EN BANC
G.R. No. 237874, February 16, 2021
MIGUEL C. WYCOCO, FORMER REGIONAL MANAGER OF NATIONAL FOOD AUTHORITY - ZAMBOANGA REGIONAL OFFICE, ARACELY C. VALLEDOR, AND ALL CONCERNED NATIONAL FOOD AUTHORITY REGION IX EMPLOYEES, Petitioners, v. MILAGROS L. AQUINO AND ESTRELLA B. AVILA, AUDIT TEAM LEADER AND SUPERVISING AUDITOR, RESPECTIVELY, NILDA B. PLARAS, DIRECTOR IV, COMMISSION SECRETARY, COA, - CORPORATE GOVERNMENT SECTOR, AUDIT GROUP C, ZAMBOANGA CITY, Respondents.
G.R. No. 239036
ERIC L. BONILLA AND ALL CONCERNED OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES OF THE NATIONAL FOOD AUTHORITY - AGUSAN DEL NORTE PROVINCIAL OFFICE, Petitioners, v. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT, Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
ZALAMEDA, J.:
The governing bodies of government entities and agencies are bound to be subservient to laws, rules and regulations in granting benefits to its employees. While the release of benefits may be motivated by benevolent intentions, the non-observance of relevant rules and laws could create more harm than good to their employees in the long run.
By grave abuse of discretion is meant such capricious and whimsical exercise of judgment as is equivalent to lack of jurisdiction. The abuse of discretion must be grave as where the power is exercised in an arbitrary or despotic manner by reason of passion or personal hostility; it must be so patent and gross as to amount to an evasion of positive duty or to a virtual refusal to perform the duty enjoined by or to act at all in contemplation of law. The burden lies on the petitioner to prove not merely reversible error, but grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of the public respondent issuing the impugned order.The COA Proper did not gravely abuse its discretion when, in both cases, it upheld the disallowance of the FGI. The COA Proper's decisions were supported by sufficient legal bases, negating any allegation that these were rendered in a whimsical, arbitrary, despotic, or capricious manner. Indeed, the impropriety of NFA's practice of granting FGI to its employees is not new to this Court. Petitioners even recognized that in Escarez v. Commission on Audit,26 this Court ruled the grant of FGI improper for lack of presidential authorization, among others. We have no reason to depart from Escarez as the same amounts to res judicata and a conclusive and binding precedent to the impropriety of FGI. Thus:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
In this case, the Court finds no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the COA in issuing the questioned NDs. The oft-repeated rule is that findings of administrative agencies are accorded not only respect but also finality when the decision or order is not tainted with unfairness or arbitrariness that would amount to grave abuse of discretion.25
The philosophy behind [res judicata] prohibits the parties from litigating the same issue more than once. When a right or fact has been judicially tried and determined by a court of competent jurisdiction or an opportunity for such trial has been given, the judgment of the court, as long as it remains unreversed, should be conclusive upon the parties and those in privity with them. Verily, there should be an end to litigation by the same parties and their privies over a subject, once it is fully and fairly adjudicated.27In our jurisdiction, res judicata is understood in two concepts: (1) bar by prior judgment, and (2) conclusiveness of judgment. The difference between them is straightforward: as compared to "bar by prior judgment," "conclusiveness of judgment" does not require identity of causes of action but only identity of parties.28
It is true that, although contained in a minute resolution, our dismissal of the petition was a disposition of the merits of the case. When we dismissed the petition, we effectively affirmed the CA ruling being questioned. As a result, our ruling in that case has already become final. When a minute resolution denies or dismisses a petition for failure to comply with formal and substantive requirements, the challenged decision, together with its findings of fact and legal conclusions, are deemed sustained. But what is its effect on other cases?Indeed, G.R. No. 237847 and G.R. No. 239036 share the same subject matter and issues with Escarez. These cases involve the same benefit, FGI, which, in both instances were authorized by NFA Council Resolution No. 226-2K5. All the cases raise the same issue of the propriety of NFA's grant of FGI. Even the defenses raised by petitioners in these separate cases to prevent disallowance are also identical, i.e., that the FGI enjoys presidential imprimatur and that it has been traditionally given. We also find identity of parties although in G.R. No. 239036 the petition was filed by members of a regional office of the NFA different from those involved in Escarez. The principle of res judicata only requires substantial identity of parties premised on a common interest between them, to such an extent that a favorable decision to one would also favorably affect the other. In Cruz v. Court of Appeals,30 We ruled:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
With respect to the same subject matter and the same issues concerning the same parties, it constitutes res judicata. However, if other parties or another subject matter (even with the same parties and issues) is involved, the minute resolution is not binding precedent. Thus, in CIR v. Baier-Nickel, the Court noted that a previous case, CIR v. Baier-Nickel involving the same parties and the same issues, was previously disposed of by the Court thru a minute resolution dated February 17, 2003 sustaining the ruling of the CA. Nonetheless, the Court ruled that the previous case "ha(d) no bearing" on the latter case because the two cases involved different subject matters as they were concerned with the taxable income of different taxable years. (Emphasis supplied; citations omitted)
Only substantial identity is necessary to warrant the application of res judicata. The addition or elimination of some parties does not alter the situation. There is substantial identity of parties when there is a community of interest between a party in the first case and a party in the second case albeit the latter was not impleaded in the first case.The substantial identity of the parties here, and the community of their interest with those involved in Escarez, could not be more clear. In both cases, petitioners are advocating for the legality of the grant of FGI, and are refusing to admit liability to return the disallowed amount. As far as petitioners in G.R. No. 237847 are concerned, they were, in fact, also petitioners in Escarez. The only difference between these two cases is the year when the FGI grant was disallowed by COA and the NDs involved.31
It has been held that in order that a judgment in one action can be conclusive as to a particular matter in another action between the same parties or their privies, it is essential that the issues be identical. If a particular point or question is in issue in the second action, and the judgment will depend on the determination of that particular point or question, a former judgment between the same parties will be final and conclusive in the second if that same point or question was in issue and adjudicated in the first suit; but the adjudication of an issue in the first case is not conclusive of an entirely different and distinct issue arising in the second. In order that this rule may be applied, it must clearly and positively appear, either from the record itself or by the aid of competent extrinsic evidence that the precise point or question in issue in the second suit was involved and decided in the first. And in determining whether a given question was an issue in the prior action, it is proper to look behind the judgment to ascertain whether the evidence necessary to sustain a judgment in the second action would have authorized a judgment for the same party in the first action.Indeed, the issue of petitioners' liability under the specific NDs involved here were not directly adjudged in Escarez. As aptly observed by the esteemed Senior Associate Justice Perlas-Bernabe during the deliberations on this case, the issue of civil liability under ND No. 11-003-GOF(10) (assailed in G.R. No. 237874) and ND No. 2014-01(12) (assailed in G.R. No. 239036) is a different issue from the propriety of the disallowance. Moreover, Escarez was concerned with an entirely different set of NDs which means that it was based on different causes of action bearing their own factual peculiarities that may not necessarily apply in the present petitions. The foregoing clarification bears more importance considering that, as would be discussed later, the Court had already decreed a definitive set of rules in determining liability to return in COA disallowance cases, and that the civil liability of the petitioners in Escarez was determined under a different paradigm.
The grant of the FGI did not enjoy any presidential approval |
(1) representation and transportation allowance;Meanwhile, DBM BC No. 16, s. 1998 prohibits the grant of food, rice, gift checks, or any other form of incentives/allowances, except those authorized via Administrative Order by the Office of the President.34 Similarly, Administrative Order No. 103 (AO 103)35 suspended the grant of new or additional benefits to officials and employees of GOCCs except for (a) Collective Negotiation Agreement (CNA) Incentives, and (b) those expressly provided by presidential issuance.36
(2) clothing and laundry allowance;
(3) subsistence allowance of marine officers and crew on board government vessels;
(4) subsistence allowance of hospital personnel;
(5) hazard pay;
(6) allowance of foreign service personnel stationed abroad; and,
(7) such other additional compensation not otherwise specified in Section 12 as may be determined by the DBM.
5.4.The following allowances/fringe benefits which were authorized to GOCCs/GFIs under the standardized Position Classification and Compensation Plan prescribed for each of the five (5) sectoral groupings of GOCCs/GFIs pursuant to P.D. No. 985, as amended by P.D. No. 1597, the Compensation Standardization Law in operation prior to R.A. No. 6785, and to other related issuances are not to be integrated into the basic salary and allowed to be continued after June 30, 1989 only to incumbents of positions who are authorized and actually receiving such allowances/benefits as of said date, at the same terms and conditions provided in said issuances.Nonetheless, petitioners never alleged, and there is no indication in the records, that the DBM signed off to the grant of the FGI. Petitioners only insist that its grant was backed by presidential approvals.
5.4.1 Representation and Transportation Allowance (RATA);
5.4.2 Uniform and Clothing Allowance;
5.4.3 Hazard Pay as authorized by law;
5.4.4 Honoraria/additional compensation for employees on detail with special projects or inter-agency undertakings;
5.4.5 Honoraria for services rendered by researchers, experts and specialists who are of acknowledged authorities in their fields of specialization;
5.4.6 Honoraria for lecturers and resource persons/speakers;
5.4.7 Overtime pay as authorized by law;
5.4.8 Laundry and subsistence allowance for marine officers and crew on board GOCCs/GFIs owned vessels and used in their operations, and of hospital personnel who attend directly to patients and who by nature of their duties are required to wear uniforms;
5.4.9 Quarters Allowance of officials and employees who are entitled to the same;
5.4.1 0 Overseas, Living Quarters and other allowances presently authorized for personnel stationed abroad;
5.4.11 Night Differential of personnel on night duty;
5.4.12 Per Diems of members of the governing Boards of GOCCs/GFIs at the rate prescribed in their respective Charters;
5.4.13 Flying Pay of personnel undertaking aerial flights;
5.4.14 Per Diems/Allowances of Chairman and Members/Staff of collegial bodies and Committees; and
5.4.15 Per Diems/Allowances of officials and employees on official foreign and local travel outside of their official station.
5.5 The following allowances/fringe benefits authorized to GOCCs/GFIs pursuant to the aforementioned issuances are not likewise to be integrated into the basic salary and allowed to be continued only for incumbents of positions as of June 30, 1989 who are authorized and actually receiving such allowances/benefits as of said date, at the same terms and conditions prescribed in said issuances.
5.5.1 Rice Subsidy;
5.5.2 Sugar Subsidy;
5.5.3 Death Benefits other than those granted by the GSIS;
5.5.4 Medical/dental/optical allowances/benefits;
5.5.5 Children's allowance;
5.5.6 Special Duty Pay/Allowance;
5.5.7 Meal Subsidy;
5.5.8 Longevity Pay; and
5.5.9 Teller's Allowance.
5.6 Payment of other allowance/fringe benefits and all other forms of compensation granted on top of basic salary, whether in cash or in kind, not mentioned in Sub-Paragraphs 5.4 and 5.5 above shall continue to be not authorized. Payment made for such unauthorized allowances/fringe benefits shall be considered as illegal disbursements of public funds.
HIS EXCELLENCY JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA
President
Republic of the Philippines
Malacañang, Manila
Dear Mr. President:
This refers to the attached approved granting of Food Assistance and Emergency Allowance to all employees of the Office of the President in the amount of Seven Thousand Pesos (P7,000.00).
Executive Order No. 2 placed the NFA under the Office of the President, upholding our mandate on food security and food stabilization. Likewise, Executive Order No. 22 tasked our agency to extend our services to the people through timely intervention on non-grains commodity trading in time of crisis or calamity. To this end, we would like to ensure your excellency that we will do our best.
Hence, as a sense of gratitude to the hardwork and dedication by our employees, I personally see fit that the Food Assistance and Emergency Allowance given to the employees of the Office of the President be extended to NFA officials and employees.
In the spirit of the Yuletide season and the thought of alleviating the economic status of our employees even in this Christmas season, we hope for your consideration and approval.
Again, MERRY CHRISTMAS AND A HAPPY NEW YEAR.
EDUARDO NONATO N. JOSON
Administrator
(Sgd.)
Approved/Disapproved JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA President (Sgd.)37
MEMORANDUMWe cannot see anything in the above memorandum to convince Us that President Arroyo intended to give continuing authority to NFA to grant its employees FGI .on a yearly basis. The purpose of the memorandum is clear and simple: to remind heads of GFIs and GOCCs not to give their employees exorbitant amounts by way of bonuses. The memorandum did not even authorize the release of a specific benefit, bonus or allowance. It spoke of a "proposal to grant" a benefit, which, again, was entirely different from FGI, and of an obvious smaller amount. Nevertheless, nothing categorical was given, much less authorized perpetually by virtue of the memorandum.
THE HEADS
GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
GOVERNMENT OWNED OR CONTROLLED CORPORATIONS
FROM The Cabinet Secretary
SUBJECT GIVING OF CHRISTMAS/YEAR-END BONUS
DATE 04 November 2003
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Cabinet, at its meeting with the Executive Secretary held today, discussed the proposal to grant the national employees the amount of not more than P5,000 as year-end bonus in addition to the regular year-end/Christmas/13th month pay consisting of their basic salary plus P5,000 in cash only. During the discussion, it was mentioned that these national government employees might be disgruntled if other employees of state entities received extremely high bonuses.
In view thereof, the Cabinet agreed to request the heads of the government financial institutions and the government-owned or controlled corporations to moderate their granting of bonuses to their employees.
Although the Cabinet Members are aware that finances are corporate board matters, they appeal to the good sense of the Boards on this particular case.
Thank you for your continued cooperation.
RICARDO L. SALUDO (Sgd.)38
Section 7. Additional Powers, Functions and Exemptions. In addition to the powers, functions and exemptions of the Authority under P.D. No. 4, as amended, the Authority shall have the following powers, functions and exemptions:
x x x
(f) To establish and or re-structure its own internal organization and to fix the remunerations, emoluments, allowances and other fringe benefits of its officers and employees, subject to the provisions of pertinent compensation law and regulations. x x x (Emphasis supplied)
NFA employees have no vested right to receive FGI despite it being traditionally given to them |
Clearly, the Court has been very consistent in construing the second sentence in the first paragraph of Section 12, supra, as prescribing July 1, 1989 as the qualifying date to determine whether or not an employee was an incumbent and receiving the non-integrated remuneration or benefit for purposes of entitling the employee to its continued grant. Stated differently, those allowances or fringe benefits (whether RATA or other benefits) that have not been integrated into the standardized salary are allowed to be continued only for incumbents of positions as of July 1, 1989 and who were actually receiving said allowances or fringe benefits as of said date.Neither is there merit to petitioners' claim that the disallowance of FGI diminished their existing benefits. Aside from alleging it, diminution of benefits should be proved by sufficient evidence.44 Here, what petitioners' offered are mere allegations without any evidence to support their claim.
It is basic enough that the erroneous application and enforcement of the law by public officers do not estop the Government from subsequently making a correction of the errors. Practice, without more, no matter how long continued, cannot give rise to any vested right if it is contrary to law. (Emphasis supplied)
The Court's ruling here does not apply to governmental bodies enjoying fiscal autonomy |
As envisioned in the Constitution, the fiscal autonomy enjoyed by the Judiciary, the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Audit, the Commission on Elections, and the Office of the Ombudsman contemplates a guarantee of full flexibility to allocate and utilize their resources with the wisdom and dispatch that their needs require. It recognizes the power and authority to levy, assess and collect fees, fix rates of compensation not exceeding the highest rates authorized by law for compensation and play plans of the government and allocate and disburse such sums as may be provided by law or prescribed by them in the course of the discharge of their functions.
Fiscal autonomy means freedom from outside control. If the Supreme Court says it needs 100 typewriters but DBM rules we need only 10 typewriters and sends its recommendations to Congress without even informing us, the autonomy given by the Constitution becomes an empty and illusory platitude.
The Judiciary, the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman must have the independence and flexibility needed in the discharge of their constitutional duties. The imposition of restrictions and constraints on the manner the independent constitutional offices allocate and utilize the funds appropriated for their operations is anathema to fiscal autonomy and violative not only of the express mandate of the Constitution but especially as regards the Supreme Court, of the independence and separation of powers upon which the entire fabric of our constitutional system is based.
The NFA officials who authorized the FGI, are not liable to return the disallowed amount. Nevertheless, the individual officers and employees who benefited from the grant should return what they wrongfully received. |
In view of the foregoing discussion, the Court pronounces:A. Approving/certifying officers
1. If a Notice of Disallowance is set aside by the Court, no return shall be required from any of the persons held liable therein.
2. If a Notice of Disallowance is upheld, the rules on return are as follows:
- Approving and certifying officers who acted in good faith, in regular performance of official functions, and with the diligence of a good father of the family are not civilly liable to return consistent with Section 38 of the Administrative Code of 1987.
- Approving and certifying officers who are clearly shown to have acted in bad faith, malice, or gross negligence are, pursuant to Section 43 of the Administrative Code of 1987, solidarily liable to return only the net disallowed amount which, as discussed herein, excludes amounts excused under the following sections 2c and 2d.
- Recipients - whether approving or certifying officers or mere passive recipients - are liable to return the disallowed amounts respectively received by them, unless they are able to show that the amounts they received were genuinely given in consideration of services rendered.
- The Court may likewise excuse the return of recipients based on undue prejudice, social justice considerations, and other bona fide exceptions as it may determine on a case to case basis.
x x x For one to be absolved of liability the following requisites [may be considered]: (1) Certificates of Availability of Funds pursuant to Section 40 of the Administrative Code, (2) In-house or Department of Justice legal opinion, (3) that there is no precedent disallowing a similar case in jurisprudence, (4) that it is traditionally practiced within the agency and no prior disallowance has been issued, [or] (5) with regard the question of law, that there is a reasonable textual interpretation on its legality.51Based on the foregoing, We find in these cases the existence of badges of good faith on the part of the certifying/approving officers and hence, they should be exonerated from their civil liability to return the disallowed amount under Sections 38 and 39 of the Administrative Code. The fact that the FGI had been traditionally given, while it may not justify its legality, propriety, and continued grant, is among the recognized circumstances showing good faith. Also, the OGCC's opinion indicate that NFA Council Resolution No. 225-2K6 was issued under the mistaken, yet innocent, belief that the NFA Council had authority to authorize the FGI's annual grant. Finally, Our ruling in Escarez52 was only promulgated in 2016. Thus, when the subject FGI was released in 2010 and 2012, there was still no precedent disallowing a similar case in jurisprudence.
In the same case, the Court observed that "[t]he principle of solutio indebiti applies where (1) a payment is made when there exists no binding relation between the payor, who has no duty to pay, and the person who received the payment; and (2) the payment is made through mistake, and not through liberality or some other cause." These requisites clearly obtain in the case of passive recipients who, by mistake of the erring approving/authorizing officer, were able to unduly receive compensation from disbursements later disallowed by the COA. Indeed, from a strictly technical point of view, there would be no legal duty to pay compensation which contravenes or lacks basis in law. Hence, as a general rule, passive recipients, notwithstanding their good faith, should be liable to return disallowed amounts they have respectively received on the basis of solutio indebiti. To note, this same general rule must equally apply to approving/authorizing officers who have not acted in bad faith, with malice, or with gross negligence because while they may not be held civilly liable under Section 38 (1), Chapter 9, Book I of the Administrative Code, they are still subject to return the amounts unduly received by them on the basis of solutio indebiti. In this respect, they may also be considered as passive recipients.The Court, nevertheless, recognized exceptions that could excuse payees from returning what they erroneously received. The exceptions are: (1) those given in consideration of actual services rendered under Rule 2c of the Madera Rules; (2) undue prejudice; (3) social justice considerations; and (4) other bona fide exceptions as the Court may determine on a case to case basis pursuant to Rule 2d.
At this juncture, it is crucial to underscore that good faith cannot be appreciated as a defense against an obligation under solutio indebiti as it is "'forced' by operation of law upon the parties, not because of any intention on their part but in order to prevent unjust enrichment." Moreover, it is discerned that the complete absolution of passive recipients from liability may indeed significantly reduce the funds to be recovered by the COA and as a result cause great losses, or "fiscal leakage," to the detriment of the government. In other words, if non-return of passive recipients is the norm, then the COA's ability to recover may be greatly hampered. This skewed paradigm recognized in earlier jurisprudence should not anymore be propagated.
As for the payees, the Court notes that the COA Proper already excused their return; hence, they no longer appealed. In any case, while they are ordinarily liable to return for having unduly received the amounts validly disallowed by COA, the return was properly excused not because of their good faith but because it will cause undue prejudice to require them to return amounts that were given as financial assistance and meant to tide them over during a natural disaster.After Madera's promulgation, the Court applied, or refused to apply, in the following cases, the exceptions found in Rules 2c and 2d:
The same considerations ought to underlie the application of Rule 2d as a ground to excuse return. In Madera, the Court also recognized that the existence of undue prejudice, social justice considerations, and other bona fide exceptions, as determined on a case-to-case basis, may also negate the strict application of solutio indebiti. The exception was borne from the recognition that in certain instances, the attending facts of given case may furnish an equitable basis for the payees to retain the amounts they had received. While 2d is couched in broader language as compared to Rule 2c, the application of Rule 2d should always remain true to its purpose: it must constitute a bona fide instance which strongly impels the Court to prevent a clear inequity arising from a directive to return. Ultimately, it is only in highly exceptional circumstances, after taking into account all factors (such as the nature and purpose of the disbursement, and its underlying conditions) that the civil liability to return may be excused. For indeed, it was never the Court's intention for Rule 2c and 2d of Madera to be a jurisprudential loophole that would cause the government fiscal leakage and debilitating loss.The importance of stringently applying the general rule rather than the exceptions was underscored by the Court in this wise:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
It is important to rein in Rules 2c and 2d of the Madera Rules on Return because their application has a direct bearing on the resulting amount to be returned by erring approving/authorizing officers civilly held liable under Section 38, in relation to Section 43, of the Administrative Code. In Madera, the Court explained that when recipients are excused to return disallowed amounts for the reason that they were genuinely made in consideration of services rendered, or for some bona fide exception determined by the Court on a case to case basis, the erring approving/authorizing officers' solidary obligation for the disallowed amount is net of the amounts excused to be returned by the recipients (net disallowed amount). The justifiable exclusions of these amounts signals that no proper loss should be recognized in favor of the government, and thus, reduces the total amount to be returned to the extent corresponding to such exclusions. Accordingly, since there is a justified reason excusing return, the State should not be allowed a double recovery of these amounts from the erring public officials and individuals notwithstanding their bad faith, malice or gross negligence. Needless to say even if the civil liability becomes limited in this sense, these erring public officers and those who have confederated and conspired with them remain subject to the appropriate administrative and criminal actions which may separately and distinctly pursued against them.When the Court applied the foregoing clarification to the payees in Abellanosa, It ruled that the "dislocation allowance" received by them ought to have been allowed under Rule 2c where it not for its lack of proper legal basis. Nevertheless, the payees were excused under Rule 2d of the Madera Rules. The Court considered the fact that "the benefits have a clear, direct, and reasonable connection to the actual performance of the petitioners' official work and functions," and that the recipients suffered actual displacement from work. Moreover, in the main decision, the Court already recognized the payees' "professed dedication to their duties despite being sent to some hazardous areas in order to implement the housing programs of the NHA." These circumstances were considered exceptional, thus, warranting the application of Rule 2d.
Endnotes:
NOTICE OF JUDGMENT
Sirs/Mesdames:
Please take notice that on February 16, 2021 a Decision, copy attached herewith, was rendered by the Supreme Court in the above-entitled case, the original of which was received by this Office on July 6, 2021 at 2:50 p.m.
Very truly yours, EDGAR O. ARICHETA Clerk of CourtBy: (SGD.) ANNA-LI R. PAPA-GOMBIO Deputy Clerk of Court En BancEndnotes:
1Rollo (G.R. No. 237874), pp. 62-68; penned by Chairperson Michael G. Aguinaldo and Commissioners Jose A. Fabia and Isabel D. Agito.
2Id. at 84.
3Rollo (G.R. No. 239036), pp. 91-100; penned by Chairperson Michael G. Aguinaldo and Commissioners Jose A. Fabia and Isabel D. Agito.
4Id. at 116.
5Rollo (G.R. No. 237874), p. 86.
6Id.
7Rollo (G.R. No. 239036), p. 118.
8Rollo (G.R. No. 237874), p. 85.
9Id.
10Id. at 90.
11Id. at 11.
12Id. at 91-93.
13Id. at 42-44.
14Rollo (G.R. No. 239036), p. 92.
15Id.
16Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989; took effect on 01 July 1989.
17Rollo (G.R. No. 239036), p. 92.
18Id.
19Rollo (G.R. No. 237874), p. 6; Rollo (G.R. No. 239036), p. 5.
20Rollo (G.R. No. 237874), pp. 62-68.
21Id. at 84.
22Rollo (G.R. No. 239036), pp. 94-99.
23Id. at 116.
24Rollo (G.R. No. 237874), pp. 14-29; Rollo (G.R. No. 239036), pp. 13-27.
25Id.
26 G.R. No. 217818, 31 May 2016.
27Stilianopulos v. City of Legaspi, G.R. No. 133913, 12 October 1999, 374 Phil. 879 (1999) [Per J. Panganiban].
28Samonte v. Domingo, G.R. No 237720, 05 February 2020 [Per J. A.B. Reyes, Jr.].
29 G.R. No. 167330, 18 September 2009, 616 Phil. 387 (2009) [Per J. Corona].
30 G.R. No. 164797, 13 February 2006, 517 Phil. 572 (2006) [Per J. Chico-Nazario].
31 In Ezcarez, the petitioners who are officials and employees of NFA-Region IX were assailing the disallowance of FGI for CY 2011 and 2012.
32 G.R. No. 91670, 07 February 1991, 271 Phil. 768 (1991) [Per J. Regalado].
33 Section 12. Consolidation of Allowances and Compensation. - All allowances, except for representation and transportation allowances, clothing and laundry allowances; subsistence allowance of marine officers and crew on board government vessels and hospital personnel; hazard pay; allowances of foreign service personnel stationed abroad; and such other additional compensation not otherwise specified herein as may be determined by the DBM, shall be deemed included in the standardized salary rates herein prescribed. Such other additional compensation, whether in cash or in kind, being received by incumbents only as of July 1, 1989 not integrated into the standardized salary rates shall continue to be authorized.
34Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) Employees Union, Regional Office No. VII, Cebu City v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 169815, 13 August 2008, 584 Phil. 132 (2008) [Per CJ. Puno].
35Directing the Continued Adoption of Austerity Measures in the Government; issued on 31 August 2004.
36 SEC. 3. All NGAs, SUCs, GOCCs, GFIs and OGCEs, whether exempt from Salary Standardization Law or not, are hereby directed to: x x x
x x x
(b) Suspend the grant of new or additional benefits to full-time officials and employees and officials, except for (i) Collective Negotiation Agreement (CNA) Incentives which are agreed to be given in strict compliance with the provisions of the Public Sector Labor-Management Council Resolutions No. 04, s. 2002 and No. 2, s. 2003, and (ii) those expressly provided by presidential issuance; x x x.
37Supra at note 5.
38Rollo (G.R. No. 239036), p. 118. Emphasis supplied.
39 Reconstituting the National Grains Authority to the National Food Authority, Broadening Its Functions and Powers and for Other Purposes; the law took effect on 14 January 1981.
40Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System v. Commission on Audit, G. R. No. 195105, 21 November 2017 [Per J. Bersamin].
41 G.R. No. 119385, 05 August 1999, 370 Phil. 793 (1999) [Per Justice Purisima].
42Supra at note 31.
43Supra at note 38.
44See Philippine Charity Sweepstakes v. Ma. Gracia M. Pulido-Tan, G.R. No. 216776, 19 April 2016, 785 Phil. 266 (2016) [Per J. Peralta].
45See Philippine Health insurance Corporation v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 213453, 29 November 2016, 801 Phil. 427 (2016) [Per J. Peralta]. 46 G.R. No. 103524, A.M. No. 91-8-225-CA, 15 April 1992, 284 Phil. 245 (1992) [Per J. Gutierrez, Jr.].
47 G.R. No. 244128, 08 September 2020 [Per J. Caguioa].
48 SECTION 38. Liability of Superior Officers. - (1) A public officer shall not be civilly liable for acts done in the performance of his official duties unless there is a clear showing of bad faith, malice or gross negligence.
x x x
(3) A head of a department or a superior officer shall not be civilly liable for the wrongful acts, omissions of duty, negligence, or misfeasance of his subordinates, unless he has actually authorized by written order the specific act or misconduct complained of.
49 SECTION 39. Liability of Subordinate Officers. - No subordinate officer or employee shall be civilly liable for acts done by him in good faith in the performance of his duties. However, he shall be liable for willful or negligent acts done by him which are contrary to law, morals, public policy and good customs even if he acted under orders or instructions of his superiors.
50Supra at note 45.
51 J. Leonen, Separate Concurring Opinion, Madera v. Commission on Audit; p. 8.
52Supra at note 26.
53 G.R. No. 243503, 15 September 2020 [Per J. J.C. Reyes, Jr.].
54 G.R. No. 205490 & 218177, 22 September 2020 [per J. Lazaro-Javier, En Banc].
55 G.R. No. 244336, 06 October 2020 [Per J. Lazaro-Javier, En Banc].
56 G.R. No. 245274, 13 October 2020 [Per J. Lazaro-Javier, En Banc].
57 G.R. No. 235832, 03 November 2020 [Per J. Inting, En Banc].
58 G.R. No. 244193, 10 November 2020 [Per J. Delos Santos, En Banc].
59 G.R. No. 185806, 17 November 2020.CONCURRING OPINION PERLAS-BERNABE, J.:
I concur.
However, I tender this opinion to further elucidate my views concerning the proper application of res judicata in this case and the appropriate parameters of Rule 2d of the guidelines recently established in the landmark case of Madera v. COA (Madera).1I. Res judicata applies but only in the concept of conclusiveness of judgment relative to the issue of the propriety of the disallowance.
To recall, the consolidated petitions assailed the Commission on Audit's (COA) disallowances of food and grocery incentive (FGI) granted by the National Food Authority's (NFA) Zamboanga Regional Office and Agusan Del Norte Provincial Office for the calendar years of 2010 and 2012, respectively, for lack of legal basis and in violation of Section 12 of Republic Act No. 6758.2
Nonetheless, as correctly ruled by the ponencia, the issue regarding the propriety of the disallowance cannot anymore be disturbed applying the principle of res judicata by virtue of the final judgment in Escarez v. COA (Escarez).3
Res judicata means "a matter adjudged; a thing judicially acted upon or decided; a thing or matter settled by judgment."4 It has two (2) concepts: (a) bar by prior judgment, which means that "the judgment or decree of the court of competent jurisdiction on the merits concludes the litigation between the parties, as well as their privies, and constitutes a bar to a new action or suit involving the same cause of action before the same or any other tribunal";5 and (b) conclusiveness of judgment. The key difference between these two (2) concepts is that in the second concept of conclusiveness of judgment, identity of causes of action is not required. In Oropeza Marketing Corporation v. Allied Banking Corporation,6 the Court ruled that:chanroblesvirtualawlibraryIf as between the two cases, only identity of parties can be shown, but not identical causes of action, then res judicata as "conclusiveness of judgment" applies.7In Escarez, the Court upheld the COA's disallowances of FGI granted by several NFA regional and provincial offices8 for lack of legal basis, finding that the alleged imprimatur of former Presidents Joseph Ejercito Estrada and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo did not approve their release, viz.:chanroblesvirtualawlibraryWhat President Estrada approved was the grant of the Food Assistance and Emergency Allowance in the amount of P7,000 for the yuletide season in the year 1998. Nothing in the letter gave the impression that the grant of the benefit shall be an annual practice.Notably, while Escarez was merely disposed of by the Court by way of an unsigned resolution, it still amounts to an adjudication on the merits10 for which the rule on conclusiveness of judgment applies. Again, "[t]here is 'conclusiveness of judgment' when any right, fact, or matter in issue, directly adjudicated on the merits in a previous action by a competent court or necessarily involved in its determination, is conclusively settled by the judgment in such court and cannot again be litigated between the parties and their privies whether or not the claim, demand, purpose, or subject matter of the two actions is the same."11 "[O]nly the identities of parties and issues are required for the operation of the principle of conclusiveness of judgment."12
On the other hand, the purported approval by President Macapagal-Arroyo consisted of a Memorandum dated 4 November 2003 issued by Cabinet Secretary Ricardo L. Saluda. In it, the cabinet members appealed to the good sense of the heads and boards of government financial institutions and government-owned and -controlled corporations to moderate the grant of year-end bonuses to their employees.
On the other hand, OGCC Opinion No. 219 dated 24 November 2003 looked with favor on the NFA's grant of food subsidy/grocery incentive in the form of gift checks to its officials and employees as had traditionally been done during the Christmas season.
As correctly observed by COA, these justifications consistently relate to the grant of additional incentives to NFA officials and employees during the Christmas season. It is well to note that the FGI in question was released in specific months of the year, not one tranche of which coincided with the yuletide season.
As provided under paragraph 4.5 of DBM Budget Circular No. 16 dated 28 November 1998, agencies are prohibited from granting any food, rice, gift checks, or any other form of incentives/allowances, except those authorized by the Office of the President through an administrative order.
Thus, without specific authority from the President or Congress, the NFA Council Resolution cannot by itself serve as a justification for the release of the FGI.9 (Emphases and underscoring supplied)
Since the instant case similarly involves the legality of the grant of FGI by local offices of the NFA acting under NFA Council Resolution No. 226-2K5, I agree with the ponencia that such issue should not anymore be litigated anew. Although herein petitioners are not exactly the same as those in Escarez, "the concept of conclusiveness of judgment still applies because jurisprudence does not dictate absolute identity but only substantial identity of parties."13 As observed by the ponencia, there is community of interest between petitioners in this case and those of Escarez, considering that both groups consist of officials or employees of the NFA aggrieved by the disallowance of FGI.
However, the foregoing notwithstanding, it should be clarified that Escarez should only be deemed conclusive insofar as the issue of the propriety of the disallowance is concerned, and not with respect to the actual civil liability for the return of the disallowed amounts under the presently assailed disallowances. This is because "[while a] former judgment between the same parties will be final and conclusive in the second if that same point or question was in issue and adjudicated in the first suit[,] the adjudication of an issue in the first case is not conclusive of an entirely different and distinct issue arising in the second[.]"14
The issue of civil liability under Notice of Disallowance No. 11-003-GOF(10) dated September 13, 2011 (assailed in G.R. No. 237874) and Notice of Disallowance No. 2014-01(12) (assailed in G.R. No. 239036) is a different issue from the propriety of the disallowance. Also, the resolution of the civil liability as per the notices of disallowance in Escarez15 is not automatically applicable to this case, since each notice of disallowance consists of a separate cause of action that must be resolved based on its own factual and attending peculiarities. What is only settled between the parties is the issue of the propriety of disallowance based on the applicability of the conclusiveness of judgment principle as discussed herein. Hence, the ponencia correctly took cognizance of the issue of civil liability as raised in the instant consolidated petitions, especially in the light of the recent paradigm shift governing such issue instituted in Madera.II. The circumstances of this case do not justify the equitable invocation of Rule 2d of the Madera Rules, which should not apply just because of the length of time that a disallowance case has been pending, or that the benefits were based on benevolent intentions in favor of employees.
On the issue of civil liability for the disallowances, I agree with the ponencia that, in view of the existence of certain badges of good faith attending the grant of the disallowed amounts, the approving/certifying officers cannot be held solidarity liable for such amounts under Sections 3816 and 4317 of the Administrative Code.18 Likewise, the ponencia is correct in finding that the circumstances surrounding this case fail to furnish any highly exceptional reason to apply Rule 2d ofthe Madera Rules.19
In the recent case of Abellanosa v. COA (Abellanosa),20 the Court, as a supplement to Madera, refined the parameters that underlie the proper application of Rule 2d as an equitable ground to excuse the return of unlawfully disbursed public funds, viz.:chanroblesvirtualawlibraryTo stress, Rule 2c as well as Rule 2d should remain true to their nature as exceptional scenarios; they should not be haphazardly applied as an excuse for non-return, else they effectively override the general rule which, again, is to return disallowed public expenditures.In this case, it is my view that the long passage of time and the benevolent intent behind the grant of the disallowed FGI may not justify the excuse of their refund based on considerations of undue prejudice. As I see it, these reasons, without more, are not compelling enough to justify their equitable excuse under Rule 2d of the Madera Rules. To expound, the length of time in which a benefits disallowance case has remained pending for review before various adjudicative tribunals per se should not be considered a form of undue prejudice under Rule 2d. This is because such circumstance may very well loosely apply to the bulk of disallowance cases pending before the Court. In this regard, it is well to note that the Court's docket is rife with numerous petitions seeking the review of COA disallowances issued several years or even decades ago against government officers and personnel.
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x x x In Madera, the Court also recognized that the existence of undue prejudice, social justice considerations, and other bona fide exceptions, as determined on a case-to-case basis, may also negate the strict application of solutio indebiti. This exception was borne from the recognition that in certain instances, the attending facts of a given case may furnish an equitable basis for the payees to retain the amounts they had received. While Rule 2d is couched in broader language as compared to Rule 2c, the application of Rule 2d should always remain true to its purpose: it must constitute a bona fide instance which strongly impels the Court to prevent a clear inequity arising from a present directive to return. Ultimately, it is only in highly exceptional circumstances, after taking into account all factors (such as the nature and purpose of the disbursement, and its underlying conditions) that the civil liability to return may be excused. For indeed, it was never the Court's intention for Rules 2c and 2d of Madera to be a jurisprudential loophole that would cause the government fiscal leakage and debilitating loss. (Emphases and underscoring supplied)
Similarly, with respect to a general notion of benevolent intent surrounding the grant of the disallowed amounts, it may be said that the grant of benefits - by their very nature - is intended for the betterment of employee welfare.
To broadly recognize these two (2) reasons as circumstances to invoke Rule 2d will certainly affect the Court's resolution of future cases, and in effect, dilute the general rule on return of disallowed amounts instituted by Madera; this, to the detriment of the government's ability to recover unlawfully disbursed public funds. Once again, as exhorted in Abellanosa, "it is only in highly exceptional circumstances, after taking into account all factors (such as the nature and purpose of the disbursement, and its underlying conditions) that the civil liability to return may be excused. For indeed, it was never the Court's intention for Rules 2c and 2d of Madera to be a jurisprudential loophole that would cause the government fiscal leakage and debilitating loss."
While the circumstances of this case appear to be similar to the case of Agra v. COA (Agra)21 insofar as the lengthy period for which they had been pending for review before the COA and the Court, it should be highlighted that Agra was decided prior to the Court's paradigm shift in disallowance jurisprudence as ushered in by Madera. Hence, a resort to old case pre-Madera would not necessarily capture the sentiments of the Court under the intended current doctrine.
Further, Abellanosa, which was decided post-Madera, was intended as a practical reminder for the Court to be stringently circumspect with how it applies Rules 2c and 2d, bearing in mind that recovery should be the general rule in favor of the government.
In fine, standing alone, the mere length of time in which a disallowance was pending for review, or a general notion of benevolent intent surrounding the grant of disallowed benefits, should not be automatically considered as bona fide instances for an equitable excuse under Rule 2d of the Madera Rules in the absence of other compelling factors.
As a final point, It is noteworthy that a Deed of Undertaking was executed by the payee-recipients in this case. As stated in the ponencia:22chanrobleslawlibraryDispelling petitioners' claim of good faith, the COA Proper held that contrary to the approving/certifying officers' assertion, their participation was not ministerial as it paved the way for the payment of FGI. On the other hand, the Deed of Undertaking executed by the payees was found antithetical to their claim of good faith. Petitioners' motion for reconsideration was also denied.Based on the foregoing, it therefore appears that the payee-recipients have agreed to the return of the FGI via salary deduction in the event that it would be subject to disallowance. Thus, their consent to such contingency negates any undue prejudice that they may suffer by sheer length of time that this case has been pending.
x x x
The COA [P]roper also ruled [that] the disallowance did not violate the principle of non-diminution of benefits more so as the recipients were never entitled to the same. Further, it agreed with the COA Corporate Government Sector 5 (COA CGS-5) that the good faith defense is unavailing: 1) previous NDs were already issued against the grant of FGI; and 2) the employees signed an undertaking consenting to salary deduction should the FGI be disallowed.23 (Emphases supplied)
All told, the assailed disallowances should be affirmed and the payee-recipients, including the approving/certifying officers in their capacity as payee-recipients, be held individually liable for the return of the disallowed amounts they respectively received.Endnotes:
1 G.R. No. 244128, September 8, 2020.
2 Entitled "AN ACT PRESCRIBING A REVISED COMPENSATION AND POSITION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IN THE GOVERNMENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," otherwise known as the "Compensation, and Position Classification Act of 1989" or the "Salary Standardization Law" (effective July 1, 1989).
3 See Notice of Resolution in G.R. Nos. 217818, 218334, 219979, 220201 & 222118, May 31, 2016.
4 See Monterona v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 209116, January 14, 2019.
5 See id., citing Oropeza Marketing Corporation v. Allied Banking Corporation, 441 Phil. 551, 564 (2002); underscoring supplied.
6 See Oropeza Marketing Corporation v. Allied Banking Corporation, id.
7 Id. at 564-565.
8 Particularly, NFA Regional Offices IV and IX, the NFA Zamboanga Provincial Office, and the NFA Batangas Provincial Office.
9 See Escarez, supra note 3.
10 See Section 6 (c), Rule 13 of A.M. No. 10-4-20-SC, otherwise known as "THE INTERNAL RULES Of THE SUPREME COURT," which reads:chanroblesvirtualawlibrarySection 6. Manner of Adjudication. - The Court shall adjudicate cases as follows:11Presidential Anti-Graft Commission v. Pleyto, 661 Phil. 643, 652-653 (2011); citation omitted.
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(c) By unsigned resolution when the Court disposes of the case on the merits, but its ruling is essentially meaningful only to the parties; has no significant doctrinal value; or is of minimal interest to the law profession, the academe, or the public. The resolution shall state clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on which it is based. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
12Heirs of Deleste v. Land Bank of the Philippines, 666 Phil. 350, 388 (2011); citation omitted.
13 See Almagro v. Philippine Airlines, Inc., G.R. No. 204803, September 12, 2018.
14Excellent Essentials International Corp. v. Extra Excel International Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 192797, April 18, 2018, 861 SCRA 471, 488-489.
15 See ND Nos. 2010-01 (2008) dated 7 January 2010 and 2010-002 (2009) dated 16 April 2010 in G.R. No. 217818; and ND No. 2010-003 (2009) dated 3 December 2010 in G.R. No. 218334 (Escarez, supra note 3).
16 See Section 38 (1), Chapter 9, Book I, which reads:
Section 38. Liability of Superior Officers. - (1) A public officer shall not be civilly liable for acts done in the performance of his official duties, unless there is a clear showing of bad faith, malice or gross negligence. (Emphases and underscoring supplied)
17 See Section 43, Chapter 5, Book VI of the Administrative Code, which reads:
Section 43. Liability for Illegal Expenditures. - Every expenditure or obligation authorized or incurred in violation of the provisions of this Code or of the general and special provisions contained in the annual General or other Appropriations Act shall be void. Every payment made in violation of said provisions shall be illegal and every official or employee authorizing or making such payment, or taking part therein, and every person receiving such payment shall be jointly and severally liable to the Government for the full amount so paid or received. (Emphases and underscoring supplied)
18 Executive Order No. 292, entitled "INSTITUTING THE 'ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF 1987'" (August 3, 1988).
19 See ponencia, pp. 18-24.
20 G.R. No. 185806, November 17, 2020.
21 677 Phil. 608 (2011).
22 See ponencia, p. 5.
23 Id. cralawredlibrary