposit the subject checks in Account Numbers 01-00-780-1 and 0-5-02687-8 in its Pedro Gil Branch on the mere representation of Arthur Espino, using a photocopy of the alleged Certification of Business Name of plaintiff Norteam that he was allegedly the president thereof. Defendant Premiere being a banking institution, it is duly bound to ensure extraordinary diligence in dealing with clients.
Second, defendant Premiere Bank stamped the subject checks with the notation: 'prior endorsement and/or lack of endorsement guaranteed'.
Third, there is deliberate and/or negligent act on the part of Manuel Agoncillo, manager of the Pedro Gil Branch of defendant Premiere Bank, in transacting the subject checks to the prejudice of plaintiff Yara Fertilizers and Norteam Transport.
x x x x
However, although defendants BPI and Citibank N.A. was not proven to have any knowledge or involvement in any anomaly or irregularity on the subject checks as it cleared and paid the amount of the Manager's checks in reliance on the endorsement stamp of the Premiere Bank as the collecting bank, it cannot at all escape responsibility to plaintiff Norsk Hydro and Norteam being the banks who issued the subject Manager's Check. By issuing the subject checks and clearing the same, it has the duty to reimburse the credited amount on the account of Plaintiffs subject however to its right to claim reimbursement to defendant Premiere Bank who indorsed and warranted all prior endorsement upon which defendants BPI and Citibank relied into."10 (Emphasis supplied)
Given the foregoing, the rate of legal interest to be imposed upon the obligation of respondents shall be 6% per annum, at the time of judicial or extra-judicial demand by petitioners.
1. When the obligation is breached, and it consists in the payment of a sum of money, i.e., a loan or forbearance of money, the interest due should be that which may have been stipulated in writing. Furthermore, the interest due. shall itself earn legal interest from the time it is judicially demanded. In the absence of stipulation, the rate of interest shall be 6% per annum (formerly 12% per annum) to be computed fiom default, i.e., from judicial or extrajudicial demand under and subject to the provisions of Article 1169 of the Civil Code.2. When an obligation, not constituting a loan or forbearance of money, is breached, an interest on the amount of damages awarded may be imposed at the discretion of the court at the rate of 6% per annum. No interest, however, shall be adjudged on unliquidated claims or damages, except when or until the demand can be established with reasonable certainty. Accordingly, where the demand is established with reasonable certainty, the interest shall begin to run from the time the claim is made judicially or extra-judicially (Art. 1169, Civil Code), but when such certainty cannot be so reasonably established at the time the demand is made, the interest shall begin to run only from the date the judgment of the court is made (at which time the quantification of damages may be deemed to have been reasonably ascertained). The actual base for the computation of legal interest shall, in any case, be on the amount finally adjudged.3. When the judgment of the court awarding a sum of money becomes final and executory, the rate of legal interest, whether the case falls under paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, above, shall be 6% per annum from such finality until its satisfaction, this interim period being deemed to be by then an equivalent to a forbearance of credit.14
The judgment which was sought to be executed ordered the payment of simple "legal interest" only. It said nothing about the payment of compound interest. Accordingly, when the respondent judge ordered the payment of compound interest, he went beyond the confines of his own judgment which had been affirmed by the [CA] and which had become final, x x x Therefore, in default of any equivocal wording in the contract, the legal interest stipulated by the parties should be understood to be simple, not compounded.18 (Emphasis supplied)The aforementioned case is clear that the presence of stipulated or conventional interest accrued at the time of judicial demand is required, in order to impose a compounded interest. Nowhere in the complaint herein, was it alleged that the parties had stipulated that respondents' obligation will earn interest. In cases where no interest had been stipulated by the parties, no accrued conventional interest could further earn interest upon judicial demand.19
Costs are certain allowances authorized by statute to reimburse the successful party for expenses incurred in prosecuting or defending an action or special proceedings. These costs have their own legal meaning and import, for, as it was said, "costs are in the nature of incidental damages allowed to the successful party to indemnify him[/her] against the expense of asserting his[her] rights in court, when the necessity of doing so was caused by other's breach of legal duty,"22As such, the costs of.filing a suit includes, but not limited to, those found under Sections 9,23 10,24 ,and 1125 of Rule 142 of the Revised Rules of Court.
Interest is a compensation fixed by the parties for the use or forbearance of money. This is referred to as monetary interest. Interest may also be imposed by law or by courts as penalty or indemnity for damages. This is called compensatory interest. The right to interest applies only by virtue of a contract or by virtue of damages for delay or failure to pay the principal loan on which interest is demanded.29Verily, the costs of suit do not partake the nature of an award that is granted by the courts, which can earn either monetary interest or compensatory interest.
P26,176,006.06 x 6% x 11 years, 11 months and 1 day (11 + 336/365) = P18,721,079.53 | |
P26,176,006.06 - amount covered by the eighteen (18) crossed manager's checks purchased from BPI | |
+ | |
P18,721,079.53 | - interest due on the actual damages from judicial demand up to finality of judgment |
P44,897,083.59 | - principal amount with interest due as of May 26, 2015. |
P44,897,085.59 x 6% x 6 months and 3 days (186/365) = P1,373,850.82 | |
P44,897,085.59 - principal amount with interest due as of May 27, 2015 | |
+ | |
P1,373,850.82 | - interest clue from finality of judgment until November 30, 2015. |
P46,270,936.41 | - total amount due on the actual damages awarded to petitioners against respondents Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, Jong Briones, and BPI |
P1,907,784.00 x 6% x 11 years, 11 months and 1 day (11 + 336/365) = P1,364,447.12 | |
P1,907,784.00 - amount covered by the crossed manager's checks purchased from Citibank | |
+ | |
P1,364,447.12 | - interest due on the actual damages from judicial demand up to finality of judgment |
P3,272,231.12 | - principal amount with interest due as of May 26, 2015. |
P3,272,231.12 x 6% x 6 months and 3 days (186/365) - P100,130.27 | |
P3,272,231.12 | - principal amount with interest due as of May 27, 2015 |
+ | |
P100,130.27 | - interest due from finality of judgment until November 30, 2015. |
P3,372,361.39 | - total amount due on the actual damages awarded to petitioners against respondents Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, Jong Briones, and Citibank |
P400,000.00 x 6% x 6 months and 4 days (187/365) = P12,240.00 | |
P400,000.00 | - moral/exemplary damages with interest from the date of finality until November 30, 2015 |
+ | |
P12,240.00 | - interest due on the moral/exemplary damages from finality of judgment until November 30, 2015. |
P412,240.00 | - total amount due on the moral/exemplary damages awarded to petitioners against respondents Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, and Jong Briones |
P700,000.00 x 6% x 5 years, 1 month and 12 days (5 + 42/365) = P215,040.00 | |
P700,000.00 | - amount of attorney's fees awarded |
+ | |
P215,040.00 | - interest due on the attorney's fees from date the decision was rendered until finality of judgment. |
P915,040.00 | - attorney's fees with interest due as of May 26, 2015 |
P915,040.00 x 6% x 6 months and 3 days (186/365) = P28,000.22 | |
P915,040.00 | - attorney's fees with interest from the date of finality until November 30, 2015 |
+ | |
P28,000.22 | - interest due on the attorney's fees from finality of judgment until November 30, 2015. |
P943,040.22 | - total amount due on the attorney's fees awarded to petitioners against respondents Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, and Jong Briones |
P46,270,936.41 | - Actual Damages with interest due against Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, Jong Briones, and BPI | |
+ | P3,372,361.39 | - Actual Damages with interest due against Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, Jong Briones and Citibank |
+ | P412,240.00 | - Moral Damages with interest due against Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, and Jong Briones |
+ | P412,240.00 | - Exemplary Damages with interest due against Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, and Jong' Briones |
+ | P943,040.22 | - Attorney's fees with interest due against Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, and Jong Briones |
_____________ | ||
P51,410,818.02 | ||
P49,834,118.90 | - amount paid by the Security Bank on November 30, 2015, as acknowledged by the petitioners | |
_____________ | ||
P1,576,699.12 x 6% x 3 months, and 21 days (112/365) - P29,326.60 |
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is DENIED for lack of merit. The Orders dated February 19, 2016, and August 5, 2016, both promulgated by the Regional Trial Court, Branch 148, Makati City in Civil Case No. 03-1203 is hereby AFFIRMED. Respondents Security Bank Corporation (formerly known as Premiere Development Bank), Bank of the Philippine Islands, Citibank, N.A., Skyrider Brokerage International, Inc., and Marivic-Jong Briones are ORDERED to pay the amount of Two Hundred Seventy-Seven Thousand Seven Hundred Sixty-Two Pesos and Sixty-Five Centavos (P277,762.65), in proportion to their respective obligations to petitioners Yara Fertilizers [formerly known as Norsk Hydro (Philippines), Inc.] and Norteam Seatransport Services, with legal interest at the rate of 6% per annum at the date of finality of this judgment until full payment thereof, plus costs of suit.
P26,393.94
- legal interest due from respondent Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, Jong Briones, and BPI (computed from 90% or P46,270,936.41/51,410,818.02) P2,052.86
- legal interest due from respondent Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, Jong-Briones, and Citibank (computed from 7% or P3,372,361.39/51,410,818.02) P879.80
- legal interest due from respondent Security Bank, Skyrider Brokerage, and Jong Briones (computed from 3% or P1,767520.22/51,410,818.02) P1,576,699.12 - amount due to petitioners as of November 30, 2015 + P29,326.60 - interest due to petitioners from November 30, 2015, until March 21, 2016 ___________ P1,606,025.72 - P1,328,263.07 - amount paid by Security Bank on March 21, 2016, as admitted by the parties in their Joint Manifestation dated March 22, 2016. ___________ P277,762.65 - amount representing the remaining obligation of respondents to petitioners P61,772.58 - costs of suit due from respondents Security Bank, Skyridge Brokerage, and Jong Briones, proportionately
Endnotes:
1Rollo, pp. 31-79.
2 Penned by Presiding Judge Andres Bartolome Soriano; id. at 8-15.
3 Id. at 16-21.
4 Penned by Judge Oscar B. Pimentel, id. at 336-360.
5 Penned by Associate Justice Vicente S.E. Veloso, with Associate Justices Jane Aurora C. Lantion and Nina G. Antonio-Valenzuela, concurring; id. at 180-220.
6 Id. at 64-67.
7 Id. at 45.
8Heirs of Sagum v. Heirs of Lagman, G.R. No. 241920, November 7, 2018.
9GSIS v. Group Management Corporation, 666 Phil. 277, 305 (2011).
10Rollo, p. 351
11Social Security Commission v. Rizal Poultry and Livestock Association, 665 Phil. 198, 205-206 (2011).
12S.C. Megaworld Construction and Development Corporation v. Engr. Parada, 717 Phil. 752, 771 (2013).
13Estores v. Spouses Supangan, 686 Phil. 86, 99 (2012).
14Arco Pulp and Paper, Co. v. Lim, 737 Phil. 133, 158-159 (2014).
15Spouses Albos v. Spouses Embisan, 748 Phil. 907, 915 (2014).
16 Id. at 916.
17 186 Phil. 563 (1980).
18 Id. at 565-566.
19David v. Court of Appeals, 375 Phil, 177 (1999).
20 750 Phil 69 (2015).
21 426 Phil 111(2002)
22 Id.
23 SEC. 9. Cost in justice of the peace or municipal courts. - In an action or proceeding pending before a justice of the peace or municipal judge, the prevailing party may recover the following costs, and no other:cralawred(a)For the complaint or answer, two pesos;24 SEC. 10. Cost in Court of First Instance [Regional Trial Court]. - In an action or proceeding pending in a Court of First instance [Regional Trial Court], the prevailing party may recover the following costs, and no other:cralawred
(b)For the attendance of himself[/herself], or his[/her] counsel, or both, on the day of trial, five pesos;
(c)For each additional day's attendance required in the actual trial of the case, one peso;
(d)For each witness produced by him[/her], for each day's necessary attendance at the trial, one peso, and his lawful traveling fees;
(e) For each deposition lawfully taken by him[/her] and produced in evidence, five pesos;
(f) For original documents, deeds, or papers of any kind produced by him[/her], nothing;
(g) For official copies of such documents, deeds, or papers, the lawful fees necessarily paid for obtaining such copies;
(h) The lawful fees paid by him[/her] for service of the summons and other process in the action;
(i) The lawful fees charged against him by the judge of the court in entering and docketing and trying the action or proceedings.(a) For the complaint or answer, fifteen pesos;25 SEC. 11. Cost in Court of Appeals and in Supreme Court. - In an action or proceeding pending in the Court of Appeals and in the Supreme Court, the prevailing party may recover the following costs, and no other:cralawred
(b) For his[/her|own attendance; and that his[/her] attorney, down to and including final judgment, twenty pesos.
(c) For each witness necessarily produced by him[/her], for each day's necessary attendance of such witness at the trial, two pesos, and his[/her] lawful traveling fees;
(d)For each deposition lawfully taken by him[/her] and produced in evidence, five pesos;
(e) For original documents, deeds, or papers of any kind produced by him[/her], nothing,
(f) For official copies of such documents, deeds, or papers, the lawful fees necessarily paid for obtaining such copies;
(g) The lawful fees charged against him by the judge of the court in entering and docketing and trying the action or proceedings.(a) For his[/her] own attendance, and that his[/her] attorney, down to and including final judgment, thirty pesos;26 ART. 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do.
(b) For official copies of record on appeal and the printing thereof, and all other copies required by the rules of court, the sum actually paid for the same;
(c) All lawful fees charged against him[/her] by the clerk of the Court of Appeals or of the Supreme Court, in entering and docketing the action and recording the proceedings and judgment therein and for the issuing of all process;
(d) No allowance shall be made to the prevailing party in the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals for the brief transmitted thereto, the prevailing party shall be allowed the same cost for witness fees, depositors, and process and service thereof as he[/she] would have been allowed the same cost for witness fees, depositors, and process and service thereof as he would have been allowed for such items had the testimony been introduced in a Court of First Instance [Regional Trial Court]
27 ART. 1157. Obligations arise from:cralawred(1) Law;28 596 Phil. 760 (2009).
(2) Contracts;
(3) Quasi-contracts;
(4) Acts or omissions punished by law; and,
(5) Quasi-delicts.
29 Id.
30Sulpicio Lines, Inc. v. Major Karaan, et al. G.R. No. 208590, October 3, 2018.
31PH Credit Corporation v. CA, et al., 421 Phil. 821 (2001).